Japanese pitch accent rules (numerals and counters)
This article is an non-exhaustive list of rules that govern the Tokyo pitch accent of numerals, numbers and number–counter sequences. For other rules, see Japanese pitch accent rules.
Numerals, numbers and counters follow significantly different rules and trends from those of other nouns. Number–counter sequences can also be deaccented when used as adverbs (see Japanese pitch accent rules (non-common nouns) § Nouns used as adverbs).
Numerals
[edit]Native numerals
[edit]All the native numerals from one to ten are initial-accented, except hito, futa and kokono which are second-accented:[1][2]
- hito ~ hi (一; /hi̥tó ~ hí/ 'one'), futa ~ futa (二; /ɸɯ̥tá ~ ɸɯ́/ 'two')
- kokono ~ ko(no) (九; /kokóno ~ kó(no)/ 'nine')
- mi (三; /mí/ 'three'), mu (六; /mɯ́/ 'six'), ya (八; /já/ 'eight'), to (十; /tó/ 'ten')
- yo(n) (四; /jó(N)/ 'four'), i(tsu) (五; /í(tsɯ)/ 'five'), na(na) (七; /ná(na)/ 'seven')
- hī (一; /híR/ 'one'), mī (三; /míR/ 'three'), ī (五; /íR/ 'five'), fū (二; /ɸɯ́R/ 'two'), mū (六; /mɯ́R/ 'six'), yō (四; /jóR/ 'four'), tō (十; /tóR/ 'ten'), nā (七; /náR/ 'seven'), yā (八; /jáR/ 'eight')
Sino-Japanese numerals
[edit]All simplex Sino-Japanese numerals, except san and oku, are minimally final-accented; if they are unimoraic, or end in a special mora, they are initial-accented; go and ku used to be unaccented (large numbers are translated into English in short scale):[3][4][5][6][2]
- ichi (一; /icɕí/ 'one'), hachi (八; /hacɕí/ 'eight'), shichi (七; /ɕi̥cɕí/ 'seven'), roku (六; /ɾokɯ́/ 'six'), hyaku (百; /hjakɯ́/ 'hundred')
- ni (二; /ní/ 'two'), shi (四; /ɕí/ 'four')
- go (五; /ɡó ~ †ɡo/ 'five')
- kyū ~ ku (九; /kjɯ́R ~ kɯ́ ~ †kɯ/ 'nine')
- rei (零; /ɾéi → ɾéR/ 'zero'), kei (京; /kéi → kéR/ 'ten quadrillion'), jū (十; /ʑɯ́R/ 'ten'), chō (兆; /cɕóR/ 'trillion'), sen (千; /séN/ 'thousand'), man (万; /máN/ 'ten thousand')
- oku (億; /ókɯ/ 'hundred million')
- san (三; /saN/ 'three')
However, when the numerals are enumerated, as in "one, two, three, …," the final-accented numerals and san can become initial-accented. The unimoraic numerals also have initial-accented bimoraic variants with lengthening morae for enumeration:[7][6]
- ichi, nī, san, {yon ~ shī}, gō, roku, {nana ~ shichi}, hachi, k(y)ū, jū (一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九、十; 'one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten'): /ícɕi | níR | sáN | {jóN ~ ɕíR} | ɡóR | ɾókɯ | {nána ~ ɕí̥cɕi} | hácɕi | k(j)ɯ́R | ʑɯ́R/
Numeral series and decimal parts
[edit]Numeral series, made of numerals from zero to nine, as used in telephone and serial numbers and decimal parts, follow a specific set of rules:[7][8]
- Numerals must be in groups of two if possible.
- Each group must form an exactly quadrimoraic minor phrase, which means only bimoraic numerals can be used in groups.
- Each group is penultimate-accented.
- A lone, ungrouped numeral, however, retains its original accent in its own minor phrase, or becomes dephrased if its nucleus is its final mora.
- There is disagreement as to whether a lone, originally unimoraic numeral should become bimoraic[7] or remain unimoraic[8] in a numeral series.
Some of these rules also apply to a group of a ones-place numeral and ‑ten (点; /teN/ 'point'), the latter of which functions as the decimal point. This group, however, is minimally accented before ‑ten.[7]
- 03-5400-▲▲21: /ɾeR-sáN | ɡoR-jóN | ɾeR-ɾéR | ●●-●● | niR-ícɕi/
- 3.1416: /sáN-teN | icɕi-jóN | icɕi-ɾókɯ/
- 3.1: /sáN-teN | icɕí ~ sáN-teN icɕi/
- 0.1453: /ɾéR-teN | icɕi-jóN | ɡoR-sáN/
- 0.145: /ɾéR-teN | icɕi-jóN | {?ɡóR ~ ɡó} ~ ɾéR-teN | icɕi-jóN ɡo/
- 58.32412: /ɡo-ʑɯR háQ-teN | saN-níR | joN-ícɕi | {?níR ~ ní} ~ ɡo-ʑɯR háQ-teN | saN-níR | joN-ícɕi ni/
- 2.2: /níR-teN | {?níR ~ ní} ~ níR-teN ni/
- 2.22: /níR-teN | niR-níR/
- 2.222: /níR-ten | niR-níR | {?níR ~ ní} ~ níR-ten | niR-níR ni/
- 5.3: /ɡóR-teN (|) saN/
- 15.3: /ʑɯ́R ɡoR-teN (|) saN ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡóR-teN (|) saN/
These rules for the decimal point ‑ten are different from those for the counters ‑ten (see #Sample list). In addition, while the counters often trigger /Q/, the decimal point does not necessarily,[9] especially in broadcasting where it is more desirable for clarity not to have /Q/. One survey finds that there was a slight preference for /Q/ in 一点五 ('1.5') and no /Q/ in 八点五 ('8.5'). Compare:[10]
- 1 point: /iQ-téN/
- 1 item: /íQ-teN/
- 1.5: /icɕí̥-teN ɡo → íQ-teN ɡo/
- 8 points: /hacɕi̥-téN → haQ-téN/
- 8 items: /hacɕí̥-teN → háQ-teN/
- 8.5: /hacɕí̥-teN ɡo → háQ-teN ɡo/
English numerals
[edit]Most organically used numerals are either native or Sino-Japanese, with the sole exception of the initial-accented Franco-English loanword zero,[2] which can be used for special emphasis.[6] The English numerals from one to ten can be used in exercise and sports, for example to count points under par in golf.[11] English numerals all retain the original English accent:[12][13][14]
- zero /ˈzɪːɹəw/ → zero (ゼロ) /zéɾo/
- one /wɐn/ → wan (ワン) /wáN/
- two /tʉw/ → tsū (ツー) /tsɯ́R/
- three /θɹɪj/ → surī (スリー) /sɯɾíR/
- four /foː/ → fō ~ foa (フォー) /ɸóR ~ ɸóa/
- five /fɑjv/ → faibu (ファイブ) /ɸáibɯ/
- six /sɪks/ → shikkusu (シックス) /ɕíQkɯ̥sɯ/
- seven /ˈsɛvən/ → sebun (セブン) /sébɯN/
- eight /ɛjt/ → eito (エイト) /éito → éRto/
- nine /nɑjn/ → nain (ナイン) /náiN/
- ten /tɛn/ → ten (テン) /téN/
- eleven /ɪˈlɛvən/ → irebun (イレブン) /iɾébɯN/
- million /ˈmɪlɪjən/ → mirion (ミリオン) /míɾioN/
- billion /ˈbɪlɪjən/ → birion (ビリオン) /bíɾioN/
English compound numbers behave just like any other type of compound:[15]
- wan + mirion → wan mirion (ワン+ミリオン→ワンミリオン) /wáN + míɾioN → waN míɾioN/
Numbers
[edit]Not all the numerals above are frequently used to create numbers productively (excluding collocations and proverbs). The numerals from one to nine can be grouped as follows, based on their behavior in compound numbers:
- Final-accented and Sino-Japanese four (G-1&Shi): /icɕí, hacɕí, ɾokɯ́, ɕí/
- Sino-Japanese seven (Shichi): /ɕi̥cɕí/
- Formerly unaccented, now initial-accented (GX0): /ɡó ~ †ɡo, kɯ́ ~ †kɯ/
- Sino-Japanese two (Ni): /ní/
- Initial-accented and native two (G+1&Futa): /kjɯ́R, jóN, nána, ɸɯ̥tá/
- Sino-Japanese three (G0): /saN/
Numeral + jū (⟦1; 9⟧ × 10)
[edit]Jū retains its original nucleus after:[16][5][17][18]
- G-1&Shi: /hacɕi-ʑɯ́R, ɾokɯ-ʑɯ́R, ɕi-ʑɯ́R/
- Shichi: /ɕi̥cɕi-ʑɯ́R/
- GX0: /ɡo-ʑɯ́R, kɯ-ʑɯ́R/
And is preaccenting after:
- Ni: /ní-ʑɯR/
- G+1&Futa: /kjɯ́R-ʑɯR, jóN-ʑɯR, naná-ʑɯR, ɸɯ̥tá-ʑɯR/
- G0: /sáN-ʑɯR/
All these combinations and jū itself can be grouped based on their behavior with following numerals, counters and counter-like numerals as follows (those marked with a superscript question mark are dubious due to inconsistent descriptions among sources):
- Pseudo-unaccented (G[10]X0): /hacɕi-ʑɯ́R, ɾokɯ-ʑɯ́R, ɕi-ʑɯ́R, ɕi̥cɕi-ʑɯ́R, ɡo-ʑɯ́R, kɯ-ʑɯ́R/
- Sino-Japanese ten (Jū): /ʑɯ́R/
- Initial- and second-accented (G[10]+1+2): /ní-ʑɯR, kjɯ́R-ʑɯR, jóN-ʑɯR, ?naná-ʑɯR, ?ɸɯ̥tá-ʑɯR, sáN-ʑɯR/
Numeral + hyaku (⟦1; 9⟧ × 100)
[edit]Hyaku retains its original nucleus after:[19][20][15]
- G-1&Shi: /iQ-pjakɯ́, haQ-pjakɯ́, ɾoQ-pjakɯ́, ɕi̥-hjakɯ́/
- GX0: /ɡo-hjakɯ́, kɯ̥-hjakɯ́/
- Ni: /ni-hjakɯ́/
And is preaccenting after:
- G+1&Futa: /kjɯ́R-hjakɯ, jóN-hjakɯ, naná-hjakɯ, ɸɯ̥tá-hjakɯ/
- G0: /sáN-bjakɯ/
And either loses the nucleus or is preaccenting after Shichi: /ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ́ ~ ɕicɕí-hjakɯ/
All these combinations and hyaku itself can be grouped based on their behavior with following numerals, counters and counter-like numerals as follows (note that shichihyaku belongs to two different groups, and those marked with a superscript question mark are dubious due to inconsistent descriptions among sources):
- Pseudo-unaccented (G[100]X0): /hjakɯ́, iQ-pjakɯ́, haQ-pjakɯ́, ɾoQ-pjakɯ́, ɕi̥-hjakɯ́, ɡo-hjakɯ́, kɯ̥-hjakɯ́, ni-hjakɯ́, ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ́/
- Initial- and second-accented (G[100]+1+2): /kjɯ́R-hjakɯ, jóN-hjakɯ, ?naná-hjakɯ, ?ɸɯ̥tá-hjakɯ, sáN-bjakɯ, ?ɕi̥cɕí-hjakɯ/
‑jū number + numeral (⟦1; 9⟧ × 10 + ⟦1; 9⟧)
[edit]G[10]X0 lose their nucleus before all groups. Take gojū /ɡo-ʑɯ́R/ as a representative example:[21][20][17][22]
- G-1&Shi: /ɡo-ʑɯR icɕí, ɡo-ʑɯR hacɕí, ɡo-ʑɯR ɾokɯ́, ɡo-ʑɯR ɕí/
- Shichi: /ɡo-ʑɯR ɕi̥cɕí/
- GX0: /ɡo-ʑɯR ɡó, ɡo-ʑɯR kɯ́/
- Ni: /ɡo-ʑɯR ní/
- G+1&Futa: /ɡo-ʑɯR kjɯ́R, ɡo-ʑɯR jóN, ɡo-ʑɯR nána, ɡo-ʑɯR ɸɯ̥tá/
- G0: /ɡo-ʑɯR saN/
Jū /ʑɯ́R/ works similarly, except before:
- GX0: /ʑɯ́R ɡo, ʑɯ́R kɯ/
- G0: /ʑɯ́R saN/
G[10]+1+2 retain their nucleus before all groups. The following numeral can form its own minor phrase:
- G-1&Shi: /ní-ʑɯR icɕi ~ ní-ʑɯR | icɕí, ní-ʑɯR hacɕi ~ ní-ʑɯR | hacɕí, ní-ʑɯR ɾokɯ ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɾokɯ́, ní-ʑɯR ɕi ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɕí/
- Shichi: /ní-ʑɯR ɕi̥cɕi ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɕi̥cɕí/
- GX0: /ní-ʑɯR ɡo ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɡó, ní-ʑɯR kɯ ~ ní-ʑɯR | kɯ́/
- Ni: /ní-ʑɯR ni ~ ní-ʑɯR | ní/
- G+1&Futa: /ní-ʑɯR kjɯR ~ ní-ʑɯR | kjɯ́R, ní-ʑɯR joN ~ ní-ʑɯR | jóN, ní-ʑɯR nana ~ ní-ʑɯR | nána, ní-ʑɯR ɸɯ̥ta ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɸɯ̥tá/
- G0: /ní-ʑɯR (|) saN/
‑hyaku number + number (⟦1; 9⟧ × 100 + ⟦1; 99⟧)
[edit]G[100]X0 lose their nucleus before all groups as well as larger numbers. Take happyaku /haQ-pjakɯ́/ as a representative example:[23][20][24]
- G-1&Shi: /haQ-pjakɯ icɕí, haQ-pjakɯ̥ hacɕí, haQ-pjakɯ ɾokɯ́, haQ-pjakɯ̥ ɕí/
- Shichi: /haQ-pjakɯ̥ ɕi̥cɕí/
- Ni: /haQ-pjakɯ ní/
- G+1&Futa: /haQ-pjakɯ̥ kjɯ́R, haQ-pjakɯ jóN, haQ-pjakɯ nána, haQ-pjakɯ ɸɯ̥tá/
- G0: /haQ-pjakɯ̥ saN/
- Larger:
- /haQ-pjakɯ ʑɯ́R, haQ-pjakɯ ʑɯ́R saN, haQ-pjakɯ ʑɯ́R ɡo, haQ-pjakɯ ʑɯR ní/
- /haQ-pjakɯ ní-ʑɯR, haQ-pjakɯ ní-ʑɯR saN, haQ-pjakɯ ní-ʑɯR ɡo ~ haQ-pjakɯ ní-ʑɯR | ɡó, haQ-pjakɯ ní-ʑɯR ni ~ haQ-pjakɯ ní-ʑɯR | ní/
- /haQ-pjakɯ ɡo-ʑɯ́R, haQ-pjakɯ ɡo-ʑɯR saN, haQ-pjakɯ ɡo-ʑɯR ɡó, haQ-pjakɯ ɡo-ʑɯR ní/
Additionally, the obsolete unaccented pronunciations of GX0 can resurface: /ɡo-hjakɯ ɡó ~ ɡo-hjakɯ ɡo, ɡo-hjakɯ̥ kɯ́ ~ ɡo-hjakɯ̥ kɯ/
G[100]+1+2 retain their nucleus before all groups as well as larger numbers. The following number can form its own minor phrase:
- G-1&Shi: /sáN-bjakɯ icɕi ~ sáN-bjakɯ | icɕí, sáN-bjakɯ̥ hacɕi ~ sáN-bjakɯ̥ | hacɕí, sáN-bjakɯ ɾokɯ ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ɾokɯ́, sáN-bjakɯ̥ ɕi ~ sáN-bjakɯ̥ | ɕí/
- Shichi: /sáN-bjakɯ̥ ɕi̥cɕi ~ sáN-bjakɯ̥ | ɕi̥cɕí/
- GX0: /sáN-bjakɯ ɡo ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ɡó, sáN-bjakɯ̥ kɯ ~ sáN-bjakɯ̥ | kɯ́/
- Ni: /sáN-bjakɯ ni ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ní/
- G+1&Futa: /sáN-bjakɯ̥ kjɯR ~ sáN-bjakɯ̥ | kjɯ́R, sáN-bjakɯ joN ~ sáN-bjakɯ | jóN, sáN-bjakɯ nana ~ sáN-bjakɯ | nána, sáN-bjakɯ ɸɯ̥ta ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ɸɯ̥tá/
- G0: /sáN-bjakɯ̥ (|) saN/
- Larger:
- /sáN-bjakɯ ʑɯR ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ʑɯ́R, sáN-bjakɯ ʑɯR saN ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ʑɯ́R saN, sáN-bjakɯ ʑɯR ɡo ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ʑɯ́R ɡo, sáN-bjakɯ ʑɯR ni ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ʑɯR ní/
- /sáN-bjakɯ ni-ʑɯR ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ní-ʑɯR, sáN-bjakɯ ni-ʑɯR saN ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ní-ʑɯR saN, sáN-bjakɯ ni-ʑɯR ɡo ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ní-ʑɯR ɡo ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ní-ʑɯR | ɡó, sáN-bjakɯ ni-ʑɯR ni ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ní-ʑɯR ni ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ní-ʑɯR | ní/
- /sáN-bjakɯ ɡo-ʑɯR ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ɡo-ʑɯ́R, sáN-bjakɯ (|) ɡo-ʑɯR saN, sáN-bjakɯ ɡo-ʑɯR ɡo ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ɡo-ʑɯR ɡó, sáN-bjakɯ ɡo-ʑɯR ni ~ sáN-bjakɯ | ɡo-ʑɯR ní/
