Jakarta

For other uses, see Jakarta (disambiguation).

Jakarta
Special capital region
Special Capital Region of Jakarta Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
Golden Triangle of Jakarta Bundaran HI Jakarta Old Town National Museum Maritime Museum Merdeka Palace Monas
Coat of arms Wordmark
Nicknames:  The Big Durian New York Van Java J-Town
Motto(s):  Jaya Raya (Sanskrit) "Victorious and Great"
Interactive map of Jakarta
Jakarta Location In Indonesia Jakarta Location in Asia
Coordinates: 6°11′S 106°50′E
Country	Indonesia
Region	Java
Metropolitan area	Jabodetabek
Administrative cities and regencies	List Central Jakarta North Jakarta South Jakarta West Jakarta East Jakarta Thousand Islands
First settled	400 BC (Buni pottery culture)
First mentioned	358 AD (Tugu inscription)
Foundation	22 June 1527 (1527-06-22)
Establishment	30 May 1619 (1619-05-30)
City status	4 March 1621 (1621-03-04)
Province status	28 August 1961 (1961-08-28)
Capital	Central Jakarta (de facto)
Government
• Type	Special administrative region
• Body	Special Region of Jakarta Provincial Government
• Governor	Pramono Anung (PDI-P)
• Vice Governor	Rano Karno
• Legislature	Jakarta Regional House of Representatives (DPRD)
Area
• Special capital region	660.982 km2 (255.207 sq mi)
• Urban	3,546 km2 (1,369 sq mi)
• Metro	7,076.31 km2 (2,732.18 sq mi)
• Rank	38th in Indonesia
Elevation	8 m (26 ft)
Population  (mid 2024)
• Special capital region	10,684,946
• Rank	6th province in Indonesia 1st city in Indonesia
• Density	16,165.3/km2 (41,867.8/sq mi)
• Urban	35,386,000
• Urban density	9,979/km2 (25,850/sq mi)
• Metro	32,594,159
• Metro density	4,606.10/km2 (11,929.7/sq mi)
Demonym	Jakartan
Demographics
• Ethnic groups (2010)	36.17% Javanese 28.29% Betawi 14.61% Sundanese 6.62% Chinese 3.42% Batak 10.89% others
• Religion (2022)	83.3% Islam 12.45% Christianity 8.56% Protestantism 3.89% Catholicism 3.5% Buddhism 0.75% Hinduism, Folk, Confucianism, and others
• Languages and dialects	Indonesian (official) Betawi (both lingua franca)
GDP (Nominal, 2023)
• Special region	Rp 3,442.98 trillion US$ 225.88 billion Int$ 724.01 billion (PPP)
• Per capita	Rp 322.62 million US$ 21,166 Int$ 67,842 (PPP)
• Metro	Rp 6,404.70 trillion US$ 420.192 billion Int$ 1.346 trillion (PPP)
Time zone	UTC+07:00 (WIB)
Postal codes	10110–14540 19110–19130
Area code	+62 21
ISO 3166 code	ID-JK
Vehicle registration	B
HDI (2024)	0.850 (1st) – very high
Website	www.jakarta.go.id

Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, is the de facto capital and largest city of Indonesia and an autonomous region with a status equivalent to that of a province. It is located on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, bordered by the province of West Java to the south and east and Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west.

Jakarta's metropolitan area has an estimated population of 41.9 million as of 2025, making it the most populated city in the world and therefore of Southeast Asia and largest urban area in Indonesia. Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 square kilometres (255.30 square miles) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 7,076.31 square kilometres (2,732.18 square miles).

Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia, and the ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore. It ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index. Jakarta is an alpha world city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia, Indonesia Stock Exchange, and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city, as well as the ASEAN secretariat's seat.

Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia. Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. At one time, it was the overseas administrative center of the Dutch East India Company, as well the Imperial Dutch capital of the Dutch East Indies, when it was known as Batavia. Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960 when its official status was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency.

Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence and water extraction (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 centimetres (6.7 inches) annually; meanwhile, the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara, in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$40 billion, which is more than the cost to build Nusantara, to save the city in the next decade.

Name

Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements. Below is the list of names used during its existence:

Historical names

• Buni people (400 BC–500 AD)
• Sundapura (358–669)
• Sunda Kelapa (669–1527)
• Jayakarta (1527–1619)
• Batavia (1619–1949)
• Djakarta (1942–1972)
• Jakarta (1972–present)

The Buni people is a prehistoric clay pottery culture that flourished in coastal northern West Java, Jakarta, and Banten around 400 BC to 100 AD and survived until 500 AD.