Numeral + sen (⟦1; 9⟧ × 1,000)
[edit]Short compounds with sen /séN/ are all penultimate-accented:[19][5][15] /iQ-séN, haQ-séN, ɾokɯ̥-séN, ɕi̥cɕi-séN, ɡo-séN, ni-séN, kjɯR-séN, joN-séN, nana-séN, ɸɯ̥ta-séN, saN-zéN/
Shisen is hypothetically pronounced /ɕi̥-séN/, but it has become fossilized in the kabuki title Shisenryō (四千両; /ɕi-seN-ɾjoR/).[25]
Numeral + man ({⟦1; 10⟧; 100; 1,000} × 10,000)
[edit]In short compounds, man /máN/ behaves like an initial-accented counter:[19][5][26]
- All groups except GX0: /icɕi-máN, hacɕi-máN, ɾokɯ-máN, ɕi̥cɕi-máN, ni-máN, kjɯR-máN, joN-máN, nana-máN, ɸɯ̥ta-máN, saN-máN/
- → /ʑɯR icɕi-máN/
- → /ní-ʑɯR icɕi-maN ~ ní-ʑɯR | icɕi-máN/
- → /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) icɕi-máN/
- GX0: /ɡo-máN, kɯ-máN/
- → /ʑɯ́R ɡo-maN ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡo-máN/
- → /ní-ʑɯR ɡo-maN ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɡo-máN/
- → /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) ɡo-máN/
- Larger: /ʑɯR-máN, hjakɯ-máN, seN-máN/
Shiman is hypothetically pronounced /ɕi-máN/, but it has become fossilized in the Buddhist holiday Shiman Rokusennichi (四万六千日; /ɕi-máN ɾokɯ̥-seN-nicɕi ~ ɕi-maN ɾokɯ̥-séN-nicɕi/).[25]
Long ‑jū/‑hyaku/‑sen number + man (⟦1; 9⟧ × {10; 100; 1,000} × 10,000)
[edit]In long compounds, man behaves like an initial-accented or preaccenting counter after G[10]X0, G[100]X0 and ‑sen numbers:[27][28][29]
- /ɡo-ʑɯ́R → ɡo-ʑɯR-máN ~ ɡo-ʑɯ́R-maN/
- /ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ́ → ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ-máN ~ ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ́-maN/
- /haQ-pjakɯ́ → haQ-pjakɯ-máN ~ haQ-pjakɯ́-maN/
- /saN-zéN → saN-zeN-máN ~ saN-zéN-maN/
- /hjakɯ̥-séN → hjakɯ̥-seN-máN ~ ?hjakɯ̥-séN-maN/
G[10]+1+2 and G[100]+1+2, additionally retain their nucleus:
- /ní-ʑɯR → ni-ʑɯR-máN ~ ni-ʑɯ́R-maN ~ ní-ʑɯR-maN/
- /naná-ʑɯR → nana-ʑɯR-máN ~ nana-ʑɯ́R-maN ~ naná-ʑɯR-maN/
- /sáN-bjakɯ → saN-bjakɯ-máN ~ saN-bjakɯ́-maN ~ sáN-bjakɯ-maN/
- /naná-hjakɯ → nana-hjakɯ-máN ~ nana-hjakɯ́-maN ~ naná-hjakɯ-maN/
- /ɕi̥cɕí-hjakɯ → ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ-máN ~ ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ́-maN ~ ɕi̥cɕí-hjakɯ-maN/
Numeral or ‑jū/‑hyaku/‑sen number + oku/chō (⟦1; 9⟧ × {1; 10; 100; 1,000} × {10⁸; 10¹²})
[edit]Oku /ókɯ/ behaves like a preaccenting counter:[30][31]
- All groups except GX0: /icɕí-okɯ, hacɕí-okɯ, ɾokɯ́-okɯ, ɕí-okɯ, ɕi̥cɕí-okɯ, ní-okɯ, kjɯ́R-okɯ, jóN-okɯ, naná-okɯ, sáN-okɯ, ʑɯ́R-okɯ, ɡo-ʑɯ́R-okɯ, ni-ʑɯ́R-okɯ, nana-ʑɯ́R-okɯ, hjakɯ́-okɯ, haQ-pjakɯ́-okɯ, saN-bjakɯ́-okɯ, nana-hjakɯ́-okɯ/
- → /ʑɯR icɕí-okɯ/
- → /ní-ʑɯR icɕi-okɯ ~ ní-ʑɯR | icɕí-okɯ/
- → /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) icɕí-okɯ/
- GX0: /ɡó-okɯ/
- → /ʑɯ́R ɡo-okɯ ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡó-okɯ/
- → /ní-ʑɯR ɡo-okɯ ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɡó-okɯ/
- → /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) ɡó-okɯ/
- Larger: /séN-okɯ, saN-zéN-okɯ/
Chō /cɕóR/ behaves like an initial-accented or preaccenting counter:[30][32]
- All groups except GX0: /íQ-cɕoR ~ iQ-cɕóR, háQ-cɕoR ~ haQ-cɕóR, ɾokɯ̥́-cɕoR ~ ɾokɯ̥-cɕóR, ɕi̥cɕí-cɕoR ~ ɕi̥cɕi-cɕóR, ní-cɕoR ~ ni-cɕóR, kjɯ́R-cɕoR ~ kjɯR-cɕóR, jóN-cɕoR ~ joN-cɕóR, naná-cɕoR ~ nana-cɕóR, sáN-cɕoR ~ saN-cɕóR, ʑíQ-cɕoR ~ ʑiQ-cɕóR ~ ʑɯ́Q-cɕoR ~ ʑɯQ-cɕóR, ɡo-ʑíQ-cɕoR ~ ɡo-ʑiQ-cɕóR ~ ɡo-ʑɯ́Q-cɕoR ~ ɡo-ʑɯQ-cɕóR, ni-ʑíQ-cɕoR ~ ni-ʑiQ-cɕóR ~ ni-ʑɯ́Q-cɕoR ~ ni-ʑɯQ-cɕóR, nana-ʑíQ-cɕoR ~ nana-ʑiQ-cɕóR ~ nana-ʑɯ́Q-cɕoR ~ nana-ʑɯQ-cɕóR, hjakɯ̥́-cɕoR ~ hjakɯ̥-cɕóR, haQ-pjakɯ̥́-cɕoR ~ haQ-pjakɯ̥-cɕóR, saN-bjakɯ̥́-cɕoR ~ saN-bjakɯ̥-cɕóR, nana-hjakɯ̥́-cɕoR ~ nana-hjakɯ̥-cɕóR/
- → /ʑɯR íQ-cɕoR ~ ʑɯR iQ-cɕóR/
- → /ní-ʑɯR iQ-cɕoR ~ ní-ʑɯR | íQ-cɕoR ~ ní-ʑɯR | iQ-cɕóR/
- → /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) íQ-cɕoR ~ ɡo-ʑɯR (|) iQ-cɕóR/
- GX0: /ɡó-cɕoR ~ ɡo-cɕóR/
- → /ʑɯ́R ɡo-cɕoR ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡó-cɕoR ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡo-cɕóR/
- → /ní-ʑɯR ɡo-cɕoR ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɡó-cɕoR ~ ní-ʑɯR | ɡo-cɕóR/
- → /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) ɡó-cɕoR ~ ɡo-ʑɯR (|) ɡo-cɕóR/
- Larger: /séN-cɕoR ~ seN-cɕóR, saN-zéN-cɕoR ~ saN-zeN-cɕóR/
‑sen or larger number + number ({⟦1; 9⟧ × 1,000 + ⟦1; 999⟧; ⟦1; 9,999⟧ × {𝑥 ∈ ℕ⁺ | 𝑥 ⋮ 10,000} + ⟦1; 𝑥 − 1⟧})
[edit]‑sen and larger numbers normally combine with other numbers as separable minor phrase:[23][33][34]
- /séN ɡo-hjakɯ ~ séN | ɡo-hjakɯ́/
- /icɕí-okɯ | ɡo-séN kjɯR-hjakɯ ɾokɯ-ʑɯR-maN | saN-zéN saN-bjakɯ ni-ʑɯR icɕi
~ icɕí-okɯ | ɡo-séN | kjɯ́R-hjakɯ | ɾokɯ-ʑɯR-máN | saN-zéN | sáN-bjakɯ ni-ʑɯR icɕi
~ icɕí-okɯ | ɡo-séN | kjɯ́R-hjakɯ | ɾokɯ-ʑɯR-máN | saN-zéN | sáN-bjakɯ | ní-ʑɯR | icɕí/
In some contexts such as sport, it is not impossible for the first component to lose its nucleus:[34] /seN ɡo-hjakɯ́/
Indefinite + number
[edit]There are three indefinites, which express "tens/hundreds/thousands (of people/things)," that can prefix multiples of ten as follows:[35][27]
Indefinite Multiple of ten |
nan‑ (何; /náN/) | iku‑ (幾) | sū‑ (数; /sɯ́R/) |
|---|---|---|---|
| jū (十; /ʑɯ́R/ 'ten') | /náN-ʑɯR/ | /íkɯ-ʑɯR/ | /sɯ́R-ʑɯR/ |
| hyaku (百; /hjakɯ́/ 'hundred') | /náN-bjakɯ/ | /íkɯ̥-hjakɯ/ | /sɯ́R-hjakɯ/ |
| sen (千; /séN/ 'thousand') | /naN-zéN ~ náN-zeN/ | /ikɯ̥-séN ~ íkɯ̥-seN/ | /sɯR-séN ~ sɯ́R-seN/ |
| man (万; /máN/ 'ten thousand') | /naN-máN ~ náN-maN/ | /ikɯ-máN ~ íkɯ-maN/ | /sɯR-máN ~ sɯ́R-maN/ |
| jūman (十万; /ʑɯR-máN/ 'hundred thousand') | /naN-ʑɯR-máN ~ naN-ʑɯ́R-maN ~ náN-ʑɯR-maN/ | /ikɯ-ʑɯR-máN ~ ikɯ-ʑɯ́R-maN ~ íkɯ-ʑɯR-maN/ | /sɯR-ʑɯR-máN ~ sɯR-ʑɯ́R-maN ~ sɯ́R-ʑɯR-maN/ |
| hyakuman (百万; /hjakɯ-máN/ 'million') | /naN-bjakɯ-máN ~ naN-bjakɯ́-maN ~ náN-bjakɯ-maN/ | /ikɯ̥-hjakɯ-máN ~ ikɯ̥-hjakɯ́-maN ~ íkɯ̥-hjakɯ-maN/ | /sɯR-hjakɯ-máN ~ sɯR-hjakɯ́-maN ~ sɯ́R-hjakɯ-maN/ |
| senman (千万; /seN-máN/ 'ten million') | /naN-zeN-máN ~ naN-zéN-maN ~ náN-zeN-maN/ | /ikɯ̥-seN-máN ~ ikɯ̥-séN-maN ~ íkɯ̥-seN-maN/ | /sɯR-seN-máN ~ sɯR-séN-maN/ |
| oku (億; /ókɯ/ 'hundred million') | /náN-okɯ/ | /íkɯ-okɯ/ | /sɯ́R-okɯ/ |
| jūoku (十億; /ʑɯ́R-okɯ/ 'billion') | /naN-ʑɯ́R-okɯ ~ náN-ʑɯR-okɯ/ | /ikɯ-ʑɯ́R-okɯ ~ íkɯ-ʑɯR-okɯ/ | /sɯR-ʑɯ́R-okɯ ~ sɯ́R-ʑɯR-okɯ/ |
| hyakuoku (百億; /hjakɯ́-okɯ/ 'ten billion') | /naN-bjakɯ́-okɯ ~ náN-bjakɯ-okɯ/ | /ikɯ̥-hjakɯ́-okɯ ~ íkɯ̥-hjakɯ-okɯ/ | /sɯR-hjakɯ́-okɯ ~ sɯ́R-hjakɯ-okɯ/ |
| chō (兆; /cɕóR/ 'trillion') | /náN-cɕoR ~ naN-cɕóR/ | /íkɯ̥-cɕoR ~ ikɯ̥-cɕóR/ | /sɯ́R-cɕoR ~ sɯR-cɕóR/ |
Number/indefinite + counter
[edit]Counters are usually dominant and determine the accent pattern of numeral–counter compounds. Each counter follows a specific set of numerals and has a specific accent type with specific exceptions.
Native numeral + native counter
[edit]Short counters tend to be preaccenting. Futa may make final-accented compounds, although they may sometimes be regularized by younger speaker:[36]
- ‑e (重; 'layer'): /hi̥tó-e, ɸɯ̥tá-e ~ ɸɯ̥ta-é, míe ~ mié, itsɯ́-e, naná-e, jáe ~ jaé, kokonó-e, tó-e, hatá-e[a]/
- ‑te (手; /té/ 'a hand → board-game move'): /hi̥tó-te, ɸɯ̥ta-té ~ ɸɯ̥ta-te ~ ɸɯ̥tá-te, mí-te/
- ‑ma (間; /ma/ 'room'): /hi̥tó-ma, ɸɯ̥tá-ma, míma ~ mimá/
- ‑(ta)ri (人; 'person'): /hi̥tó-ɾi, ɸɯ̥ta-ɾí, mí-taɾi, joQ-taɾí ~ joQ-táɾi ~ jó-taɾi/
- ‑iro (色; /iɾó/ 'color'): /hi̥tó-iɾo, ɸɯ̥tá-iɾo, mí-iɾo/
- ‑koto (言; /kotó/ 'word'): /hi̥tó-koto, ɸɯ̥tákoto ~ ɸɯ̥takotó ~ ɸɯ̥takoto, mí-koto/
- ‑suji (筋; /sɯ́ʑi/ 'a strand → long and thin thing'): /hi̥tó-sɯʑi, ɸɯ̥tá-sɯʑi ~ ɸɯ̥ta-sɯʑí ~ ɸɯ̥ta-sɯʑi, mí-sɯʑi/
- ‑tsuki (月; /tsɯ̥kí/ 'the moon → month'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ̥ki, ɸɯ̥tá-tsɯ̥ki ~ ɸɯ̥ta-tsɯ̥kí, mí-tsɯ̥ki, jó-tsɯ̥ki, itsɯ́-tsɯ̥ki, mɯ́-tsɯ̥ki, naná-tsɯ̥ki, já-tsɯ̥ki, tó-tsɯ̥ki, kokonó-tsɯ̥ki/
- ‑tsubu (粒; /tsɯ́bɯ/ 'a grain → small and round thing'): /hi̥tó-tsɯbɯ, mí-tsɯbɯ/
- ‑tose (年; 'year'): /hi̥tó-tose, mí-tose/
- ‑hako (箱; /hako/ 'box'): /hi̥tó-hako, mí-hako/
- ‑hachi (鉢; /hacɕí/ 'bowl'): /hi̥tó-hacɕi, ɸɯ̥ta-hacɕi/
- ‑mune (棟; /mɯné/ 'a roof → house'): /hi̥tó-mɯne, mí-mɯne/
- ‑yama (山; /jamá/ 'mountain → pile'): /hi̥tó-jama, mí-jama/
- ‑kire (切れ; /kíɾe → kiɾé/ 'getting sliced → slice'): /hi̥tó-kiɾe, mí-kiɾe/
- ‑kumi (組み→組; /kɯ́mi → kɯmí/ 'banding → group'): /hi̥tó-kɯmi, ɸɯ̥tá-kɯmi ~ ɸɯ̥ta-kɯmí ~ ɸɯ̥ta-kɯmi, mí-kɯmi/
- ‑sashi (差し; /sáɕi → saɕí/ 'reaching forward in a dance → dance with forward reaching'): /hi̥tó-saɕi/
Long counters may be initial-accented after unimoraic numerals, and preaccenting after bimoraic numerals:
- ‑hashira (柱; /haɕiɾá ~ haɕiɾa/ 'a pillar → deity'): /hi̥tó-haɕiɾa, ɸɯ̥ta-haɕiɾá, mi-háɕiɾa, jo-háɕiɾa, itsɯ̥́-haɕiɾa, mɯ-háɕiɾa, naná-haɕiɾa, ja-háɕiɾa/
- ‑mukashi (昔; /mɯkaɕi/ 'antiquity → decade ago'): /hi̥tó-mɯkaɕi ~ hi̥tomɯ́kaɕi, ɸɯ̥ta-mɯkaɕí/
- ‑tsuzuki (続き; /tsɯzɯki/ 'continuation → series'): /hi̥tó-tsɯzɯki ~ hi̥to-tsɯ́zɯki/
- ‑hikari (光り→光; /hi̥káɾi → hi̥kaɾí/ 'shining → light'): /nana-hí̥kaɾi ~ naná-hi̥kaɾi/
‑tsu
[edit]The native numerals from one to nine are usually used with the generic native counter ‑tsu. Of these combinations, all those containing /Q/ are final-accented, while the rest are second-accented; however, the /Q/-less variants can be final- or initial-accented as well:[1][37][2]
- hitotsu (一つ; /hi̥tó-tsɯ/ 'one thing'), itsutsu (五つ; /i-tsɯ́-tsɯ ~ i-tsɯ̥́-tsɯ/ 'five things'), nanatsu (七つ; /naná-tsɯ/ 'seven things')
- kokonotsu (九つ; /kokóno-tsɯ/ 'nine things')
- futa(t)tsu (二つ; /ɸɯ̥ta(Q)-tsɯ́/ 'two things')
- mi(t)tsu) (三つ; /mi(Q)-tsɯ́ ~ mí-tsɯ/ 'three things'), yo(t)tsu (四つ; /jo(Q)-tsɯ́ ~ jó-tsɯ/ 'four things'), mu(t)tsu (六つ; /mɯ(Q)-tsɯ́ ~ mɯ́-tsɯ/ 'six things'), ya(t)tsu (八つ; /ja(Q)-tsɯ́ ~ já-tsɯ/ 'eight things')
When these ‑tsu words are used as modifiers in compounds, ‑tsu tends to be the nucleus:[38]
- hitotsu + mi → hitotsumi (一つ+身→一つ身; 'one thing + one's body → a one-piece kimono'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ + mi → hi̥to-tsɯ́-mi/
- hitotsu + hoshi → Hitotsuboshi (一つ+星→一つ星; 'one thing + a star → the One Star → Venus'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ + hoɕi → hi̥to-tsɯ́-boɕi/
- mitsu + hoshi → mitsuboshi → Mitsuboshi (三つ+星→三つ星; 'three things + a star → three stars → the Three Stars[b]'): /mi-tsɯ́ ~ mí-tsɯ + hoɕi → mi-tsɯ́-boɕi/
- yatsu + hashi → yatsuhashi (八つ+橋→八つ橋; 'eight things + a bridge → an eight-plank bridge'): /ja-tsɯ́ ~ já-tsɯ + haɕí → ja-tsɯ̥́-haɕi/
However, hitotsu meaning 'the same' tends to keep its original accent:[38]
- hitotsu + kama → hitotsukama (一つ+釜→一つ釜; 'the same + a rice pot → the same pot'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ + kama → hi̥tó-tsɯ̥-kama/
- hitotsu + tokoro → hitotsutokoro (一つ+所→一つ所; 'the same + a place → the same place'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ + tokoɾo → hi̥tó-tsɯ̥-tokoɾo/
- hitotsu + koto → hitotsukoto (一つ+事→一つ事; 'the same + a matter → the same matter'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ + kotó → hi̥tó-tsɯ̥-koto/
- hitotsu + hanashi → hitotsuhanashi (一つ+話→一つ話; 'the same + a story → the same story'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ + hanaɕí → hi̥tó-tsɯ̥-hanaɕi/
Other combinations
[edit]Idiomatic or high-frequency compounds may be unaccented:[39] hachigake (八掛け; /hacɕi-ɡake/ '80 percent'), ittai (一体; /iQ-tai/ 'one body → what on earth? ~ strictly speaking'), ittsui (一対; /iQ-tsɯi/ 'one pair'), ippon (一本; /iQ-poN/ 'a certain book'; compare /íQ-poN/ 'one long and thin object'), ichiritsu (一律; /icɕi-ɾitsɯ/ 'uniformity'), ichiryū (一流; /icɕi-ɾjɯR/ 'the first tier → the top tier'), sanbō (三方; /saN-boR/; compare /saN-bóR ~ saN-póR/ 'three sides'), sanbon (三盆; /saN-boN/ 'three trays → Japanese fine sugar'), sanmai (三枚; /saN-mai ~ sáN-mai/ 'two pieces of flesh and one skeleton → a three-piece fillet'; compare /sáN-mai/ 'three sheets'), Rikugei (六芸; /ɾikɯ-ɡei ~ ɾikɯ́-ɡei/ 'the Six Arts'), Rikuchō (六朝; /ɾikɯ̥-cɕoR/ 'the Six Dynasties'), etc.
Long native counters tend to form regular long compounds:[40]
- ‑hashira (柱; /haɕiɾá ~ haɕiɾa/ 'a pillar → deity'): /ʑɯR-ɡo-háɕiɾa, ɡo-ʑɯR-háɕiɾa/
- ‑monogatari (物語; /monoɡátaɾi/ 'tale'): /hjakɯ-monoɡátaɾi/
Number groups
[edit]The aforementioned number groups can be reorganized based on their behavior with counters as follows:[41]
- Sino-Japanese one (Ichi): /icɕí/
- Sino-Japanese eleven (JI): /ʑɯR icɕí/
- Sino-Japanese ten (Jū): /ʑɯ́R/
- Final-accented (G-1): /hacɕí, ɾokɯ́, hjakɯ́/
- 10 + G-1 (J-1): /ʑɯR hacɕí, ʑɯR ɾokɯ́/
- Sino-Japanese two, four and seven (GNSS): /ní, ɕí, ɕi̥cɕí/
- 10 + GNSS (JNSS): /ʑɯR ní, ʑɯR ɕí, ʑɯR ɕi̥cɕí/
- Initial-accented and less than ten (G+1): /kjɯ́R, jóN, nána/
- 10 + G+1 (J+1): /ʑɯR kjɯ́R, ʑɯR jóN, ʑɯR nána/
- Formerly unaccented and unimoraic native four (GX0&Yo): /ɡó ~ †ɡo, kɯ́ ~ †kɯ, jó/
- 10 + GX0&Yo (JX0&Yo): /ʑɯ́R ɡo, ʑɯ́R kɯ/, jū yo‑
- Sino-Japanese three (G0): /saN/
- Sino-Japanese thirteen (J0): /ʑɯ́R saN/
- Pseudo-unaccented (GJHX0): /ɕi-ʑɯ́R, ɡo-ʑɯ́R, kɯ-ʑɯ́R, hacɕi-ʑɯ́R, ɕi̥cɕi-ʑɯ́R, ɾokɯ-ʑɯ́R, iQ-pjakɯ́, haQ-pjakɯ́, ɾoQ-pjakɯ́, ni-hjakɯ́, ɕi̥-hjakɯ́, ɡo-hjakɯ́, ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ́/
- Initial- and second-ccented and divisible by ten (GJH+1+2): /ní-ʑɯR, kjɯ́R-ʑɯR, sáN-ʑɯR, jóN-ʑɯR, sáN-bjakɯ, jóN-hjakɯ, kjɯ́R-hjakɯ, naná-hjakɯ, ɕi̥cɕí-hjakɯ/
- Half-native and half-Sino-Japanese seventy (Nanajū): /naná-ʑɯR/
- Sino-Japanese one thousand (Sen): /séN/
- Compound numbers divisible by one thousand (GSC): /iQ-séN, ni-séN, saN-zéN, …, icɕi-máN, ni-máN, saN-máN, …, ʑɯR-máN, …/
Counter groups
[edit]Just like compound heads (see Japanese pitch accent rules § Modifier–head compound nouns), counters can be short or long, and be preaccenting, deaccenting, final-accented, initial-accented or retain their original accent. They may behave uniformly with all numbers, or have specific patterns with specific numbers.[42][43][44][45]
Short counters
[edit]Of the number groups, GSC in particular tends to form unaccented combinations with short counters, despite how their uniform behavior with other numbers.[46][47] GX0&Yo forms two separable minor phrases, the first of which is jū with its original accent, the second is go, ku or yo with the counter, unless the counter in question uniformly results in unaccented or final-accented sequences with all numbers, in which case GX0&Yo behaves exactly like other groups. In some cases, JI, J-1, JNSS, J+1 and J0 may be more uniform compared to ichi, G-1, GNSS, G+1 and G0.
GJHX0, GJH+1+2 and nanajū forms the first minor phrase before any numeral–counter sequence, in the same ways shown in the #Numbers section. [22] When GJH+1+2 connects directly to a counter, they traditionally retain their original accent, and innovatively follow whichever pattern is more dominant, usually the preaccenting one.[48] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025:[88]–[173]) does not shown any instance where nanajū behaves similarly, while Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025:658) lists some examples where nanajū and nanahyaku also retain their original accent.
The following are groups of counters with some representative examples:
- Preaccenting after all number groups except GSC (CS_P). Eg: ‑fun/‑pun (分; /ɸɯ́N/ 'minute'):
- Ichi, JI: /íQ-pɯN, ʑɯR íQ-pɯN/
- Jū: /ʑíQ-pɯN/
- G-1, J-1: /háQ-pɯN, ʑɯR háQ-pɯN, ɾóQ-pɯN, ʑɯR ɾóQ-pɯN/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ní-ɸɯN, ʑɯR ní-ɸɯN/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-ɸɯN, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-ɸɯN, jóN-pɯN, ʑɯR jóN-pɯN, naná-ɸɯN, ʑɯR naná-ɸɯN/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡó-ɸɯN/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R ɡo-ɸɯN ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡó-ɸɯN/
- G0, J0: /sáN-pɯN, ʑɯR sáN-pɯN/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑíQ-pɯN, haQ-pjáQ-pɯN/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑíQ-pɯN ~ sáN-ʑiQ-pɯN, saN-bjáQ-pɯN ~ sáN-bjaQ-pɯN/
- Sen: /séN-pɯN/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-pɯN/
- Deaccenting after GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo and GSC, and preaccenting after all other number groups (CS_P_DX0). Note that JX0&Yo still forms two separable phrases. Eg: ‑dai (代; /dái/ 'thin and flat object'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕí-dai, ʑɯR icɕí-dai/
- Jū: /ʑɯ́R-dai/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕí-dai, ʑɯR hacɕí-dai, ɾokɯ́-dai, ʑɯR ɾokɯ́-dai/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ní-dai, ʑɯR ní-dai/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-dai, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-dai, jóN-dai, ʑɯR jóN-dai, naná-dai, ʑɯR naná-dai/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-dai/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R (|) ɡo-dai/
- G0, J0: /sáN-dai, ʑɯR sáN-dai/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯ́R-dai, haQ-pjakɯ́-dai/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯ́R-dai, saN-bjakɯ́-dai/
- Sen: /séN-dai/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-dai/
- Deaccenting after GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo, GSC and G0, and preaccenting after all other number groups except GSC (CS_P_D0X0). Note that JX0&Yo still forms two separable phrases, and G0 additionally becomes regularized after GJHX0 and GJH+1+2. Eg: ‑ban (番; /báN/ '‑th numerical label'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕí-baN, ʑɯR icɕí-baN/
- Jū: /ʑɯ́R-baN/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕí-baN, ʑɯR hacɕí-baN, ɾokɯ́-baN, ʑɯR ɾokɯ́-baN/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ní-baN, ʑɯR ní-baN/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-baN, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-baN, jóN-baN, ʑɯR jóN-baN, naná-baN, ʑɯR naná-baN/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-baN/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R (|) ɡo-baN/
- G0: /saN-baN/
- J0: /ʑɯR sáN-baN/
- GHX0 + G0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR (|) saN-baN ~ hacɕi-ʑɯR (|) sáN-baN/
- GJH+1+2 + G0: /sáN-ʑɯR (|) saN-baN ~ sáN-ʑɯR | sáN-baN/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯ́R-baN, haQ-pjakɯ́-baN/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯ́R-baN, saN-bjakɯ́-baN/
- Sen: /séN-baN/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-baN/
- Initial-accented after ichi, jū, G-1, GNSS, GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo, G0 and sen, and preaccenting after all other number groups except GSC; in other words, these counters are initial-accented after all single numerals except G+1 (CS_P_+1S!+1). G0 additionally becomes regularized after GJHX0 and GJHX+1+2, and some of these counters may be completely regularized into CS_P, or the counters can be initial-accented after all single numerals without any other preceding numerals, as well as JI, J-1, JNSS, J0 and J+1 (CS_P_+1SJ). Eg: ‑kai (回; /kái/ 'occurrence'):
- Ichi: /iQ-kái/
- JI: /ʑɯR íQ-kai ~ ʑɯR iQ-kái/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-kái/
- G-1: /hacɕi̥-kái → haQ-kái, ɾoQ-kái/
- J-1: /{ʑɯR hacɕí̥-kai → ʑɯR háQ-kai} ~ {ʑɯR hacɕi̥-kái → ʑɯR haQ-kái}, ʑɯR ɾóQ-kai ~ ʑɯR ɾoQ-kái/
- GNSS: /ni-kái/
- JNSS: /ʑɯR ní-kai ~ ʑɯR ni-kái/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-kai ~ kjɯR-kái, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-kai ~ ʑɯR kjɯR-kái, jóN-kai ~ joN-kái, ʑɯR jóN-kai ~ ʑɯR joN-kái, naná-kai ~ nana-kái, ʑɯR naná-kai ~ ʑɯR nana-kái/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-kái/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R ɡo-kai ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡo-kái/
- G0: /saN-kái/
- J0: /ʑɯR sáN-kai ~ ʑɯR saN-kái/
- GHX0 + G0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR (|) saN-kái ~ hacɕi-ʑɯR (|) sáN-kai/
- GJH+1+2 + G0: /sáN-ʑɯR saN-kai ~ sáN-ʑɯR | saN-kái ~ sáN-ʑɯR | sáN-kai/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑíQ-kai, haQ-pjáQ-kai/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑíQ-kai ~ sáN-ʑiQ-kai, saN-bjáQ-kai ~ sáN-bjaQ-kai/
- Sen: /seN-kái ~ séN-kai/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-kai/
- Ichi: /iQ-kái/
- Initial-accented after ichi, jū, G-1, GNSS, GX0&Yo and JX0&Yo, and preaccenting after all other number groups except GSC; in other words, these counters are initial-accented after all single numerals except G+1 and G0 (CS_P_+1S!+1!0). Some of these counters may be completely regularized into CS_P, or the counters can be initial-accented after all single numerals without any other preceding numerals, as well as JI, J-1, JNSS, J0 and J+1 (CS_P_+1SJ). Eg: ‑gō (合; /ɡóR/) and ‑sun (寸; /sɯ́N/):
- Ichi: /icɕi-ɡóR ~ icɕí-ɡoR/; /iQ-sɯ́N ~ íQ-sɯN/
- JI: /ʑɯR icɕí-ɡoR ~ ʑɯR icɕi-ɡóR/
- Jū: /ʑɯ́R-ɡoR/; /ʑiQ-sɯ́N ~ ʑíQ-sɯN/
- G-1: /hacɕi-ɡóR ~ hacɕí-ɡoR, ɾokɯ-ɡóR ~ ɾokɯ́-ɡoR/; /ɾokɯ̥-sɯ́N ~ ɾokɯ̥́-sɯN/
- J-1: /ʑɯR hacɕí-ɡoR ~ ʑɯR hacɕi-ɡóR, ʑɯR ɾokɯ́-ɡoR ~ ʑɯR ɾokɯ-ɡóR/
- GNSS: /ni-ɡóR ~ ní-ɡoR/; /ni-sɯ́N ~ ní-sɯN/
- JNSS: /ʑɯR ní-ɡoR ~ ʑɯR ni-ɡóR/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-ɡoR ~ kjɯR-ɡóR, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-ɡoR ~ ʑɯR kjɯR-ɡóR, jóN-ɡoR ~ joN-ɡóR, ʑɯR jóN-ɡoR ~ ʑɯR joN-ɡóR, naná-ɡoR ~ nana-ɡóR, ʑɯR naná-ɡoR ~ ʑɯR nana-ɡóR/; /kjɯ́R-sɯN, jóN-sɯN, naná-sɯN/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-ɡóR ~ ɡó-ɡoR/; /ɡo-sɯ́N ~ ɡó-sɯN/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R ɡo-ɡoR ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡo-ɡóR ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡó-ɡoR/
- G0: /sáN-ɡoR/; /sáN-zɯN/
- J0: /ʑɯR sáN-ɡoR/
- GHX0 + G0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR (|) sáN-ɡoR/
- GJH+1+2 + G0: /sáN-ʑɯR saN-ɡoR ~ sáN-ʑɯR | sáN-ɡoR/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯ́R-ɡoR, haQ-pjakɯ́-ɡoR/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯ́R-ɡoR ~ sáN-ʑɯR-ɡoR, saN-bjakɯ́-ɡoR ~ sáN-ʑɯR-ɡoR/
- Sen: /séN-ɡoR ~ seN-ɡóR/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-ɡoR/
- Ichi: /icɕi-ɡóR ~ icɕí-ɡoR/; /iQ-sɯ́N ~ íQ-sɯN/
- Final-accented after ichi, JI, jū, G-1, and J-1, and preaccenting after all other number groups except GSC (CS_P_-1SJQK). Ichi, JI and jū always trigger /Q/ with these counters, while hachi and jū hachi sometimes do, and roku, jū roku and hyaku even less frequently so. G-1, J-1 and sometimes JI may be regularized with some counters. These counters tend to end in ‑ki, ‑ku, ‑chi or ‑tsu. Eg: ‑satsu (冊; 'book'):
- Ichi, JI: /iQ-satsɯ́, ʑɯR iQ-satsɯ́/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-satsɯ́/
- G-1, J-1: /haQ-satsɯ́ ~ háQ-satsɯ, ʑɯR haQ-satsɯ́ ~ ʑɯR háQ-satsɯ, ɾokɯ̥-satsɯ́ ~ ɾokɯ̥́-satsɯ, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-satsɯ́ ~ ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥́-satsɯ/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ní-satsɯ, ʑɯR ní-satsɯ/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-satsɯ, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-satsɯ, jóN-satsɯ, ʑɯR jóN-satsɯ, naná-satsɯ, ʑɯR naná-satsɯ/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡó-satsɯ/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R ɡo-satsɯ ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡó-satsɯ/
- G0, J0: /sáN-satsɯ, ʑɯR sáN-satsɯ/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑíQ-satsɯ, haQ-pjakɯ̥́-satsɯ/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑíQ-satsɯ ~ sáN-ʑiQ-satsɯ, saN-bjakɯ̥́-satsɯ ~ sáN-bjakɯ̥́-satsɯ/
- Sen: /séN-satsɯ/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-satsɯ/
- Final-accented after ichi, JI, G-1, J-1, GNSS, JNSS, GX0&Yo and JX0&Yo, and preaccenting after all other number groups except GSC; in other words, these counters are final-accented after all single numerals except G+1, G0 and sen, as well as after J+1 and J0 (CS_P_-1SJ!+1!0!Sen). Eg: ‑shaku/‑jaku (尺; /ɕakɯ́/):
- Ichi, JI: /iQ-ɕakɯ́, ʑɯR iQ-ɕakɯ́/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-ɕakɯ́/
- G-1, J-1: /haQ-ɕakɯ́, ʑɯR haQ-ɕakɯ́, ɾokɯ̥-ɕakɯ́, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-ɕakɯ́/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-ɕakɯ́, ʑɯR ni-ɕakɯ́/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-ɕakɯ, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-ɕakɯ, jóN-ɕakɯ, ʑɯR jóN-ɕakɯ, naná-ɕakɯ, ʑɯR naná-ɕakɯ/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-ɕakɯ́/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R ɡo-ɕakɯ ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡo-ɕakɯ́/
- G0, J0: /sáN-ʑakɯ, ʑɯR sáN-ʑakɯ/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑíQ-ɕakɯ, haQ-pjakɯ̥́-ɕakɯ/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑíQ-ɕakɯ, saN-bjakɯ̥́-ɕakɯ/
- Sen: /séN-ʑakɯ/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-ʑakɯ/
- Final-accented after all number groups; long counters specific suffixes such as ‑me (目; /mé/ '‑th'), ‑go (後; /ɡo/ 'later'), etc are also counted (CSL_-1). Eg: ‑chaku (着; /cɕákɯ/ '‑th arrival') and ‑nichime (日目; '‑th day'):
- Ichi, JI: /iQ-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR iQ-cɕakɯ́/; /icɕi-nicɕi-mé, ʑɯR icɕi-nicɕi-mé/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-cɕakɯ́/; /ʑɯR-nicɕi-mé/
- G-1, J-1: /haQ-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR haQ-cɕakɯ́, ɾokɯ̥-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-cɕakɯ́/; /ʑɯR hacɕi-nicɕi-mé, ʑɯR ɾokɯ-nicɕi-mé/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR ni-cɕakɯ́/; /ʑɯR ni-nicɕi-mé/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR kjɯR-cɕakɯ́, joN-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR joN-cɕakɯ́, nana-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR nana-cɕakɯ́/; /ʑɯR kjɯR-nicɕi-mé, ʑɯR joN-nicɕi-mé, ʑɯR nana-nicɕi-mé/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-cɕakɯ́/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯR ɡo-cɕakɯ́ ~ ʑɯ́R ɡo-cɕakɯ ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡo-cɕakɯ́/; /ʑɯR ɡo-nicɕi-mé/
- G0, J0: /saN-cɕakɯ́, ʑɯR saN-cɕakɯ́/; /ʑɯR saN-nicɕi-mé/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑiQ-cɕakɯ́, haQ-pjakɯ̥-cɕakɯ́/; /hacɕi-ʑɯR-nicɕi-mé, haQ-pjakɯ-nicɕi-mé/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑiQ-cɕakɯ́, saN-bjakɯ̥-cɕakɯ́/; /saN-ʑɯR-nicɕi-mé, saN-bjakɯ-nicɕi-mé/
- Sen: /seN-cɕakɯ́/; /seN-nicɕi-mé/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-cɕakɯ́/; /icɕi-maN-nicɕi-mé/
- Deaccenting after all number groups; long counters with specific suffixes such as ‑mae (前; /máe/ 'allotment'), etc are also counted (CSL_D). JX0&Yo may behave just like any other group, or forms two separable phrases with certain counters. Eg: ‑bai (倍; /bai ~ bái/ '‑fold'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi-bai, ʑɯR icɕi-bai/
- Jū: /ʑɯR-bai/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi-bai, ʑɯR hacɕi-bai, ɾokɯ-bai, ʑɯR ɾokɯ-bai/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-bai, ʑɯR ni-bai/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-bai, ʑɯR kjɯR-bai, joN-bai, ʑɯR joN-bai, nana-bai, ʑɯR nana-bai/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-bai/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯR ɡo-bai/
- G0, J0: /saN-bai, ʑɯR saN-bai/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR-bai, haQ-pjakɯ-bai/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯR-bai, saN-bjakɯ-bai/
- Sen: /seN-bai/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-bai/
- Preaccenting after GJHX0 and GJH+1+2, and deaccenting after all other number groups (CS_D_PnJ). Eg: ‑seN (選; /séN/ 'time being selected'):
- Ichi: /iQ-seN/
- JI: /ʑɯR iQ-seN/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-seN/
- G-1: /haQ-seN, ɾokɯ̥-seN/
- J-1: /ʑɯR haQ-seN, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-seN/
- GNSS: /ni-seN/
- JNSS: /ʑɯR ni-seN/
- G+1: /kjɯR-seN, joN-seN, nana-seN/
- J+1: /ʑɯR kjɯR-seN, ʑɯR joN-seN, ʑɯR nana-seN/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-seN/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯR ɡo-seN/
- G0: /saN-seN/
- J0: /ʑɯR saN-seN ~ ʑɯR sáN-seN/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑíQ-seN, haQ-pjakɯ̥́-seN/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑíQ-seN, saN-bjakɯ̥́-seN/
- Sen: /seN-seN/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-seN/
- Ichi: /iQ-seN/
- Preaccenting after GJHX0 and GJH+1+2, preaccenting or deaccenting after JI, J-1, JNSS, J+1, J0 and JX0&Yo, and deaccenting after all other number groups (CS_D_PJnJ). Eg: ‑seN (戦; 'battle'):