Sundapura is the name mentioned in the Tugu inscription from Tarumanagara, a kingdom in coastal West Java. The strategic geographical position of coastal West Java, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta, is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China.

After the fall of the Tarumanagara, the name of city was changed to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda,' growing to be the main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom due to its desirable location.

The name "Jakarta" is derived from the word Jayakarta (Devanagari: जयकर्त), which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious), and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired), thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act', or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of Fatahillah which successfully defeated and drove the Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta.' Tomé Pires, a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta during his journey to the East Indies.

After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it 'Batavia', after the Batavi, a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of the Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals, mansions and ordered city layout. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.

During the Japanese occupation, the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi (ジャカルタ特別市; Jakarta Special City). After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'.

History

Main article: History of Jakarta

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Jakarta.

Precolonial era

Further information: Sunda Kelapa

Luso-Sundanese padrão, a monument with a cross of the Order of Christ, commemorating a treaty between Portugal and Hindu Sunda kingdoms

The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital. Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (Sunda). The source says the port of Sunda was strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles. The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa (Sundanese: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ, romanized: Sunda Kalapa) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.

The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 while looking for a route to obtain spices. The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of the Demak Sultanate from central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah, a Pasai-born military commander of Demak, attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate, which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre.

Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten, where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682. Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.

Colonial era

See also: Batavia, Dutch East Indies and List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta

The City Hall of Batavia (Stadhuis van Batavia), the seat of the governor-general of the VOC in the late 18th century by Johannes Rach c. 1770. The building now houses the Jakarta History Museum, Jakarta Old Town

When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen. The Dutch burned the EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619.

Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.

Coat of Arms of Batavia during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1930

The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara.

On 5 March 1942, the Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.

Independence

Sukarno reading the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Number 56, Menteng

After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta.

After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950. With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games, Sukarno, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture. Projects included a cloverleaf interchange, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese. The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor.

One of the largest projects launched by Sukarno was the demolition of government buildings in Merdeka Square to make way for the National Monument.

In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province separated from West Java. Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces. Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty. Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta. The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.

After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces. Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign. Much of the rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians. In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiyah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009. In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.

Between 2016 and 2017, a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of Islamic State.

During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024, but this has not occurred due to delays.

On 30 November 2024, President Prabowo Subianto signed Law No. 151/2024, which changed Jakarta's designation from a Special Capital Region to a Special Region, a change that applies to the titles of the governor and the Jakarta Regional House of Representatives.

Geography

Main article: Greater Jakarta

Jakarta covers 661.23 square kilometres (255.30 sq mi), the smallest among any Indonesian provinces. However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 square kilometres (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of West Java and Banten. The Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies (Bekasi Regency, Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency) and five adjacent cities (Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang).

Ancol beach in Jakarta Bay

Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, an inlet of the Java Sea. It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level, and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor's Dili). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km² (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km² (2,694 sq mi) of sea area. The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.

Jakarta lies in a flat, low alluvial plain, ranging from −2 to 91 metres (−6.6 to 298.6 feet) with an average elevation of 8 metres (26 feet) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of the city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area. Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are Ciliwung River, Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan, Cipinang, Angke, Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River. They flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding.

Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 inches) each year, and up to 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring dyke known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025. In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2-kilometre (0.75-mile) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in the city. Nowadays, a 1.2-kilometre (0.75-mile), with capacity 60 cubic metres (2,100 cubic feet) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows. In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 centimetres) annually.

Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally. This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue. The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.

Jakarta faces significant air pollution, particularly during the dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality.

Climate

Drizzle in Jakarta

Jakarta experiences a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am), bordering on a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af). as classified by the system. The city's wet season spans most of the year, from October to May. The dry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 inches) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while the driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in).

Every year faces recurring issues, such as floods and thunderstorms. A cyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting the rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta.

Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle the heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December. Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while the highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).