- Ichi: /iQ-seN/
- JI: /ʑɯR iQ-seN ~ ʑɯR íQ-seN/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-seN/
- G-1: /haQ-seN, ɾokɯ̥-seN/
- J-1: /ʑɯR haQ-seN ~ ʑɯR háQ-seN, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-seN ~ ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥́-seN/
- GNSS: /ni-seN/
- JNSS: /ʑɯR ni-seN ~ ʑɯR ní-seN/
- G+1: /kjɯR-seN, joN-seN, nana-seN/
- J+1: /ʑɯR kjɯR-seN ~ ʑɯR kjɯ́R-seN, ʑɯR joN-seN ~ ʑɯR jóN-seN, ʑɯR nana-seN ~ ʑɯR naná-seN/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡo-seN/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯR ɡo-seN ~ ʑɯ́R ɡo-seN ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡó-seN/
- G0: /saN-seN/
- J0: /ʑɯR saN-seN ~ ʑɯR sáN-seN/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑíQ-seN, haQ-pjakɯ̥́-seN/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑíQ-seN, saN-bjakɯ̥́-seN/
- Sen: /seN-seN/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-seN/
- Ichi: /iQ-seN/
Long counters
[edit]Long counters mostly follow the regular rules of long heads, in that originally unaccented, final- or initial-accented counters, or medially penultimate-accented counters with special final morae, except counters with specific suffixes such as ‑me (目; /mé/ '‑th'), ‑go (後; /ɡo/ 'later'), ‑mae (前; /máe/ 'allotment'), etc become initial-accented before all number groups; some short counters are also counted (CSL_+1):[49][50]
- ‑jikan (時間; /ʑikaN/ 'hour'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR icɕi-ʑíkaN/
- Jū: /ʑɯR-ʑíkaN/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR hacɕi-ʑíkaN, ɾokɯ-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR ɾokɯ-ʑíkaN/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR ni-ʑíkaN/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR kjɯR-ʑíkaN, joN-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR joN-ʑíkaN, nana-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR nana-ʑíkaN/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR ɡo-ʑíkaN/
- G0, J0: /saN-ʑíkaN, ʑɯR saN-ʑíkaN/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR-ʑíkaN, haQ-pjakɯ-ʑíkaN/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯR-ʑíkaN, saN-bjakɯ-ʑíkaN/
- Sen: /seN-ʑíkaN/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-ʑíkaN/
- ‑fukuro/‑pukuro (袋; /ɸɯ̥kɯɾó/ 'bag'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR icɕi-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-pɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR hacɕi-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ɾokɯ-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR ɾokɯ-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR ni-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR kjɯR-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, joN-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR joN-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, nana-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR nana-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR ɡo-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- G0, J0: /saN-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo, ʑɯR saN-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑiQ-pɯ̥́kɯɾo, haQ-pjakɯ-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑiQ-pɯ̥́kɯɾo, saN-bjakɯ-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- Sen: /seN-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-ɸɯ̥́kɯɾo/
- ‑setai (世帯; /setái ~ sétai/ 'household'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi̥-sétai → iQ-sétai, ʑɯR icɕi̥-sétai → ʑɯR iQ-sétai/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-sétai/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi̥-sétai → haQ-sétai, ʑɯR hacɕi̥-sétai → ʑɯR haQ-sétai, ɾokɯ̥-sétai, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-sétai/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-sétai, ʑɯR ni-sétai/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-sétai, ʑɯR kjɯR-sétai, joN-sétai, ʑɯR joN-sétai, nana-sétai, ʑɯR nana-sétai/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-sétai, ʑɯR ɡo-sétai/
- G0, J0: /saN-sétai, ʑɯR saN-sétai/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑiQ-sétai, haQ-pjakɯ̥-sétai/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑiQ-sétai, saN-bjakɯ̥-sétai/
- Sen: /seN-sétai/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-sétai/
Western loanword counters
[edit]Older bimoraic western loanword counters, such as kiro, ton, miri, doru, behave like CS_P counters:[51][50]
- ‑kiro (キロ; /kíɾo/ 'kilo'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕí̥-kiɾo, ʑɯR icɕí̥-kiɾo/
- Jū: /ʑíQ-kiɾo/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕí̥-kiɾo, ʑɯR hacɕí̥-kiɾo, ɾóQ-kiɾo, ʑɯR ɾóQ-kiɾo/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ní-kiɾo, ʑɯR ní-kiɾo/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯ́R-kiɾo, ʑɯR kjɯ́R-kiɾo, jóN-kiɾo, ʑɯR jóN-kiɾo, naná-kiɾo, ʑɯR naná-kiɾo/
- GX0&Yo: /ɡó-kiɾo/
- JX0&Yo: /ʑɯ́R ɡo-kiɾo ~ ʑɯ́R | ɡó-kiɾo/
- G0, J0: /sáN-kiɾo, ʑɯR sáN-kiɾo/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑíQ-kiɾo, haQ-pjáQ-kiɾo/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑíQ-kiɾo, saN-bjáQ-kiɾo/
- Sen: /séN-kiɾo/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-kiɾo/
Trimoraic and quadrimoraic, as well as newer bimoraic counters, behave like CL_+1 counters:
- ‑won (ウォン; /wóN/ 'won'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi-wóN, ʑɯR icɕi-wóN/
- Jū: /ʑɯR-wóN/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi-wóN, ʑɯR hacɕi-wóN, ɾokɯ-wóN, ʑɯR ɾokɯ-wóN/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-wóN, ʑɯR ni-wóN/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-wóN, ʑɯR kjɯR-wóN, joN-wóN, ʑɯR joN-wóN, nana-wóN, ʑɯR nana-wóN/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-wóN, ʑɯR ɡo-wóN/
- G0, J0: /saN-wóN, ʑɯR saN-wóN/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR-wóN, haQ-pjakɯ-wóN/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯR-wóN, saN-bjakɯ-wóN/
- Sen: /seN-wóN/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-wóN/
- ‑sento (セント; /séNto/ 'cent'):
- Ichi, JI: /iQ-séNto, ʑɯR iQ-séNto/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-séNto/
- G-1, J-1: /haQ-séNto, ʑɯR haQ-séNto, ɾokɯ̥-séNto, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-séNto/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-séNto, ʑɯR ni-séNto/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-séNto, ʑɯR kjɯR-séNto, joN-séNto, ʑɯR joN-séNto, nana-séNto, ʑɯR nana-séNto/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-séNto, ʑɯR ɡo-séNto/
- G0, J0: /saN-séNto, ʑɯR saN-séNto/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑiQ-séNto, haQ-pjakɯ̥-séNto/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑiQ-séNto, saN-bjakɯ̥-séNto/
- Sen: /seN-séNto/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-séNto/
- ‑mētoru (メートル; /meRtoɾɯ/ 'metre'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR icɕi-méRtoɾɯ/
- Jū: /ʑɯR-méRtoɾɯ/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR hacɕi-méRtoɾɯ, ɾokɯ-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ɾokɯ-méRtoɾɯ/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ni-méRtoɾɯ/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR kjɯR-méRtoɾɯ, joN-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR joN-méRtoɾɯ, nana-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR nana-méRtoɾɯ/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ɡo-méRtoɾɯ/
- G0, J0: /saN-méRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR saN-méRtoɾɯ/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR-méRtoɾɯ, haQ-pjakɯ-méRtoɾɯ/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯR-méRtoɾɯ, saN-bjakɯ-méRtoɾɯ/
- Sen: /seN-méRtoɾɯ/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-méRtoɾɯ/
Medial-accented quadrimoraic counters may also become initial-accented (CL_+1 ~ CL_M):
- ‑anpea (アンペア; /aNpéa/ 'ampere'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi-áNpea ~ icɕi-aNpéa, ʑɯR icɕi-áNpea ~ ʑɯR icɕi-aNpéa/
- Jū: /ʑɯR-áNpea ~ ʑɯR-aNpéa/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi-áNpea ~ hacɕi-aNpéa, ʑɯR hacɕi-áNpea ~ ʑɯR hacɕi-aNpéa, ɾokɯ-áNpea ~ ɾokɯ-aNpéa, ʑɯR ɾokɯ-áNpea ~ ʑɯR ɾokɯ-aNpéa/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-áNpea ~ ni-aNpéa, ʑɯR ni-áNpea ~ ʑɯR ni-aNpéa/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-áNpea ~ kjɯR-aNpéa, ʑɯR kjɯR-áNpea ~ ʑɯR kjɯR-aNpéa, joN-áNpea ~ joN-aNpéa, ʑɯR joN-áNpea ~ ʑɯR joN-aNpéa, nana-áNpea ~ nana-aNpéa, ʑɯR nana-áNpea ~ ʑɯR nana-aNpéa/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-áNpea ~ ɡo-aNpéa, ʑɯR ɡo-áNpea ~ ʑɯR ɡo-aNpéa/
- G0, J0: /saN-áNpea ~ saN-aNpéa, ʑɯR saN-áNpea ~ ʑɯR saN-aNpéa/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR-áNpea ~ hacɕi-ʑɯR-aNpéa, haQ-pjakɯ-áNpea ~ haQ-pjakɯ-aNpéa/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯR-áNpea ~ saN-ʑɯR-aNpéa, saN-bjakɯ-áNpea ~ saN-bjakɯ-aNpéa/
- Sen: /seN-áNpea ~ seN-aNpéa/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-áNpea ~ icɕi-maN-aNpéa/
Quinquemoraic or longer counters retain their medial accent (CL_M):
- ‑kiromētoru (キロメートル; /kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/ 'kilometre'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi̥-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR icɕi̥-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- Jū: /ʑiQ-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi̥-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR hacɕi̥-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ɾoQ-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ɾoQ-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ni-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR kjɯR-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, joN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR joN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, nana-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR nana-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ɡo-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- G0, J0: /saN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR saN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑiQ-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, haQ-pjaQ-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑiQ-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, saN-bjaQ-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- Sen: /seN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
- ‑heihō-senchimētoru (平方センチメートル; /heihoR seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/ 'square centimetre'):
- Ichi, JI: /icɕi̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR icɕi̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- Jū: /ʑɯR-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- G-1, J-1: /hacɕi̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR hacɕi̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ɾokɯ̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ɾokɯ̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- GNSS, JNSS: /ni-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ni-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- G+1, J+1: /kjɯR-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR kjɯR-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, joN-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR joN-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, nana-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR nana-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- GX0&Yo, JX0&Yo: /ɡo-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR ɡo-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- G0, J0: /saN-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, ʑɯR saN-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- GJHX0: /hacɕi-ʑɯR-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, haQ-pjakɯ̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- GJH+1+2: /saN-ʑɯR-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ, saN-bjakɯ̥-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- Sen: /seN-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
- GSC: /icɕi-maN-heihoR-seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/
Indefinites
[edit]When nan‑ and iku‑ prefix a short counter directly, they tend to form an initial-accented compound.[35] Their behavior usually coincides with that of the numeral san, with some exceptions. Note that for iku‑, the nucleus is generally i, not ku. In the following examples, gojū san may be mentioned if san cannot occur with the counter in isolation, or the former has a different nucleus from the latter:[52][53]
- ‑en (円; /éN/ 'yen'): /saN-eN ~ sáN-eN, ɡo-ʑɯR (|) sáN-eN, náN-eN, íkɯ-eN/
- ‑nin (人; /níN/ 'person'): /saN-níN, ɡo-ʑɯR (|) saN-níN ~ ɡo-ʑɯR (|) sáN-niN, náN-niN, íkɯ-niN/
- ‑nichi (日; /nícɕi/ 'day'): /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) saN-nicɕí ~ ɡo-ʑɯR (|) sáN-nicɕi, náN-nicɕi, íkɯ-nicɕi/
- CS_P_D0X0 counters:
- ‑ban (番; /báN/ '‑th numerical label'): /saN-baN, ɡo-ʑɯR (|) saN-baN ~ ɡo-ʑɯR (|) sáN-baN, náN-baN, íkɯ-baN/
- CSL_-1 counters:
- ‑chaku (着; /cɕákɯ/ 'occurrence'): /saN-cɕakɯ́ ~ sáN-cɕakɯ, naN-cɕakɯ́ ~ náN-cɕakɯ, ikɯ̥-cɕakɯ́ ~ íkɯ̥-cɕakɯ/
- CSL_D, CS_D_PnJ and CS_D_PJnJ counters:
- ‑sen (戦; 'battle'): /saN-seN, naN-seN, ikɯ̥-seN/
Iku‑ behaves slightly different from nan‑ before:[54]
- CS_P_+1S!+1 counters:
- ‑kai (回; /kái/ 'occurrence'): /saN-kái, ɡo-ʑɯR (|) saN-kái ~ ɡo-ʑɯR (|) sáN-kai, naN-kái ~ náN-kai, íkɯ̥-kai/
- CS_P_-1SJ!+1!0!Sen counters:
- ‑shaku/‑jaku (尺; /ɕakɯ́/): /sáN-ʑakɯ, náN-ʑakɯ, ɾokɯ̥-ɕakɯ́, íkɯ̥-ɕakɯ ~ ikɯ̥-ɕakɯ́/
When nan‑ and iku‑ prefix a long counter, they behave exactly like san:[55][35][53]
- ‑nichime (日目; '‑th day'): /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) saN-nicɕi-mé, naN-nicɕi-mé, ikɯ-nicɕi-mé/
- ‑nichikan (日間; 'day'): /ɡo-ʑɯR (|) saN-nicɕí̥-kaN, naN-nicɕí̥-kaN, ikɯ-nicɕí̥-kaN/
- ‑jikan (時間; /ʑikaN/ 'hour'): /saN-ʑí-kaN, naN-ʑí-kaN, ikɯ-ʑí-kaN/
- ‑sento (セント; /séNto/ 'cent'): /saN-séNto, naN-séNto, ikɯ̥-séNto/
- ‑kiromētoru (キロメートル; /kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/ 'kilometre'): /saN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, naN-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ, ikɯ̥-kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/
Short sū‑ compounds are initial-accented if bimoraic, but unaccented if quadrimoraic, although younger speakers may make them all initial-accented:[35]
- sūko (数個; /sɯ́R-ko/ 'a few things'), sūji (数次; /sɯ́R-ʑi/ 'a few times'), sūdo (数度; /sɯ́R-do/ 'a few times'), etc
- sūjitsu (数日; /sɯR-ʑitsɯ ~ ?sɯ́R-ʑitsɯ/ 'a few days'), sūnen (数年; /sɯR-neN ~ ?sɯ́R-neN/ 'a few years'), sūnin (数人; /sɯR-niN ~ ?sɯ́R-niN/ 'a few people'), sūdan (数段; /sɯR-daN ~ sɯ́R-daN/ 'a few ranks'), etc
- sūkai (数回; /sɯR-kai/ 'a few times'), sūkoku (数刻; /sɯR-kokɯ/ 'a few hours'), sūfun (数分; /sɯR-ɸɯN/ 'a few minutes'), sūmai (数枚; /sɯR-mai/ 'a few flat pieces'), etc
Some examples of long sū‑ compounds:[35][56] sūkasho (数ヶ所; /sɯR-káɕo/ 'a few places'), sūkagetsu (数ヶ月; /sɯR-káɡetsɯ/ 'a few months'), sūjikan (数時間; /sɯR-ʑíkaN/ 'a few hours'), sūshūkan (数週間; /sɯR-ɕɯ́RkaN/ 'a few weeks'), sūshurui (数種類; /sɯR-ɕɯ́ɾɯi/ 'a few types'), sūmētoru (数メートル; /sɯR-méRtoɾɯ/ 'a few metres'), etc
Nanjū, nanbyaku, ikujū, ikuhyaku, sūjū and sūhyaku work like GJH+1+2 numbers, and nanzen, nanman, ikusen, ikuman, sūsen, sūman, etc work like GSC numbers:[35]
- ‑nin (人; /níN/ 'person'): /saN-ʑɯ́R-niN ~ sáN-ʑɯR-niN, naN-ʑɯ́R-niN ~ náN-ʑɯR-niN, ikɯ-ʑɯ́R-niN ~ íkɯ-ʑɯR-niN, sɯR-ʑɯ́R-niN ~ sɯ́R-ʑɯR-niN/
- ‑mei (名; /méi/ 'person'): /saN-bjakɯ́-mei ~ sáN-bjakɯ-mei, naN-bjakɯ́-mei ~ náN-bjakɯ-mei, ikɯ̥-hjakɯ́-mei ~ íkɯ̥-hjakɯ-mei, sɯR-hjakɯ́-mei ~ sɯ́R-hjakɯ-mei/
- ‑en (円; /éN/ 'yen'): /saN-zeN-eN, naN-zeN-eN, ikɯ̥-seN-eN, sɯR-seN-eN/
Sample list
[edit]The following is a non-exhaustive list of counters, the numeral sets that they follow, and their accentuation.[42][43][44][41] The last column is for their grouping, which is based on the most regular pattern among all number–counter sequences. Here are the abbreviations used in the table:
- SJ: Sino-Japanese, namely:
- 0 rei /ɾéi → ɾéR/, 1 ichi /icɕí/, 2 ni /ní/, 3 san /saN/, 4 shi /ɕí/, 5 go /ɡó ~ †ɡo/, 6 roku /ɾokɯ́/, 7 shichi /ɕi̥cɕí/, 8 hachi /hacɕí/, 9 kyū ~ ku /kjɯ́R ~ kɯ́ ~ †kɯ/, 10 jū /ʑɯ́R/
- "9: SJ" means both kyū and ku are acceptable. Otherwise, only one variant is specified.