Climate data for downtown Jakarta (Kemayoran) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1924–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	36.9 (98.4)	35.8 (96.4)	36.0 (96.8)	35.9 (96.6)	36.1 (97.0)	36.3 (97.3)	35.6 (96.1)	35.6 (96.1)	37.1 (98.8)	37.9 (100.2)	37.1 (98.8)	36.7 (98.1)	37.9 (100.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	31.0 (87.8)	30.8 (87.4)	32.1 (89.8)	32.8 (91.0)	33.2 (91.8)	32.9 (91.2)	32.7 (90.9)	33.0 (91.4)	33.4 (92.1)	33.4 (92.1)	32.8 (91.0)	32.0 (89.6)	32.5 (90.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	27.5 (81.5)	27.3 (81.1)	28.0 (82.4)	28.4 (83.1)	28.7 (83.7)	28.4 (83.1)	28.2 (82.8)	28.3 (82.9)	28.6 (83.5)	28.8 (83.8)	28.4 (83.1)	28.0 (82.4)	28.2 (82.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	25.2 (77.4)	25.2 (77.4)	25.5 (77.9)	25.6 (78.1)	25.8 (78.4)	25.5 (77.9)	25.3 (77.5)	25.3 (77.5)	25.5 (77.9)	25.6 (78.1)	25.6 (78.1)	25.5 (77.9)	25.5 (77.9)
Record low °C (°F)	20.6 (69.1)	20.6 (69.1)	20.6 (69.1)	20.6 (69.1)	21.1 (70.0)	19.4 (66.9)	19.4 (66.9)	19.4 (66.9)	18.9 (66.0)	20.6 (69.1)	20.0 (68.0)	19.4 (66.9)	18.9 (66.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	373.3 (14.70)	381.4 (15.02)	210.4 (8.28)	164.1 (6.46)	103.2 (4.06)	80.4 (3.17)	77.7 (3.06)	51.5 (2.03)	61.0 (2.40)	112.2 (4.42)	134.8 (5.31)	183.3 (7.22)	1,933.3 (76.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	17.5	17.9	14.1	11.5	8.2	6.2	4.8	3.3	4.0	7.4	10.4	12.8	118.1
Average relative humidity (%)	85	85	83	82	82	81	78	76	75	77	81	82	81
Mean monthly sunshine hours	139.5	138.3	189.1	216.0	220.1	219.0	229.4	235.6	225.0	207.7	180.0	148.8	2,348.5
Mean daily sunshine hours	4.5	5.2	6.1	7.2	7.1	7.3	7.4	7.6	7.5	6.7	6.0	4.8	6.5
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization
Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial, Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity), Deutscher Wetterdienst (daily sun 1889–1921)

Climate data for Jakarta
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)	28.0 (82.0)	28.0 (82.0)	29.0 (84.0)	30.0 (86.0)	30.0 (86.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)
Mean daily daylight hours	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0
Average Ultraviolet index	13	13	13	13	11	10	10	12	13	13	13	13	12
Source: Weather Atlas

Cityscape

Panorama of Jakarta as seen from the Monas in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from south-west to north-east, left to right)

Most cityscape in Jakarta includes landmarks, monuments, and statues were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the National Monument, Istiqlal mosque, the Legislature Building, and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in the capital city.

Monas, the symbol of Jakarta

The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132-metre-tall (433-foot) obelisk of the National Monument (Monumen Nasional or Monas) in the centre of Merdeka Square. On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata-themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin, one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and the Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis, Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta, at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia. The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium.

Some of the statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument, the Tugu Tani, the Youth statue, and the Dirgantara Monument. Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes, such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at the Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.

Architecture

See also: Colonial architecture in Jakarta, List of tallest buildings in Jakarta, and Golden Triangle of Jakarta

Rumah Kebaya built with Betawi architecture at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences. External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo. Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.

Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta. Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum. In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism, particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate. These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen.

Autograph Tower, in post-modernist architecture, the tallest building in Jakarta and Indonesia since 2022

After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium. The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts. Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to a height of 262 metres (860 feet) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.

The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD's in the Asia-Pacific region. According to CTBUH and Emporis, there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 metres (490 feet), which puts the city in the top 10 of world rankings. It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities.

Parks and public spaces

Ragunan Zoo Park is the largest urban park in Jakarta and the second-largest zoo in the world.

In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019. As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.

• Merdeka Square (Medan Merdeka) is an almost 1 km² field housing the symbol of Jakarta, Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features include a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.
• Ancol Dreamland is the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia. It is located along the bay, at Ancol in North Jakarta.
• Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. During the Sukarno era, colonial buildings and memorials that were erected in the square during the colonial period were destroyed and the most famous monument in this square is the West Irian Liberation Monument.
• Pasar Baru is a market established during the colonial era and still standing today. It boasts historical relics from Western, Chinese, and Indian influences, blending with local culture. It is the oldest market in Jakarta.
• Jakarta History Museum describes the history of the city of Jakarta. This museum is located on the south side of Fatahillah Square (former Batavia city square) near Wayang Museum and the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum.
• Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in East Jakarta, has ten mini-parks.
• National Gallery of Indonesia is an art gallery and museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. This art gallery was established as a cultural institution in the field of fine arts on 8 May 1999. The institution plays an important role in expanding the public's awareness of artworks through preservation, development, and exploitation of the visual arts in Indonesia.
• Suropati Park is located in Menteng, Central Jakarta. The park is surrounded by Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bisschopplein during colonial times. The park is circular-shaped with a surface area of 16,322 m² (175,690 sq ft). Several modern statues were made for the park by artists of ASEAN countries, which contributes to its nickname 'Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN' ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').
• Menteng Park was built on the site of the former Persija football stadium. Situ Lembang Park is also located nearby, which has a lake at the centre.
• Kalijodo Park is the newest park, in Penjaringan subdistrict, with 3.4 ha (8.4 acres) beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space (RTH) and child-friendly integrated public space (RPTRA) and has international-standard skateboard facilities.
• Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary and Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park at Penjaringan in North Jakarta.
• Tebet Eco Park, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Langsat Park, Ayodya Park and Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park in South Jakarta.
• Ragunan Zoo Park is located in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. It is the largest park in Jakarta and world's third-oldest zoo and the second-largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.
• Glodok is an area known as Pecinan or Chinatown since the Dutch colonial era, and is considered the largest in Indonesia.
• National Museum of Indonesia is an archaeology, history, ethnology, and geographical museum whose extensive collections cover the entire territory of Indonesia and almost all of its history. This museum has attempted to preserve Indonesia's heritage for two centuries.
• Setu Babakan is a 32-hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located at Jagakarsa, South Jakarta. Dadap Merah Park is also found in this area.
• UI Forest is the largest Urban forest in Jakarta. It located at South Jakarta bordering with Depok, West Java.
• National Library of Indonesia is the legitimate deposit of literature, manuscripts, and archival books from the state of Indonesia. It is located in Gambir, south side of Merdeka Square, Jakarta. The earliest collection comes from the library of the National Museum, opened in 1868 and previously operated by the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences.
• Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at Pluit, North Jakarta.
• Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex The Gelora Bung Karno complex is one of the largest sports activity centres in Indonesia and is often used for sporting activities by Jakarta residents.
• Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park Martha Christina Tiahahu Is City Park And Literacy Park In Blok M business and shopping quarter located in Blok M Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
• GBK City Park is the city park in Golden Triangle of Jakarta, located within Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex.
• Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) is often the most sought-after residential area for wealthy Chinese Indonesians, featuring large houses in exclusive, gated clusters. This area never floods, even though it is close to a flood-prone district. Although most of Pantai Indah Kapuk is a residential area, there are businesses and tourist attractions on the main roads such as North Beach, South Beach, and Marina Indah. Ruko Cordoba and Crown Golf on Jalan Marina Indah are very popular with restaurants and cafes. PIK is one of the nightlife areas in Jakarta, full of nightclubs, discos, bars, and cafes.

Demographics

Jakarta population pyramid in 2021

Jakarta has experienced rapid population growth driven largely by migration from across Indonesia. As the country’s political and economic centre, the city attracts residents seeking employment, education, and business opportunities. According to the 1961 census, about 51% of Jakarta’s population had been born in the city, illustrating the long-standing role of migration in shaping its demographic composition.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1945	600,000	—
1950	1,800,000	+200.0%
1960	2,678,740	+48.8%
1970	3,915,406	+46.2%
1980	6,700,000	+71.1%
1990	8,174,756	+22.0%
2000	8,389,759	+2.6%
2010	9,625,579	+14.7%
2020	10,562,088	+9.7%
2024	10,684,946	+1.2%
Note: Census figures cover the actual and projected populations of the largest Asian urban agglomerations. According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 per cent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9 million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 per cent of the total Indonesia urban population. Source:

Population growth accelerated during the second half of the twentieth century. The population of Jakarta increased from approximately 4.5 million in 1970 to about 9.5 million in 2010, while the wider Jakarta metropolitan region (Greater Jakarta) expanded from roughly 8.2 million to 28.5 million over the same period. Between 1980 and 1990 the city’s population grew at an average annual rate of about 3.7 percent.

By 2014 the population of Jakarta had reached around 10 million, with a population density of about 15,174 people per square kilometre. The population of the Greater Jakarta metropolitan area was estimated at approximately 30 million in the same year, representing around 11 percent of Indonesia’s total population.