- 11 jū ichi /ʑɯR icɕí/, 12 jū ni /ʑɯR ní/, 13 jū san /ʑɯ́R saN/, 15 jū go /ʑɯ́R ɡo/, 16 jū roku /ʑɯR ɾokɯ́/, 17 jū shichi /ʑɯR ɕi̥cɕí/, 18 jū hachi /ʑɯR hacɕí/, 19 jū kyū ~ jū ku /ʑɯR kjɯ́R ~ ʑɯ́R kɯ/
- "19: SJ" means both jū kyū and jū ku are acceptable. Otherwise, only one variant is specified.
- 20 nijū /ní-ʑɯR/, 30 sanjū /sáN-ʑɯR/, 40 shijū /ɕi-ʑɯ́R/, 50 gojū /ɡo-ʑɯ́R/, 60 nijū /ɾokɯ-ʑɯ́R/, 70 shichijū /ɕi̥cɕi-ʑɯ́R/, 80 hachijū /hacɕi-ʑɯ́R/, 90 kyūjū /kjɯ́R-ʑɯR/
- 100 hyaku ~ ippyaku /hjakɯ́ ~ iQ-pjakɯ́/, 200 nihyaku /ni-hjakɯ́/, 300 sanbyaku /sáN-bjakɯ/, 400 shihyaku /ɕi̥-hjakɯ́/, 500 gohyaku /ɡo-hjakɯ́/, 600 ɾoppyaku /ɾoQ-pjakɯ́/, 700 shichihyaku /ɕi̥cɕi-hjakɯ́ ~ ɕi̥cɕí-hjakɯ/, 800 happyaku /haQ-pjakɯ́/, 900 kyūhyaku /kjɯ́R-hjakɯ/
- 1,000 (is)sen /(iQ-)séN/, 2,000 nisen /ni-séN/, 3,000 sanzen /saN-zéN/, 5,000 gosen /ɡo-séN/, 6,000 rokusen /ɾokɯ̥-séN/, 7,000 shichisen /ɕi̥cɕi-séN/, 8,000 hassen /haQ-séN/, 9,000 kyūsen /kjɯR-séN/
- 0 rei /ɾéi → ɾéR/, 1 ichi /icɕí/, 2 ni /ní/, 3 san /saN/, 4 shi /ɕí/, 5 go /ɡó ~ †ɡo/, 6 roku /ɾokɯ́/, 7 shichi /ɕi̥cɕí/, 8 hachi /hacɕí/, 9 kyū ~ ku /kjɯ́R ~ kɯ́ ~ †kɯ/, 10 jū /ʑɯ́R/
- 10,000 ichiman /icɕi-máN/, 20,000 niman /ni-máN/, 30,000 sanman /saN-máN/, 50,000 goman /ɡo-máN/, 60,000 rokuman /ɾokɯ-máN/, 70,000 shichiman /ɕi̥cɕi-máN/, 80,000 hachiman /hacɕi-máN/, 90,000 kyūman /kjɯR-máN/
- 100,000 jūman /ʑɯR-máN/, 1,000,000 hyakuman /hjakɯ-máN/
- han (半; 'half a(n)') /háN/
- dai (第; '‑th') /dái/
- N: native, namely:
- 1 hito /hi̥tó/, 2 futa /ɸɯ̥tá/, 3 mi /mí/, 4 yo(n) /jó(N)/, 5 itsu /ítsɯ/, 6 mu /mɯ́/, 7 nana /nána/, 8 ya /já/, 9 kokono /kokóno/, 10 to ~ tō /tó(R)/, 20 hata
- "4: N" means both yon and yo are acceptable. Otherwise, only one variant is specified.
- nan (何; 'how many ~ what ~ which ~ some') /náN/
- iku (幾; '(how) many ~ some')
- 1 hito /hi̥tó/, 2 futa /ɸɯ̥tá/, 3 mi /mí/, 4 yo(n) /jó(N)/, 5 itsu /ítsɯ/, 6 mu /mɯ́/, 7 nana /nána/, 8 ya /já/, 9 kokono /kokóno/, 10 to ~ tō /tó(R)/, 20 hata
- NSJ: native + Sino-Japanese, namely:
- 20 futajū /ɸɯ̥tá-ʑɯR/, 40 yonjū /jóN-ʑɯR/, 70 nanajū /naná-ʑɯR/
- 200 futahyaku /ɸɯ̥tá-hjakɯ/, 400 yonhyaku /jóN-hjakɯ/, 700 nanahyaku /naná-hjakɯ/
- 2,000 futasen /ɸɯ̥ta-séN/, 4,000 yonsen /joN-séN/, 7,000 nanasen /nana-séN/
- 20,000 futaman /ɸɯ̥ta-máN/, 40,000 yonman /joN-máN/, 70,000 nanaman /nana-máN/
- nanjū (何十; 'tens of') /náN-ʑɯR/
- nanbyaku (何百; 'hundreds of') /náN-bjakɯ/
- nanzen (何千; 'thousands of') /naN-zéN ~ náN-zeN/
- ikujū (幾十; 'tens of') /íkɯ-ʑɯR/
- ikuhyaku (幾百; 'hundreds of') /íkɯ̥-hjakɯ/
- ikusen (幾千; 'thousands of') /ikɯ̥-séN ~ íkɯ̥-seN/
- E: English, namely:
- 0 zero /zéɾo/, 1 wan /wáN/, 2 tsū /tsɯ́R/, 3 surī /sɯɾíR/, 4 fō /ɸóR/, 5 faibu /ɸáibɯ/, 6 shikkusu /ɕíQkɯ̥sɯ/, 7 sebun /sébɯN/, 8 eito /éito → éRto/, 9 nain /náiN/, 10 ten /téN/
- D: deaccenting
- P: preaccenting
- PP: the nucleus is the second mora before the counter, but without an obligatory leftward shift away from a special mora
- -1: final-accented
- -2: penultimate-accented
- -3: antepenultimate-accented
- -4: preantepenultimate-accented
- +1: initial-accented
- R: recessive (the counter does not affect the number's original accent)
- XD, XP, X-1, X-3, X+1: a number–counter sequence, labeled with D, P, -1, -3 or +1, following something else loosely, in a separable minor phrase
- ~: or
- *: the counter is completely regular to its group, but with additional irregular alternatives
Unless specified below, for a number that consists of a multiple of 10 greater than 10 itself and a numeral from 1 to 10, such as 21–29, 31–39, …, 101–110, 201–210, …, only the numeral forms a separable minor phrase with the counter, while the multiple of 10 behaves as shown in the previous sections on numbers. Dai only loosely combines with a number–counter sequence.
| Counter | Original pronunciation | Numeral set | Accentuation | Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| āru (アール; 'are') | /áRɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| andā (アンダー; 'point under par') | /áNdaR/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| anpea (アンペア; 'ampere') | /aNpéa/ |
|
+1 ~ -2 | CSL_+1* ~ CL_M* |
| i (位; 'ordinal rank in performance ~ numerical place ~ departed soul') | /í/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
PP | |||
| i (位; 'ordinal feudal East-Asian courtier rank') |
|
P | ||
| iningu (イニング; 'inning') | /íniNɡɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| iro (色; 'color') | /iɾó/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| inchi (インチ; 'inch') | /íNcɕi/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| won (ウォン) | /wóN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| e (重; 'layer') |
|
P | CS_P* | |
|
P ~ +1 | |||
|
PP | |||
| en (円; 'yen') | /éN/ |
|
D ~ P | |
| P | ||||
|
D | |||
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
| ōmu (オーム; 'ohm') | /óRmɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| oku (億; 'hundred million') | /ókɯ/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
PP | |||
| okutābu (オクターブ; 'octave') | /okɯ̥táRbɯ/ |
|
-3 | CL_M |
| onsu (オンス; 'ounce') | /óNsɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| ka (日; 'ordinal day of the month ~ special ordinal day past the 200th ~ cardinal day')[e] |
|
D | ||
|
D ~ -1 | |||
|
-1 | |||
|
XD | |||
| nichi (日; 'ordinal day of the month') | /nícɕi/ |
|
-1 | |
|
P ~ R | |||
|
XP ~ P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
X-1 | |||
|
XP | |||
|
P | |||
| nichi (日; 'cardinal day ~ dai-prefixed ordinal day in general') |
|
-1 | ||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
P | |||
|
XP ~ P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
X-1 | |||
|
XP ~ X-1 | |||
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ -1 ~ D | |||
|
D | |||
| kame (日目; 'ordinal day in general') |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 | |
|
X-1 | |||
| nichime (日目; 'ordinal day in general') |
|
-1 | ||
|
X-1 | |||
| kakan (日間; 'cardinal day') |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 | |
|
X+1 | |||
| nichikan (日間; 'cardinal day') |
|
-3 | CL_M | |
|
X-3 | |||
| ka (課; 'lesson ~ company section') | /ká/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| kai (階; 'storey') | /kái/ |
|
D | CSL_D* |
|
D ~ P | |||
|
D ~ XP | |||
|
D ~ PP | |||
| kaikyū (階級; 'military rank ~ weight class') | /kaikjɯR/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kai (回; 'occurrence ~ sport match ~ game round') | /kái/ |
|
+1 | CS_P_+1SJ* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1* |
|
+1 ~ P | |||
|
X+1 | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
X+1 ~ XP | |||
|
P | |||
|
D | |||
| kaiki (回忌; 'year elapsed after the date of death')[f] | /káiki ~ kaiki/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kairi (海里; 'sea mile') | /káiɾi/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kaku (角; 'one-tenth coin ~ angle') | /kákɯ ~ kakɯ́/ |
|
-1 ~ D | CS_P_-1SJ!+1!0!Sen* |
|
-1 | |||
|
P | |||
|
P ~ -1 | |||
|
PP ~ -1 | |||
| kagetsu (ヶ月; 'cardinal month') |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 | |
| kakoku (ヶ国; 'cardinal country') |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 | |
| kasho (ヶ所; 'cardinal place') | /káɕo/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kajō (ヶ条; 'cardinal list item') | /kaʑoR/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kanen (ヶ年; 'cardinal year') |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 | |
| kasane (重ね; 'layer') | /kasane/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kazoku (家族; 'family') | /kázokɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| gata (型; 'type') |
|
D | CSL_D | |
| gatsu (月; 'ordinal month of the year') |
|
-1 | ||
|
P | |||
| gakki (学期; 'school term') | /ɡaQki/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| gakkyū (学級; 'study class') | /ɡaQkjɯR/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kappu (カップ; 'cup') | /káQpɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kabu (株; 'plant with its root ~ strain of microbe ~ share of stock') | /kabɯ/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| karatto (カラット; 'carat') | /kaɾáQto ~ káɾaQto/ |
|
+1 ~ -3 | CSL_+1* ~ CL_M* |
| karorī (カロリー; 'calorie') | /káɾoɾiR/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kan (缶; 'can') | /káN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| kan (巻; 'book volume') | /káN/ |
|
P ~ +1 | CS_P* ~ CSL_+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1!0* ~ CS_P_+1SJ* |
|
XP ~ X+1 | |||
|
PP | |||
| kan (貫) | /káN/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CS_P* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1!0* |
|
P | |||
|
X+1 ~ XP | |||
| kanme (貫目) | /kaN-me/ |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 |
| ki (機; 'airplane') ki (期; 'phase ~ stage ~ term of incumbency ~ geological age') ki (基; 'solid standing object') |
/kí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| kishu (機種; 'airplane/machine model') | /kí̥ɕɯ → ki̥ɕɯ́/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| ki (騎; 'horse rider') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| kiatsu (気圧; 'atmosphere') | /kiatsɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| giga (ギガ; 'gig') | /ɡíɡa/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kyaku (脚; 'piece of legged furniture') | /kjákɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| kyaku (客; 'utensil for guests') | /kjakɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| kyū (級; 'stair ~ ranking class ~ study class') | /kjɯ́R/ |
|
D | CSL_D |
|
D ~ P | |||
|
D ~ PP | |||
| kyū (球; 'ball pitch') | /kjɯ́R/ |
|
D | CSL_D* ~ CS_D_PnJ* |
|
P ~ D | |||
| kyūme (球目; 'ordinal ball pitch') |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 | |
| gyō (行; 'line of text') | /ɡjóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| kyoku (曲; 'musical composition') | /kjokɯ ~ kjókɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| kyoku (局; 'board game match') | /kjókɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| kire (切れ; 'slice') | /kiɾé/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D ~ -1 | |||
| kiro (キロ; 'kilo') | /kíɾo/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| kiroguramu (キログラム; 'kilogram') | /kiɾoɡɯ́ɾamɯ/ |
|
-3 | CL_M |
| kiromētoru (キロメートル; 'kilometre') | /kiɾoméRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| kirorittoru (キロリットル; 'kilolitre') | /kiɾoɾíQtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| kirowatto (キロワット; 'kilowatt') | /kiɾowáQto/ |
|
-3 | CL_M |
| kin (斤; 'catty') | /kíN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ku (句; 'verse') | /kɯ́/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ku (区; 'zone ~ section') | /kɯ́/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| kukaku (区画; 'land section') | /kɯ̥kakɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kukan (区間; 'road section ~ mathematical interval') | /kɯ̥́kaN → kɯ̥káN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kuchi (口; 'mouthful ~ sharp weapon ~ monetary contribution ~ dance performance') | /kɯ̥cɕi/ |
|
P | CS_P* |
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| kumi (組; 'set ~ group') | /kɯmí/ |
|
P | CS_P* |
|
P ~ -1 ~ D | |||
|
XP | |||
| kumi (組; 'school class') |
|
P → +1[h] | ||
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| kurasu (クラス; 'class') | /kɯ́ɾasɯ/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CSL_+1* |
|
+1 | |||
| guramu (グラム; 'gram') | /ɡɯ́ɾamɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| gurūpu (グループ; 'group') | /ɡɯɾɯ́Rpɯ/ |
|
-3 | CL_M |
| keitō (系統; 'system') | /keitoR/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| keta (桁; 'numerical place') | /keta/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ken (件; 'incident') | /kéN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
| ken (軒; 'house') | /kéN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
| gen (元; 'yuan') | /ɡéN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ko (戸; 'house(hold)') | /kó/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| ko (個; 'thing') | /kó/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
|
PP | |||
| go (語; 'word') | /ɡó/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| kō (校; 'school') | /kóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| kō (校; 'ordinal proofed copy') |
|
CSL_D | ||
| gō (号; 'periodical issue') | /ɡóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
| gō (合; 'gě ~ confrontation') | /ɡóR/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CS_P* |
|
P | |||
|
X+1 ~ XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
| kōtei (工程; 'process') | /koRtei/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kōnen (光年; 'light year') | /koRneN ~ kóRneN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| kōmoku (項目; 'category') | /koRmokɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| koku (石) | /kókɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK |
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| sai (歳; 'year old') |
|
P | CS_P* | |
|
P → +1[h] | |||
|
XP ~ P | |||
|
P → PP[k] | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
|
P ~ D | |||
|
PP | |||
| saikuru (サイクル; 'cycle') | /sáikɯɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| satsu (冊; 'book') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* | |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
|
PP | |||
| sara (皿; 'plate of food') | /saɾa/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| shi (市; 'city') | /ɕí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ji (児; 'child') | /ʑí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ji (次; 'ordinal occurrence') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
| jigen (次元; 'dimension') | /ʑiɡeN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| ji (字; 'written character') | /ʑí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ji (時; 'ordinal hour of the day ~ cardinal hour') | /ʑí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
PP | |||
| jikan (時間; 'cardinal hour') | /ʑikaN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
|
X+1 | |||
| jikanme (時間目; 'ordinal hour in general ~ ordinal school period') |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 | |
|
X-1 | |||
| jikango (時間後; 'hour later') |
|
-1 | ||
|
X-1 | |||
| jigen (時限; 'school period') | /ʑiɡeN ~ ʑíɡeN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shiai (試合; 'competition ~ contest ~ tournament ~ sport match') | /ɕiai/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shīshī (cc) | /ɕiRɕíR/ |
|
-2 | CL_M |
| shīzun (シーズン; 'season') | /ɕíRzɯN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shīto (シート; 'sheet') | /ɕíRto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shīberuto (シーベルト; 'sievert') | /ɕíRbeɾɯto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shitsu (室; 'room') | /ɕi̥tsɯ́/ |
|
-1 ~ D | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
-1 | |||
|
XP | |||
|
X-1 | |||
|
D | |||
| shina (品; 'menu dish') | /ɕina/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| sha (社; 'Shinto shrine ~ company') | /ɕá/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| shaku (尺; 'shaku ~ fish') | /ɕakɯ́/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJ!+1!0!Sen[l] |
|
P | |||
|
X-1 | |||
|
PP ~ -1 | |||
| shasen (車線; 'traffic lane') | /ɕaseN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shu (首; 'East-Asian poem') | /ɕɯ́/ |
|
P | CS_P* |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ PP | |||
| shu (種; 'type ~ variety ~ species') | /ɕɯ́/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| shumoku (種目; 'categorized item ~ sporting event') | /ɕɯmokɯ ~ ɕɯ́mokɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shurui (種類; 'type ~ variety ~ species') | /ɕɯ́ɾɯi/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| shū (周; 'circling lap') shū (週; 'week') |
/ɕɯ́R/ |
|
D | CSL_D |
| shūnen (周年; 'anniversary year') | /ɕɯRneN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| jū (重; 'layer ~ tier ~ storey') | /ʑɯ́R/ |
|
D | CSL_D |
| jun (巡; 'rotation through a roster') |
|
D | CSL_D | |
| jo (女; 'ordinal daughter')[m] | /ʑó/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| jo (女; 'cardinal daughter') |
| |||
| shō (勝; 'win') | /ɕóR/ |
|
D | CSL_D* ~ CS_D_PnJ* ~ CS_D_PJnJ |
|
D ~ P | |||
|
D ~ XD | |||
| shō (章; 'chapter') shō (床; 'sickbed') |
/ɕóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| shō (升) | /ɕóR/ |
|
P | CS_P* |
|
P ~ D | |||
|
P → +1[h] | |||
|
XP | |||
| jō (錠; 'pill') | /ʑóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| jō (条; 'legal section/clause/article ~ long and thin object')[o] | /ʑóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| jō (畳; 'tatami') |
|
P ~ +1 | CS_P* ~ CSL_+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1!0* ~ CS_P_+1SJ* | |
|
XP ~ X+1 | |||
|
P ~ +1 ~ D | |||
| jō (乗; 'ordinal exponent') | /ʑóR/ |
|
D | CSL_D |
| shoku (食; 'meal') | /ɕokɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| shoku (色; 'color') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* | |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| shin (審; 'court hearing') |
|
D | CSL_D | |
| sun (寸) | /sɯ́N/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CS_P_+1S!+1!0* ~ CS_P*[r] |
|
P | |||
|
+1 | |||
| seiki (世紀; 'century') | /séiki/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| setai (世帯; 'household') | /setái ~ sétai/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
|
X+1 | |||
| seki (隻; 'large ship ~ fish ~ bird ~ arrow ~ paired object') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* | |