Projections suggest that the metropolitan population could reach about 35.6 million by 2030. Administrative population records compiled by the Ministry of Home Affairs estimated Jakarta’s population at 11,261,595 at the end of 2021. The gender ratio was 102.8 males per 100 females in 2010 and about 101.3 in 2014.

Ethnicity

Ethnicity of Jakarta – 2010 Census

Ethnicity			Percent
Javanese			36.17%
Betawi			28.29%
Sundanese			14.61%
Chinese			6.62%
Batak			3.42%
Others			10.89%

Jakarta is a highly diverse city and does not have a single majority ethnic group. According to the 2010 census, the largest ethnic group in the city was Javanese, accounting for about 36.17% of the population, followed by Betawi (28.29%), Sundanese (14.61%), Chinese Indonesians (6.62%), and Batak (3.42%). Other communities include Minangkabau, Malays, Madurese, Bugis, Indians, Indo people, and many others from across the Indonesian archipelago.

Betawi is the native ethnic group in Jakarta

The Betawi (Orang Betawi), regarded as the indigenous population of Jakarta, developed from the diverse communities that lived in Batavia during the colonial period. They emerged as a distinct ethnic group by the mid-19th century, largely descended from a mixture of Southeast Asian peoples who were brought to or settled in the city to meet labour needs. Over time, Betawi culture incorporated influences from many groups, including Chinese, Arab, and European communities. Many Betawi communities historically lived in areas on the fringes of the colonial city, and today Betawi populations are spread throughout the Jakarta metropolitan area. Because of long-standing patterns of migration and intermarriage with other ethnic groups, Betawi identity often reflects a combination of cultural influences within the city.

Jakarta has also long had a significant Chinese population. Their communities traditionally lived in older urban districts such as Glodok, and parts of Senen and Jatinegara, although today they are distributed more widely throughout the city. Estimates in the early 2000s suggested that Chinese Indonesians accounted for roughly 5–6 percent of Jakarta’s population. Smaller but historically established communities of Indians have also lived in Jakarta for centuries, many of them historically associated with the Pasar Baru district, sometimes referred to as Jakarta’s "Little India."

Migration from other regions of Indonesia has significantly shaped Jakarta’s modern demographics. Large communities of Batak, Minangkabau, and Malay migrants from Sumatra live in the city. According to the 2020 census, Jakarta had approximately 361,000 Batak residents, about 300,960 Minangkabau, and around 101,370 Malays. Toba Batak constitute the largest Batak subgroup in Jakarta, while Minangkabau migrants have historically been prominent in trade and professional occupations within the city.

Language

See also: Betawi language and Indonesian slang

Betawi language, a Malay creole born in Batavia.

Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta and is widely used in government, education, business, and everyday communication. English is also commonly used, particularly in Central and South Jakarta, where many international businesses and expatriate communities are located. Many residents of Jakarta continue to use their ethnic languages within families and community settings. The Betawi language, associated with the indigenous Betawi community, is a Malay-based creole that developed through centuries of contact among different cultural groups in the city. It incorporates vocabulary from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic. Over time, many Betawi expressions and phrases have entered colloquial Indonesian and are widely used as part of Jakarta’s urban slang.

Chinese Indonesians in Jakarta today mainly speak Indonesian and English, although older generations may also speak Chinese dialects such as Hokkien and other varieties depending on their family background. Migration from Chinese communities in other parts of Indonesia has also introduced dialects such as Hakka, Teochew, and Cantonese into the city’s Chinese community. Hokkien is commonly spoken among residents with roots in Sumatra, particularly in northern districts such as Pantai Indah Kapuk and Pluit, while Hakka and Teochew are often associated with communities originating from West Kalimantan.

Other regional languages of Indonesia are also spoken by migrant communities. Batak residents may speak languages such as Toba Batak, Mandailing, or Karo, while Minangkabau migrants often use the Minangkabau language alongside Indonesian. Sundanese, historically associated with the surrounding region of West Java, is still used by some local communities in Jakarta. It continues to be spoken in several neighbourhoods, particularly in parts of East Jakarta such as Pondok Ranggon and Jatinegara Kaum, where local varieties including Bogor Sundanese and Banten Sundanese are maintained by long-established residents.