|
P | |||
|
P ~ -1 | |||
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| setsu (節; 'section of text') | /sétsɯ/ |
|
-1 ~ D | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 | |||
|
XP | |||
| setsu (節; 'sport round') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK | |
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| setto (セット; 'set') | /séQto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| sen (選; 'time when a person/thing's (s)elected') | /séN/ |
|
D | CS_D_PnJ |
|
P | |||
| sen (選; '(s)elected person/thing') |
|
CS_P | ||
|
XP | |||
| sen (戦; 'battle ~ sport match') |
|
D | CS_D_PnJ* ~ CS_D_PJnJ | |
|
D ~ P | |||
|
D ~ XP | |||
|
P | |||
| sen (銭; 'Japanese cent') | /séN/ |
|
P ~ +1 | CS_P* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1!0* |
|
P | |||
|
XP ~ X+1 | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
PP | |||
| sen (千; 'thousand') | /séN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
|
+1 ~ P | |||
|
+1 ~ PP | |||
| zen (膳; 'bowl of food ~ pair of chopsticks') | /zeN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| senchi (センチ; 'centimetre') | /séNcɕi/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| senchimētoru (センチメートル; 'centimetre') | /seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| sento (セント; 'cent') | /séNto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| sō (層; 'storey') | /sóR/ |
|
D ~ P | CSL_D* ~ CS_P*[s] |
|
D | |||
|
D ~ XD ~ XP | |||
| sō (艘; 'small ship') |
|
P | CS_P* ~ CS_P_DX0* | |
|
P ~ D | |||
|
P → +1[k] | |||
|
XP ~ XD | |||
| soku (足; 'pair of footwear') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* | |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| soroi (揃い; 'set ~ suite') | /soɾoi ~ {soɾoí → soɾói}/ |
|
P | CSL_+1 |
|
+1 | |||
| dāsu (ダース; 'dozen') | /dáRsɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| tai (体; 'corpse ~ divine statue') | /tái/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| dai (代; 'generation') | /dái/ |
|
P | CS_P_DX0* |
|
D | |||
|
D ~ P | |||
|
XD | |||
|
XD ~ XP | |||
| daime (代目; 'ordinal generation ~ ordinal title holder') |
|
-1 ~ D | CSL_-1* ~ CSL_D* | |
| dai (台; 'vehicle ~ machine ~ appliance') | /dái/ |
|
P | CS_P_DX0 |
|
D | |||
|
XD | |||
| dai (題; 'exam question') | /dái/ |
|
P | CS_P_DX0 |
|
D | |||
|
XD | |||
| daseki (打席; 'at-bat') | /daseki/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| taba (束; 'bundle') | /tába/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| tabi (度; 'occurrence') | /tabí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| tama (玉; 'ball ~ vegetable head ~ serving of noodles') | /tamá/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| dan (段; 'tier ~ column of text ~ paragraph ~ theatrical act') | /dáN/ |
|
P | CS_P_DX0* ~ CS_P_D0X0* |
|
P ~ D | |||
|
D | |||
|
XD | |||
| dan (段)[u] |
|
P | CS_P_D0X0 | |
|
D | |||
|
D ~ P | |||
| danshiki (段式; 'phase ~ stage')[v] |
|
D | CSL_D | |
| dankai (段階; 'phase ~ stage') | /daNkai/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| tan'i (単位; 'unit') | /táNi/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| chīmu (チーム; 'team') | /cɕíRmɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| chiku (地区; 'region ~ zone') | /cɕí̥kɯ → cɕi̥kɯ́/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| chiten (地点; 'locational point/spot') | /{cɕí̥teN → cɕi̥téN} ~ cɕi̥teN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| chaku (着; 'ordinal arrival ~ ordinal finishing place') | /cɕákɯ/ |
|
-1 | CSL_-1* ~ CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
-1 ~ X-1 ~ XP | |||
|
-1 ~ PP | |||
| chaku (着; 'outfit') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* | |
|
P ~ -1 | |||
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| chō (兆; 'short-scale trillion') | /cɕóR/ |
|
P ~ +1 | CS_P* ~ CSL_+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1!0* ~ CS_P_+1SJ* |
|
XP ~ X+1 | |||
|
PP ~ +1 | |||
| chō (丁; 'Japanese-style book leaf ~ block of tofu ~ serving ~ match of a traditionally Japanese sport') chō (町) |
/cɕóR/ |
|
P | CS_P* ~ CS_P_DX0* |
|
P ~ D | |||
|
P → +1[h] | |||
|
XP ~ XD | |||
| chōme (丁目) | /cɕoR-mé/ |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 |
| tsui (対; 'pair of objects') | /tsɯi/ |
|
D | |
|
P | |||
|
D ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| tsū (通; 'mail letter ~ document') | /tsɯ́R/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CS_P* |
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| tsuki (月; 'cardinal month') | /tsɯ̥kí/ |
|
P | CS_P* |
|
P ~ -1 | |||
|
-1 | |||
|
PP ~ P | |||
| tsubu (粒; 'granule ~ drop(let)') | /tsɯ́bɯ/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| tsubo (坪) | /tsɯbo/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| dīkē (DK; 'dining kitchen') | /diRkéR/ |
|
-2 | CL_M |
| teki (滴; 'drop(let)') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* | |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| deshiberu (デシベル; 'decibel') | /déɕibeɾɯ ~ deɕíbeɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| ten (店; 'shop') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
| tenpo (店舗; 'shop') | /téNpo/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| ten (点; 'item') | /teN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| ten (点; 'numerical point') |
|
+1 ~ D | CS_P_+1SJ* | |
|
+1 | |||
|
+1 ~ P | |||
|
X+1 | |||
|
P | |||
|
D | |||
| do (度; 'degree') | /do/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
| do (度; 'occurrence') |
|
-1 | ||
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
| dome (度目; 'ordinal occurrence') |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 | |
| tō (棟; 'building') | /tóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| tō (頭; 'large animal ~ traditionally Japanese hat ~ traditionally Japanese mask') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| tō (等; 'rank ~ class ~ grade') | /tóR/ |
|
+1 ~ D | CSL_+1* ~ CSL_D* |
|
X+1 ~ D | |||
| tōri (通り; 'method ~ set of items') | /toRɾí/ |
|
D | CSL_D |
| doru (ドル; 'dollar') | /dóɾɯ/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
| ton (トン; 'ton(ne)') | /tóN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| nan (男; 'ordinal son')[x] |
|
P | CSL_+1* ~ CS_P* | |
|
+1 ~ P | |||
| nan (男; 'cardinal son') |
|
P | CS_P | |
| nen (年; 'year') | /néN/ |
|
P | CS_P_D0X0* |
|
D | |||
|
XD | |||
|
XD ~ P | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
XD ~ XP | |||
|
P ~ D | |||
|
PP | |||
| nensei (年生; 'ordinal year's student') |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 | |
| notto (ノット; 'knot') | /nóQto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| ha (派; 'faction ~ sect ~ school of thought') | /há/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| ha (波; 'wave') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
| pāsento (パーセント; 'per cent') | /paRséNto/ |
|
-3 | CL_M |
| hai (杯; 'cup ~ glass ~ bowl ~ watercraft ~ cephalopod ~ abalone') | /hái/ |
|
P | CS_P* ~ CS_P_DX0* |
|
P ~ D | |||
|
XP ~ XD | |||
|
D | |||
| hai (敗; 'loss') | /hái/ |
|
D | CSL_D |
| bai (倍; 'multiplicative time') | /bai ~ bái/ |
|
D | CSL_D |
| haku (拍; 'musical beat ~ Japanese mora') | /hákɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| haku (泊; 'night of occupancy') |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* | |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
| hako (箱; 'box') | /hako/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| basho (場所; 'sumo tournament') | /baɕo/ |
|
P | CSL_D |
|
D | |||
| hashira (柱; 'deity ~ noble ~ departed soul') | /haɕiɾá ~ haɕiɾa/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CSL_+1* |
|
+1 ~ P ~ -1 | |||
|
+1 | |||
| hachi (鉢; 'bowl ~ flowerpot ~ washtub') | /hacɕí/ |
|
P | CS_P* |
|
P ~ -1 | |||
|
XP | |||
| hatsu (発; 'gunshot') | /hátsɯ/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| pakku (パック; 'pack(et)') | /páQkɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| bareru ~ bāreru (バ(ー)レル; 'barrel') | /bá(R)ɾeɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| han (犯; 'criminal conviction') |
|
P | CS_P | |
| han (版; 'edition') | /háN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| han (班; 'group of people') | /háN/ |
|
P ~ +1 | CS_P* |
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| ban (番; 'ordinal numerical label ~ ordinal rank in performance ~ sport match ~ noh play') | /báN/ |
|
P | CS_P_D0X0* |
|
D | |||
|
XD | |||
|
XD ~ XP | |||
|
PP | |||
| banme (番目; 'ordinal numerical label ~ ordinal rank in performance') | /baN-me/ |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 |
| bante (番手; 'ordinal ranked performer ~ ordinal battle position ~ ordinal textile count') | /baNte/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| banchi (番地; 'ordinal land lot') | /baNcɕi/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| bi (尾; 'fish ~ crustacean') | /bí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| pīpīemu (ppm) | /piRpiRémɯ/ |
|
-2 | CL_M |
| hiki (匹; 'small animal') | /hi̥kí/ |
|
-1 | CS_P_-1SJQK* |
|
P | |||
|
-1 ~ P | |||
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
|
PP | |||
| hyō (票; 'vote') | /hjoR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| hyō (俵; 'bale') | /hjóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| byō (秒; 'ordinal second of the minute ~ cardinal second') | /bjóR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
| hin (品; 'menu dish') | /hiN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| hinmoku (品目; 'type of item') | /hiNmokɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| bin (便; 'vehicular trip') | /bíN/ |
|
P ~ D | CS_P* ~ CSL_D* |
|
XP ~ D | |||
|
D | |||
| bu (部; 'book copy (set)') | /bɯ́ ~ bɯ/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| bu (分; 'bu ~ tenth ~ hundredth ~ per cent') | /bɯ/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| busode (分袖; '-tenth sleeve') butake (分丈; '-tenth garment length') |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 | |
| buzaki (分咲き; 'tenth in full bloom of cherry blossoms') |
|
D | CSL_D | |
| bunme (分目; 'tenth') |
|
-1 ~ D | CSL_-1* ~ CSL_D* | |
| fun (分; 'fun ~ ordinal minute of the hour ~ cardinal temporal minute ~ angular minute') | /ɸɯ́N/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
D | |||
| fīto (フィート; 'foot') | /ɸíRto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| fukuro (袋; 'bag') | /ɸɯ̥kɯɾó/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CSL_+1* |
|
+1 | |||
|
X+1 | |||
| furan (フラン; 'franc') | /ɸɯ́ɾaN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| furi (振り; 'swinging motion ~ sword') | /ɸɯɾi ~ ɸɯɾí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| burokku (ブロック; 'block') | /bɯɾóQkɯ/ |
|
-3 | CL_M |
| heihō senchimētoru (平方センチメートル; 'square centimetre') | /heihoR seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| heihō mētoru (平方メートル; 'square metre') | /heihoR méRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| pēji (ページ; 'page') | /peRʑi/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| hekutāru (ヘクタール; 'hectare') | /hekɯ̥táRɾɯ/ |
|
-3 | CL_M |
| hekutopaskaru (ヘクトパスカル; 'hectopascal') | /hekɯ̥topásɯ̥kaɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| hekutorittoru (ヘクトリットル; 'hectolitre') | /hekɯ̥toɾíQtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| bekureru (ベクレル; 'becquerel') | /békɯɾeɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| peso (ペソ) | /péso/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| heya (部屋; 'room') | /hejá/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| herutsu (ヘルツ; 'hertz') | /héɾɯtsɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| hen (編; 'textual composition ~ instalment in a book series') | /héN/ |
|
P ~ +1 ~ D | CS_P* |
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| hen (遍; 'occurrence') |
|
P | CS_P | |
| ho (歩; 'footstep') | /hó/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| pointo (ポイント; 'point') | /poiNto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| boruto (ボルト; 'volt') | /boɾɯto ~ bóɾɯto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| hon (本; 'long and thin object ~ point in martial arts') | /hóN/ |
|
P | CS_P_DX0 |
|
D | |||
|
XD | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
| pondo (ポンド; 'pound') | /póNdo/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| mai (枚; 'thin and flat object ~ paddy ~ plantation ~ sumo ranking place on the roster ~ sumo division's wrestler ~ tayū ~ nagauta singer ~ kago bearer') |
|
P | CS_P_DX0 | |
|
D | |||
|
XD | |||
| maikuromētoru (マイクロメートル; 'micrometre') | /maikɯɾoméRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| mairu (マイル; 'mile') | /máiɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| maku (幕; 'theatrical act') | /makɯ́/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
P ~ -1 | |||
|
XP | |||
| makume (幕目; 'ordinal kabuki act') |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 | |
| maruku (マルク; 'mark') | /máɾɯkɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| man (万; 'ten thousand') | /máN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1* |
|
X+1 ~ +1 | |||
|
X+1 | |||
|
+1 ~ P ~ R | |||
|
+1 ~ P | |||
|
+1 ~ PP | |||
| mikuron (ミクロン; 'micron') | /míkɯɾoN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| miri (ミリ; 'millimetre') | /míɾi/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| mirimētoru (ミリメートル; 'millimetre') | /miɾiméRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| miririttoru (ミリリットル; 'millilitre') | /miɾiɾíQtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| mune (棟; 'building') | /mɯné ~ mɯne/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| mei (名; 'person') | /méi/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| mētoru (メートル; 'metre') | /meRtoɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| mō (毛) | /móR/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| moku (目; 'go eye') | /mókɯ/ | P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
| mon (問; 'question') |
|
P | CS_P_DX0* ~ CS_P* | |
|
D ~ P | |||
|
XD ~ XP | |||
| mon (文; 'wén → monetary mon') | /móN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| mon (文; 'footwear-length mon') |
|
P | ||
|
XP | |||
| monme (匁) | /moN-mé/ |
|
-1 | CSL_-1 |
| ya (夜; 'night') | P | CS_P* | ||
|
P ~ +1 | |||
|
XP | |||
| ya (夜; 'special ordinal night of the lunar month') |
|
P ~ D | ||
|
D | |||
| yo (夜; 'night') | /jó/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| yādo (ヤード; 'yard') | /jáRdo/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| yaku (役; 'role') | /jakɯ́/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| yūro (ユーロ; 'euro') | /jɯ́Rɾo/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| ri (里) | /ɾí/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
| ri (人; 'person') |
|
P | ||
|
-1 | |||
| tari (人; 'person') |
|
P | ||
|
-1 ~ +1 ~ P | |||
| nin (人; 'person') | /níN/ |
|
P | |
|
P ~ +1 | |||
|
+1 | |||
|
X+1 | |||
|
P ~ R | |||
|
XP | |||
|
XP ~ X+1 | |||
|
D | |||
| rimae (人前; 'person's allotment') |
|
D | CSL_D | |
| tarimae (人前; 'person's allotment') |
| |||
| ninmae (人前; 'person's allotment') |
| |||
| rittoru (リットル; 'litre') | /ɾiQtoɾɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| rippō senchimētoru (立法センチメートル; 'cubic centimetre') | /ɾiQpoR seNcɕiméRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| rippō mētoru (立法メートル; 'cubic metre') | /ɾiQpoR méRtoɾɯ/ |
|
-4 | CL_M |
| ryō (両; 'liǎng ~ pair of objects ~ set of clothes ~ suit of armor') | /ɾjóR/ |
|
+1 ~ P | CSL_+1* ~ CS_P* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1* ~ CS_P_+1S!+1!0* ~ CS_P_+1SJ* |
|
X+1 ~ XP | |||
|
P | |||
| ryō (両; 'land vehicle') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
| rin (輪; 'wheel ~ flower') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| rukusu (ルクス; 'lux') | /ɾɯ́kɯ̥sɯ/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| rēn (レーン; 'lane') | /ɾéRN/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| retsu (列; 'row ~ queue') | /ɾétsɯ/ |
|
P ~ -1 | CS_P* |
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| ren (連; 'string of items') | /ɾéN/ |
|
P ~ D | CS_P* ~ CSL_D* ~ CS_D_PnJ* ~ CS_D_PJnJ* |
|
XP ~ D | |||
| wa (羽; 'bird ~ leporid') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
|
D | |||
| wa (把; 'bundle ~ sheaf') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
| wa (話; 'tale ~ chapter') |
|
P | CS_P | |
|
XP | |||
| waku (枠; 'frame') | /wakɯ́/ |
|
P | CS_P |
|
XP | |||
| waku (枠; 'starting gate') |
|
D | ||
|
P | |||
|
XP | |||
| watto (ワット; 'watt') | /wáQto/ |
|
+1 | CSL_+1 |
| wari (割; 'tenth') | /waɾi/ |
|
P | CS_P |
| wan (椀; 'bowl of food/drink') | /waN/ |
|
P | CS_P |
Fractions
[edit]The accentuation of a fraction concerns the last numeral of the denominator, bun (分; /bɯ́N/) and the particle no, which form together an unaccented phrase, and are then followed by the number for the numerator with its own accent. Only the last numeral of the numerator forms the unaccented phrase, and anything before it connects to it loosely as usual.[7]
- 1⁄2: /ni-bɯN no (|) icɕí/
- 1⁄3: /saN-bɯN no (|) icɕí/
- 1⁄10: /ʑɯR-bɯN no (|) icɕí/
- 1⁄295: /ni-hjakɯ kjɯ́R-ʑɯR | ɡo-bɯN no (|) icɕí/
Affixes
[edit]Prefixes
[edit]Purasu (プラス; /pɯɾasɯ ~ pɯ́ɾasɯ/ 'plus') and mainasu (マイナス; /mainasɯ/ 'minus') connect loosely to a number to express positivity and negativity:[7]
- purasu roku (プラス六; /pɯɾasɯ (|) ɾokɯ́/ 'plus six'), purasu jū san (プラス十三; /pɯɾasɯ (|) ʑɯ́R saN/ 'plus thirteen'), etc.
- mainasu san (マイナス三; /mainasɯ̥ (|) saN/ 'minus three'), mainasu nihyaku sanjū ichi (マイナス二百三十一; /mainasɯ (|) ni-hjakɯ sáN-ʑɯR icɕi ~ mainasɯ (|) ni-hjakɯ sáN-ʑɯR | icɕí/ 'minus two hundred thirty one'), etc.
Dai (第; /dái/ '‑th') connects loosely to a Sino-Japanese numeral, yon and nana to unambiguously express ordinality:[23][35]
- dai ichi (第一; /dái icɕi/ 'the first'), dai ni (第二; /dái ni ~ dai ni/ 'the second'), dai san (第三; /dái san/ 'the third'), dai yon ~ dai shi (第四; /dái yon ~ dái ɕi/ 'the fourth'), dai go (第五; /dái ɡo/ 'the fifth'), dai roku (第六; /dái ɾokɯ/ 'the fifth'), etc.
- dai issen (第一戦; /dái (|) iQ-seN/ 'the first match'), dai nisen (第二戦; /dái (|) ni-seN/ 'the second match'), dai sansen (第三戦; /dái (|) san-seN/ 'the third match') etc.
- dai ichinichi (第一日; /dái | icɕi-nicɕí/ 'the first day'), dai ninichi (第二日; /dái | ni-nicɕí/ 'the second day'), dai sannichi (第三日; /dái | sáN-nicɕi/ 'the third day'), etc.
- dai ikkaN (第一巻; /dái | iQ-káN/ 'the first volume'), dai nikan (第二巻; /dái | ni-káN/ 'the second volume'), dai sankan (第三巻; /dái | saN-káN/ 'the third volume'), etc.
Maki (巻; /máki/ 'volume') expresses ordinal book volumes: maki ichi (巻一; /máki icɕi ~ máki | icɕí/ 'volume one'), maki ni (巻二; /máki ni ~ máki | ní/ 'volume two'), maki san (巻三; /máki̥ (|) saN/ 'volume three'), etc.
Kitaru (来たる; /ki̥táɾɯ/ 'that comes'), yoku (翌; /jokɯ ~ jókɯ/) and myō (明; /mjóR ~ mjoR/) express a future point in time or period of time: kitaru (来たる三日; /ki̥táɾɯ (|) miQ-ka/ 'the next third'), yoku tōka (翌十日; /{jokɯ̥ ~ jókɯ̥} (|) toR-ka/ 'the next tenth'), myō itsuka (明五日; /{mjóR ~ mjoR} (|) itsɯ̥-ka/ 'the next fifth'), etc.
Saru (去る; /sáɾɯ/ 'that leaves') and saku (昨; /sakɯ ~ sákɯ/) express a past point in time or period of time: kitaru (去る十日; /sáɾɯ (|) toR-ka/ 'the last tenth'), saku jūninichi (昨十二日; /sakɯ (|) ʑɯR-ni-nicɕí ~ sákɯ ʑɯR-ni-nicɕi ~ sákɯ | ʑɯR-ni-nicɕí/ 'the last twelfth'), etc.
Shō (正; /ɕóR/ 'exactly') expresses an exact time of the day: shō hachiji (正八時; /ɕóR | hacɕí-ʑi/ 'eight sharp'), etc.
Kin (金; /kíN/ 'money') expresses an amount of money and prevents number manipulation in writing (see also Japanese numerals § Formal numbers): kin gojūen (金五拾圓; /kíN | ɡo-ʑɯ́R-eN/ 'fifty yen'), kin ichiman'en nari (金壱萬圓也; /kíN | icɕi-maN-eN nári/ 'ten thousand yen'), etc.
Hō (方; /hóR/ 'square') expresses the dimension of a square object or area: hō sanzun (方三寸; /hóR | sáN-zɯN/ 'three square cùn'), hō niken (方二間; /hóR | ní-keN/ 'two square ken'), hō jūri (方十里; /hóR | ʑɯ́R-ɾi/ 'ten square lǐ'), etc.
Suffixes
[edit]Short suffixes
[edit]‑me (目; /mé/ '‑th') expresses ordinality and is final-accented:[35]
- futsukame (二日目; /ɸɯ̥tsɯ-ka-mé/ 'the second day'), mikkame (三日目; /miQ-ka-mé/ 'the third day'), yokkame (四日目; /joQ-ka-mé/ 'the fourth day'), jū yokkame (十四日目; /ʑɯR joQ-ka-mé/ 'the fourteenth day'), etc.
- ichinichime (一日目; /icɕi-nicɕi-mé/ 'the first day'), jū ninichime (十二日目; /ʑɯR ni-nicɕi-mé/ 'the twelfth day'), jū sannichime (十三日目; /ʑɯR saN-nicɕi-mé/ 'the thirteenth day'), jū yonnichime (十四日目; /ʑɯR joN-nicɕi-mé/ 'the fourteenth day'), etc.
- hachibanme (八番目; /hacɕi-baN-mé/ 'number eight'), sanbaime (三杯目; /saN-bai-mé/ 'the third cup'), shichinenme (七年目; /ɕi̥cɕi-neN-mé/ 'the seventh year'), jūmanninme (十万人目; /ʑɯR-maN-niN-mé/ 'the one hundred thousandth person'), etc.
‑sugi (過ぎ; /sɯɡí/ 'exceeding') expresses a point in time slightly past the specified point, and is final-accented:[35] gojisugi (五時過ぎ; /ɡo-ʑi-sɯɡí/ 'a little past five'), jūji gofunsugi (十時五分過ぎ; /ʑɯ́R-ʑi | ɡo-ɸɯN-sɯɡí/ 'a little past five past ten'), etc.
‑buri (振り) expresses equivalence in scope or size, or the amount of time that has elapsed since something last happened, and is either deaccenting or final-accented:[35]
- gokenburi (五軒振り; /ɡo-keN-bɯɾi ~ ɡo-keN-bɯɾí/ 'the size of five houses'), futariburi (二人振り; /ɸɯ̥ta-ɾi-bɯɾi ~ ɸɯ̥ta-ɾi-bɯɾí/ 'the size of two people'), gochisō wa sanninburi aru (御馳走は三人振りある; /ɡocɕi̥soR wa saN-niN-bɯɾi áɾɯ/ 'there is enough food for three people'), etc.
- jūnenburi de kyōdai ni au (十年振りで兄弟に会う; /ʑɯR-neN-bɯɾi de kjóRdai ni | áɯ/ 'meets one's siblings for the first time in five years'), tōkaburi de furo ni hairu (十日振りで風呂に入る; /toR-ka-bɯɾi de ɸɯɾó ni | háiɾɯ/ 'takes a bath for the first time in ten days'), etc.
‑jiki (敷き) expresses the number of tatami laid out and is deaccenting:[35] hyakujōjiki no ōhiroma (百畳敷きの大広間; /hjakɯ-ʑoR-ʑiki no oRhíɾoma/ 'a hundred-tatami hall'), jūji gofunsugi (茶室は普通何畳敷きですか; /cɕaɕi̥tsɯ wa ɸɯ̥tsɯR naN-ʑoR-ʑiki désɯ̥ ka/ 'how many tatami are there usually in a room for tea ceremony?'), etc.
‑mae (前; /máe/) is:[61]
- Initial-accented if it means 'before' or 'ago': yonjūmae (四十前; /joN-ʑɯR-máe/ 'under forty'), jūji sanpunmae (十時三分前; /ʑɯ́R-ʑi | saN-pɯN-máe/ 'three to/before ten'), futsukamae (二日前; /ɸɯ̥tsɯ-ka-máe/ 'two days ago'), isshūkanmae (一週間前; /iQ-ɕɯRkaN-máe/ 'one week ago'), ikkagetsumae (一ヶ月前; /iQ-kaɡetsɯ-máe/ 'one month ago'), etc.
- Deaccenting if it means 'allotment/portion/serving': ichininmae ~ hitorimae (一人前; /icɕi-niN-mae ~ hi̥to-ɾi-mae/ 'one person's allotment/portion/serving'), ikkenmae (一軒前; /iQ-keN-mae/ 'one house's allotment for bearing responsibilities for the entire village'), etc.
‑bun (分; /bɯ́N/ 'portion') expresses an amount intended for a specified number of people or things, and is deaccenting:[62] yoninbun (四人分; /jo-niN-bɯN/ 'four people's servings'), oyatsu gojūenbun (お八つ五十円分; /ojátsɯ ɡo-ʑɯR-eN-bɯN/ 'five hundred yen's worth of snacks'), ichiman'enbun no gifuto kādo (一万円分のギフトカード; /icɕi-maN-eN-bɯN no ɡiɸɯ̥to káRdo/ 'a ten-thousand-yen gift card'), mikkabun no kusuri (三日分の薬; /miQ-ka-bɯN no kɯ̥sɯɾi/ 'four people's servings'), sūkagetsu no shokuryō (数ヶ月分の食料; /sɯR-kaɡetsɯ-bɯN no ɕokɯ́ɾjoR/ 'several months' food supply'), etc. It is not to be confused with ‑bun which refers to an amount relative to another amount (for example in percentage), which is preaccenting:[63] zōkabun (増加分; /zoRká-bɯN/ 'an increment'), shibōbun (脂肪分; /ɕibóR-bɯN/ 'fat content'), etc.
‑zuke (付け) is attached to a date to express when something is dated or the date on which something happens, and is deaccenting:[62] kongetsu itsukazuke no tegami (今月五日付けの手紙; /koNɡetsɯ itsɯ̥-ka-zɯke no teɡami/ 'a letter dated the fifth of this month'), hon kisoku wa jūgatsu hatsukazuke o motte shikō sareta (本規則は十月二十日付けをもって施行された; /hóN | ki̥sókɯ wa | ʑɯRɡatsɯ̥ hatsɯ̥-ka-zɯke o móQte ɕi̥koR saɾeta/ 'this rule took effect on the twentieth of October'), etc.
‑zutsu (宛) expresses, adverbially, the same amount handled every time, or the same amount allotted to every member of a group, and is initial-accented or preaccenting:[62]
- Nihon no jinkō wa toshi ni nanajūmanzutsu fueru (日本の人口は年に七十万ずつ増える; /nihoN no ʑiNkoR wa toɕí ni | {nana-ʑɯR-maN-zɯ́tsɯ ~ nana-ʑɯR-máN-zɯtsɯ} | ɸɯéɾɯ/ 'Japan's population increases by seven hundred thousand every year'), etc.
- sanninzutsu yobe (三人ずつ呼べ; /{saN-niN-zɯ́tsɯ ~ saN-níN-zɯtsɯ} | jobé/ 'call three people at a time!'), kanja o hitorizutsu miru (患者を一人ずつ見る; /kaNʑa o {hi̥to-ɾi-zɯ́tsɯ ~ hi̥to-ɾí-zɯtsɯ} | míɾɯ/ 'sees patients one by one'), kakushu o gokozutsu kaō (各種を五個ずつ買おう; /kákɯ̥ɕɯ o | {ɡo-ko-zɯ́tsɯ ~ ɡo-kó-zɯtsɯ} | kaóR/ 'I'll buy five of each type'), isshurui mittsuzuru moraimashō (一種類三つずつ貰いましょう; /iQ-ɕɯ́ɾɯi | {miQ-tsɯ-zɯ́tsɯ ~ miQ-tsɯ́-zɯtsɯ} | moɾaimaɕóR/ 'I'll take three of each type'), kaidan o nidanzutsu noboru (階段を二段ずつ昇る; /kaidaN o {ni-daN-zɯ́tsɯ ~ ni-dáN-zɯtsɯ} noboɾɯ/ 'climbs two stairs at a time'), etc.
- ichikirozutsu fukuro ni ireru (一キロずつ袋に入れる; /{icɕi̥-kiɾo-zɯ́tsɯ ~ icɕi̥-kiɾó-zɯtsɯ} | ɸɯ̥kuɾó ni iɾeɾɯ/ 'puts three kilos in each bag'), ichinichi sankai, ikkai ni sanjōzutsu nomu (一日三回、一回に三錠ずつ飲む; /icɕi-nicɕi̥ saN-kai iQ-kái ni | {saN-ʑoR-zɯ́tsɯ ~ saN-ʑóR-zɯtsɯ} | nómɯ/ 'takes them three times a day, three pills each time'), watashitachi ni nanamaizutsu kādo o kubatta (私たちに七枚ずつカードを配った; /wataɕí̥tacɕi ni | {nana-mai-zɯ́tsɯ ~ nana-mái-zɯtsɯ} | káRdo o | kɯbáQta/ 'he dealt seven cards to each of us'), etc.
‑han (半; /háN/ 'and a half'; yojōhan (四畳半; /jo-ʑóR-haN/ 'four tatami and a half') is an idiomatic exception), ‑kyō (強; /kjóR/ 'a little over') and ‑jaku (弱; /ʑákɯ/ 'a little under') are initial-accented, or form their own separate minor phrases:[62]
- goji han (五時半; /ɡo-ʑi háN ~ ɡó-ʑi | háN/ 'half past five'), tomon han (十文半; /to-mon háN ~ tó-moN | háN/ 'ten mon and a half'), etc.
- sanbyakuen kyō (三百円強; /saN-bjakɯ-eN kjóR ~ saN-bjakɯ́-eN | kjóR ~ sáN-bjakɯ-eN | kjóR/ 'a little over three hundred yen'), sen'en jaku (千円弱; /seN-eN (|) ʑákɯ/ 'a little under a thousand yen'), etc.
‑gata (方; 'approximately') and ‑dota (どた; /dota/ 'exactly') are preaccenting:[62] niwarigata (二割方; /ni-waɾí-ɡata/ 'about two tenths'), nijūendota (二十円どた; /ni-ʑɯR-éN-dota/ 'exactly twenty yen'), etc.
Long suffixes
[edit]Long suffixes can:[64]
- Behave like regular compound heads:
- shijū + {amari} → shijūamari (四十+{余り}→四十余り; 'forty + {exceeding → over} → over forty'): /ɕi-ʑɯ́R + {amáɾi → amaɾí} → ɕi-ʑɯR-ámaɾi/
- gojū + {karami} → gojūgarami (五十+{搦み}→五十搦み; 'fifty + {binding → around} → about fifty'): /ɡo-ʑɯ́R + {kaɾámi → kaɾamí} → ɡo-ʑɯR-ɡáɾami/
- tōka + {kakari} → tōkagakari (十日+{掛かり}→十日掛かり; 'ten days + {being required} → it taking ten days'): /toR-ka + {kakáɾi → kákaɾi} → toR-ka-ɡákaɾi/
- gojū + yūyo → gojū yūyo (五十+有余→五十有余; 'fifty + excess → over fifty'): /ɡo-ʑɯ́R + jɯ́Rjo → ɡo-ʑɯR jɯ́Rjo/
- gojū + ijō → gojū ijō (五十+以上→五十以上; 'fifty + or more → fifty or more'): /ɡo-ʑɯ́R + íʑoR → ɡo-ʑɯR íʑoR/
- sen'en + ika → sen'en ika (千円+以下→千円以下; 'one thousand yen + or less → one thousand yen or less'): /seN-eN + íka → seN-eN íka/
- {sanjūnin} + kentō → sanjūnin kentō ({三十人}+見当→三十人見当; '{thirty people} + an estimate → about thhirty people'): /{saN-ʑɯ́R-niN ~ sáN-ʑɯR-niN} + keNtóR → saN-ʑɯR-niN kéNtoR/
- Or additionally form their own minor phrases:
- hyakuen + chokkiri → hyakuen chokkiri (百円+ちょっきり→百円ちょっきり; 'one hundred yen + exactly → exactly one hundred yen'): /hjakɯ-eN + cɕoQkíɾi → hjakɯ-eN (|) cɕoQkíɾi/
- sen'en + pokkiri → sen'en pokkiri (千円+ぽっきり→千円ぽっきり; 'one thousand yen + exactly → exactly one thousand yen'): /seN-eN + poQkíɾi → seN-eN (|) poQkíɾi/
- sen'en + kikkari → sen'en kikkari (千円+きっかり→千円きっかり; 'one thousand yen + exactly → exactly one thousand yen'): /seN-eN + ki̥Qkáɾi → seN-eN (|) ki̥Qkáɾi/
- jūji + kakkiri → {jūji kakkari} (十時+かっきり→{十時かっきり}; 'ten + exactly → {ten sharp}'): /ʑɯ́R-ʑi + kaQkíɾi → {ʑɯR-ʑi kaQkíɾi ~ ʑɯ́R-ʑi | kaQkíɾi}/
- gojūbyō + furatto → {gojūbyō furatto} (五十秒+フラット→{五十秒フラット}; 'fifty seconds + flat → {fifty seconds flat}'): /ɡo-ʑɯ́R-bjoR + ɸɯɾáQto → {ɡo-ʑɯR-bjoR ɸɯɾáQto ~ ɡo-ʑɯ́R-bjoR | ɸɯɾáQto}/
- sanjū + {sokosoko} → sanjū sokosoko (三十+{其処其処}→三十其処其処; 'thirty + {around there} → about thirty'): /sáN-ʑɯR + {sokosoko ~ sokósoko} → sáN-ʑɯR | sokosoko/
Dvandvas
[edit]Numbers and number–counter sequences can form dvandvas to say something like "one or two (people)."
Number + number(–counter)
[edit]A dvandva of two Sino-Japanese numerals tends to retain the nucleus of the first one:[23][62]
- ichi + ni → {ichini} (一+二→{一二}; 'one + two → {one or two}'): /icɕí + ní → {icɕí-ni ~ ícɕi-ni}/
- ni + san → nisan (二+三→二三; 'two + three → two or three'): /ní + saN → ní-saN/
- shi + go → shigo (四+五→四五; 'four + five → four or five'): /ɕí + ɡó → ɕí-ɡo/
- shi + gosen → shigosen (四+五千→四五千; 'four + five thousand → four or five thousand'): /ɕí + ɡo-séN → ɕí-ɡo-seN/
- go + roku → goroku (五+六→五六; 'five + six → five or six'): /ɡó + ɾokɯ́ → ɡó-ɾokɯ/
- go + rokujū → gorokujū (五+六十→五六十; 'five + sixty → fifty or sixty'): /ɡó + ɾokɯ-ʑɯ́R → ɡó-ɾokɯ-ʑɯR/
- gojū + {go + roku → goroku} → gojū goroku (五十+{五+六→五六}→五十五六; 'fifty + {five + six → five or six} → fifty five or six'): /ɡo-ʑɯ́R + {ɡó + ɾokɯ́ → ɡó-ɾokɯ} → ɡo-ʑɯR (|) ɡó-ɾokɯ/
- nijū + {go + roku → goroku} → nijū goroku (二十+{五+六→五六}→二十五六; 'twenty + {five + six → five or six} → twenty five or six'): /ní-ʑɯR + {ɡó + ɾokɯ́ → ɡó-ɾokɯ} → ní-ʑɯR | ɡó-ɾokɯ/
- shichi + hachi → shichihachi (七+八→七八; 'seven + eight → seven or eight'): /ɕi̥cɕí + hacɕí → ɕi̥cɕí-hacɕi/
- shichi + happyaku → shichihappyaku (七+八百→七八百; 'seven + eight hundred → seven or eight hundred'): /ɕi̥cɕí + haQ-pjakɯ́ → ɕi̥cɕí-haQ-pjakɯ/
- sanjū + {shichi + hachi → shichihachi} → sanjū shichihachi (三十+{七+八→七八}→三十七八; 'thirty + {seven + eight → seven or eight} → thirty seven or eight'): /sáN-ʑɯR + {ɕi̥cɕí + hacɕí → ɕi̥cɕí-hacɕi} → sáN-ʑɯR | ɕi̥cɕí-hacɕi/
- hachi + ku → hakku (八+九→八九; 'eight + nine → eight or nine'): /hacɕí + kɯ́ → háQ-kɯ/
- ku → kuku (九→九九; 'nine → nine by nine → a multiplication table'): /kɯ́ → kɯ̥́-kɯ → kɯ̥-kɯ́/
English dvandvas behave like modifier–head compounds:
- tsū + surī → tsū surī (ツー+スリー→ツースリー; 'two + three → two or three'): /tsɯ́R + sɯɾíR → tsɯR sɯɾíR/
A dvandva of a numeral and a number–counter sequence tends to be unaccented: nisankai (二三回; /ni-saN-kai/ 'two or three times'), ichiniken (一二軒; /icɕi-ni-keN/ 'one or two houses'), shigosai (四五歳; /ɕi-ɡo-sai/ 'four or five years old'), gorokusai (五六歳; /ɡo-ɾokɯ̥-sai/ 'five or six years old'), sanyonin (三四人; /saN-jo-niN/ 'three or four people'), (八九人; /haQ-kɯ-niN/ 'eight or nine people'), goroppai (五六杯; /ɡo-ɾoQ-pai/ 'five or six cups'), shichihappon (七八本; /ɕi̥cɕi-haQ-poN/ 'seven or eight long and thin things'), shichihachimai (七八枚; /ɕi̥cɕi-hacɕi-mai/ 'seven or eight thin and flat things'), etc.
- But a dvandva with ‑nichi (日; /nícɕi/ 'day') may also retain the first numeral's nucleus or the number–counter sequence's medial nucleus: nisannichi → nisanchi (二三日; /{ní-saN-nicɕi → ní-saN-cɕi} ~ {ni-sáN-nicɕi → ni-sáN-cɕi}/ 'two or three days'), shigonichi (四五日; /ɕí-ɡo-nicɕi ~ ɕi-ɡó-nicɕi ~ ɕi-ɡo-nicɕi/ 'four or five days'), gorokunichi (五六日; /ɡó-ɾokɯ-nicɕi ~ ɡo-ɾokɯ-nicɕi/ 'five or six days'), etc.
- An example with ‑tsu: nanayatsu (七八つ; /nána-jatsɯ/ 'seven or eight things')
Number–counter + number–counter
[edit]A dvandva of two number–counter sequences tends to retain the first one's nucleus or be separable:[23][65]
- futatsu + mi(t)tsu → futatsu mi(t)tsu (二つ+三つ→二つ三つ; 'two things + three things → two or three things'): /ɸɯ̥ta-tsɯ́ + mi(Q)-tsɯ́ → ɸɯ̥ta-tsɯ́ mi(Q)-tsɯ/
- itsutsu + mutsu → itsutsu mutsu (五つ+六つ→五つ六つ; 'five things + six things → five or six things'): /itsɯ́-tsɯ + mɯ-tsɯ́ → itsɯ́-tsɯ mɯ-tsɯ/
- hitotsu + futatsu → hitotsu futatsu (一つ+二つ→一つ二つ; 'one thing + two things → one or two things'): /hi̥tó-tsɯ + ɸɯ̥ta-tsɯ́ → hi̥tó-tsɯ ɸɯ̥ta-tsɯ/
- hitori + futari → hitori futari (一人+二人→一人二人; 'one person + two people → one or two people'): /hi̥tó-ɾi + ɸɯ̥ta-ɾí → hi̥tó-ɾi ɸɯ̥ta-ɾi/
- jūnin + toiro → jūnin toiro (十人+十色→十人十色; 'ten people + ten colors → ten people, ten colors → to each their own'): /ʑɯ́R-niN + tó-iɾo → ʑɯ́R-niN | tó-iɾo ~ ʑɯ́R-niN to-iɾo/
- nishō + sanpai → nishō sanpai (二勝+三敗→二勝三敗; 'two wins + three losses → two wins, three losses'): /ni-ɕoR + saN-pai → ni-ɕoR saN-pai/
Some number–counter sequences lose their nucleus as the first component:
- nido + sando → nido sando (二度+三度→二度三度; 'twice + thrice → twice or thrice'): /ni-dó + sáN-do → ni-do sáN-do/
- shikaku + shimen → shikaku shimen (四角+四面→四角四面; 'four angles + four faces → a perfect square → prim and proper'): /ɕi̥-kakɯ́ + ɕí-meN → ɕi̥-kakɯ ɕí-meN/
A dvandva with ‑ka may be accented on the first component's last mora:
- futsuka + mikka → futsuka mikka (二日+三日→二日三日; 'two days + three days → two or three days'): /ɸɯ̥tsɯ-ka + miQ-ka → ɸɯ̥tsɯ-ká miQ-ka/
- mikka + yokka → mikka yokka (三日+四日→三日四日; 'three days + four days → three or four days'): /miQ-ka + joQ-ka → miQ-ká joQ-ka/
Some proverbial dvandvas behave like modifier–head compounds:
- shichibu + sanbu → shichibu sanbu (七分+三分→七分三分; 'seven tenths + three tenths → seven to three'): /ɕi̥cɕí-bɯ + sáN-bɯ → ɕi̥cɕi-bɯ sáN-bɯ/
- ichibu + ichirin → ichibu ichirin (一分+一厘→一分一厘; 'one bu + one rin → a minuscule amount'): /icɕí-bɯ + icɕí-ɾiN → icɕi-bɯ icɕí-ɾiN/
- kusun + gobu → kusun gobu (九寸+五分→九寸五分; 'nine sun + five bu → a nine-sun and five-bu-long knife'): /kɯ̥-sɯ́N + ɡó-bɯ → kɯ̥-sɯN ɡó-bɯ/
- {gojippo ~ gojuppo} + hyappo → {gojippo hyappo ~ gojuppo hyappo} ({五十歩}+百歩→{五十歩百歩}; '{fifty steps} + one hundred steps → the same difference'): /{ɡo-ʑíQ-po ~ ɡo-ʑɯ́Q-po} + hjáQ-po → {ɡo-ʑiQ-po hjáQ-po ~ ɡo-ʑɯQ-po hjáQ-po}/
- {ippai} → ippai ippai ({一杯}→一杯一杯; '{one cup → one full cupful → a full amount} → the absolute limit'): /{íQ-pai} → iQ-pai íQ-pai/
Notes
[edit]- ↑ Twenty layers.
- ↑ Some three stars in Orion.
- ↑ Chiefly in Buddhism for a low-ranking monk; and in Christianity for the Trinity.
- 1 2 Chiefly in finance.
- ↑ The first day of the month is /tsɯitacɕí/, which involves neither a numeral nor a counter.
- ↑ Except for 1, every other number represents 1 less than the nominal value. For example, "3" actually means 2 years, "7" means 6, etc.
- ↑ Alternatively; isshūki (一周忌; /iQ-ɕɯ́Rki/).
- 1 2 3 4 The nucleus shifts rightward away from the devoiced vowel.
- ↑ More commonly; shokō (初校; /ɕo-koR/ 'the first proof').
- ↑ More commonly; saikō (再校; /sai-koR/ 'the second proof').
- 1 2 The nucleus shifts leftward away from the devoiced vowel.
- ↑ Excluding kushaku which is rare.
- ↑ The eldest daughter is chōjo (長女; /cɕóRʑo/).
- 1 2 Alternatively spelt 次.
- ↑ Shijō, yojō, shichijō and kujō are mostly used in proper names.
- ↑ '4.5 tatami' is only yojōhan (四畳半; /jo-ʑóR-haN/).
- ↑ Alternatively spelt 自.
- ↑ Excluding shichisun and kusun which are rare.
- ↑ Excluding kusō which is rare.
- ↑ Alternatively; shodai (初代; /ɕódai ~ ɕodai/ 'the first generation').
- ↑ The lowest rank is shodan (初段; /ɕodaN/).
- ↑ Attributively, for example in sandanshiki roketto (三段式ロケット; 'a three-stage rocket').
- ↑ /ɾei-téN ~ ɾei-teN/ means 'zero points' (no points); and is not to be confused with /ɾéi-teN/; which means a 'zero point' or 'point zero' (the point at which something has a value of zero).[57][58]
- ↑ The eldest son is chōnan (長男; /cɕóRnaN ~ cɕoRnáN/).
- ↑ "One year" or "1 (B)CE." The first year of a named era or calendar is gannen (元年; /ɡáNneN/ lit. 'original year'); as in Nintoku Tennō gannen (仁徳天皇元年; '313; the first year of Emperor Nintoku's reign'); Heisei gannen (平成元年; 'Heisei 1'); Kigen gannen (紀元元年; '1 CE'); mai kā gannen (マイカー元年; lit. 'my-car 1' '1966; the first year of consumer cars in Japan'); fukushi gannen (福祉元年; '1990; the first year of Japan's welfare system'); dejitaru hōsō gannen (デジタル放送元年; 'the first year of digital broadcasting'); Isuramureki gannen (イスラム暦元年; 'the first year of the Islamic calendar'); etc.
- ↑ /icɕi-néN-sei; ni-néN-sei/ mean 'first-year student; second-year student'; and are not to be confused with /icɕi-neN-sei; ni-neN-sei/ which mean 'annual plant; biennial plant'.[59][60]
- ↑ The first edition is also shohan (初版; /ɕohaN/).
- ↑ As an adverb; or as a general term for 'an item'; /iQ-piN/.
- 1 2 Alternatively; jomaku (序幕; /ʑomakɯ/ 'the first act').
- ↑ But ichimoku oku (一目置く; /icɕi-mokɯ okɯ ~ icɕí-mokɯ okɯ/ 'yields one eye → accepts one's own inferiority'). The other senses of ichimoku; such as 'one look ~ one view' also accepts /icɕi-mokɯ ~ icɕí-mokɯ/.
- ↑ But /ʑɯR-mokɯ/ is used for 'everyone's point of view'.
- ↑ The ten nights of niànfó in Japanese Pure Land Buddhism is /ʑɯ́R-ja ~ ʑɯR-ja/.
- ↑ One Thousand and One Nights.
- ↑ Alternatively; /izajoi/.
- ↑ /ɸɯ̥tá-jakɯ ~ ɸɯ̥ta-jakɯ́ ~ ɸɯ̥ta-jakɯ/ are used for a 'dual role' or 'two simultaneous roles'; as in kaichō to hanchō no futayaku o tantō shite iru (会長と班長の二役を担当する; 'serves as both the president and the squad leader').
References
[edit]- 1 2 Hirayama (1961), p. 891.
- 1 2 3 4 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (42).
- ↑ Hirayama (1961), pp. 892–895.
- ↑ Akinaga (1998), p. 216.
- 1 2 3 4 Sakurai & Akinaga (1998), p. 224.
- 1 2 3 Takishima, Masako (1 May 2018). 数詞の発音とアクセント. NHK Bunken NHK文研 (in Japanese). NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hirayama (1961), p. 897.
- 1 2 Yamashita & Fujii (2025), pp. 117–119.
- ↑ Yamashita & Fujii (2025), p. 119.
- ↑ Shioda, Takehiro (1 July 2024). 「1.5」は、イチテンゴ？ イッテンゴ？. NHK Bunken NHK文研 (in Japanese). NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute.
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), p. [88].
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. 88, 466, 485, 649.
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. 135, 739, 984, 913.
- ↑ Matsumura, Akira; 三省堂編修所, eds. (20 September 2019). 大辞林 (in Japanese) (4th ed.). Sanseido. ISBN 978-4-385-13906-7.
- 1 2 3 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (43).
- ↑ Hirayama (1961), p. 892.
- 1 2 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (42)–(43).
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), p. [83].
- 1 2 3 Hirayama (1961), p. 894.
- 1 2 3 Sakurai & Akinaga (1998), pp. 224–226.
- ↑ Hirayama (1961), pp. 892–893.
- 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. [83]–[84].
- 1 2 3 4 5 Hirayama (1961), p. 896.
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (43)–(44).
- 1 2 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (47).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (43), (46)–(48).
- 1 2 Hirayama (1961), pp. 894–895.
- ↑ Sakurai & Akinaga (1998), p. 225.
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. 218, 315, 355, 374–375, 658, 677, 724, 765, 925, 984, (44), (48)–(49).
- 1 2 Hirayama (1961), p. 895.
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), p. [91].
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), p. [137].
- ↑ Sakurai & Akinaga (1998), pp. 225–226.
- 1 2 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (44).
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (52).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (44)–(45).
- ↑ Sakurai & Akinaga (1998), pp. 223–224.
- 1 2 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (45).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (45), (48).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (46).
- 1 2 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (46)–(50).
- 1 2 Hirayama (1961), pp. 989–906.
- 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (1998), pp. 63–89.
- 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. [82]–[198].
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (45)–(51).
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. [174]–[198].
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (50).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (49)–(50).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (50)–(51).
- 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. [88]–[173].
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (51).
- ↑ Hirayama (1961), pp. 899–905.
- 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. [82]–[173].
- ↑ Hirayama (1961), p. 903.
- ↑ Hirayama (1961), pp. 899–902.
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. 691–692.
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. 973.
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), p. 1455.
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. 47, 677.
- ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (2025), pp. 73, 1021.
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. 846.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. (53).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), p. 805.
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (52)–(53).
- ↑ Kindaichi & Akinaga (2025), pp. (53)–(54).
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