Education

See also: List of universities in Indonesia and List of schools in Indonesia

University of Indonesia (UI) campus, formerly used by STOVIA

Jakarta is one of Indonesia's principal centres of higher education and hosts numerous universities and research institutions. The University of Indonesia (UI), the country's largest and one of its oldest universities, maintains campuses in Salemba in Central Jakarta and in nearby Depok. Other public universities located in the city include Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta and the State University of Jakarta (UNJ).

The city is also home to many private universities and colleges. Major institutions include Trisakti University, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Bina Nusantara University, and several others. Vocational higher education institutions, such as Jakarta State Polytechnic, also operate in the city. Modern higher education in Jakarta traces its origins to STOVIA (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen), established in 1851 during the Dutch colonial era to train indigenous physicians. Today Jakarta attracts students from across Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories, rented accommodation, or home-stay residences while pursuing their studies.

For primary and secondary education, Jakarta offers a wide range of public and private schools, including bilingual and international institutions. Several international schools operate in the Jakarta metropolitan area, such as the Jakarta Intercultural School, Australian Independent School, and the French School Jakarta, among others.

Religion

Istiqlal Mosque is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia

Religion plays an important role in Jakarta's social and cultural life. As of 2024, Islam is the dominant religion in the city, followed by Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism, with small numbers of residents adhering to other faiths or traditional belief systems.

Islamic educational and religious institutions are widely present in the city. Many pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist organisation Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), while modernist Islamic institutions serve urban communities through educational and social programmes. Several major Islamic organisations, including the NU, Muhammadiyah, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), and the Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah, maintain headquarters in Jakarta.

Christian communities form the second-largest religious group in the city. The Roman Catholic Church is administered by the Archdiocese of Jakarta, which forms part of an ecclesiastical province that also includes West Java and Banten. Protestant denominations are represented by numerous churches throughout the city. Jakarta also has significant Buddhist communities, many of whom are Chinese Indonesians. Various traditions of Buddhism are practised in the city, including Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Tridharma. Smaller religious communities include Hindus—mainly of Balinese and Indian origin—as well as Sikh and Baháʼí communities.

Economy

See also: Category:Companies of Indonesia

Jakarta GDP share by sector (2022)

GDP share by sector			Percent
Service			75.93%
Manufacturing			12.28%
Other Industrial			11.71%
Agriculture			0.08%

As the capital and largest city of Indonesia, Jakarta serves as the economic centre of the country and one of the principal financial hubs of Southeast Asia. Indonesia is the largest economy in the ASEAN, and Jakarta plays a central role in the national economy. In 2021, the city’s nominal gross regional product was estimated at US$203.7 billion, or about 17% of Indonesia’s gross domestic product, while its purchasing power parity GDP was estimated at US$602.9 billion. The city’s nominal GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 274.7 million (US$19,199) in the same year.

SCBD is a business centre in Jakarta

Jakarta’s economy is dominated by the service sector, particularly finance, trade, and business services, which together account for a large share of the city’s gross regional product. Other important sectors include manufacturing industries such as electronics, automotive production, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical industries. Finance, ownership and business services form the largest contributor to Jakarta’s economy, followed by trade, hospitality, and manufacturing.

The city hosts the headquarters of many major Indonesian corporations and financial institutions. Bank Indonesia and the Indonesia Stock Exchange are located in Jakarta, and numerous state-owned enterprises—including Pertamina, PLN, and Telkomsel—maintain their head offices in the city. Large Indonesian conglomerates such as Salim Group, Astra International, and CT Corp are also headquartered there. Jakarta has also emerged as a centre for technology and digital industries, with global companies such as Google and Alibaba establishing regional cloud infrastructure in the city.

Economic growth and investment have contributed to Jakarta’s rapid urban development. In 2017, the city recorded economic growth of 6.22%, while total investment reached Rp 108.6 trillion (US$8 billion). Jakarta is also home to several large publicly listed companies and technology start-ups, including firms ranked in the Forbes Global 2000 and Fortune 500.

Jakarta’s economic landscape also reflects the city’s role as Indonesia’s principal commercial centre. Modern shopping malls and traditional markets form an important part of the urban retail economy, while the tourism sector contributes to municipal revenue through business travel, conventions, and domestic tourism. Rising demand for housing and commercial space has also driven a strong property market, particularly in central business districts, contributing to increasing land prices and living costs in the city.

Shopping

See also: List of shopping malls in Jakarta

Grand Indonesia shopping mall

Jakarta is one of Southeast Asia’s largest retail centres and is known for its extensive network of shopping malls and traditional markets. As of the mid-2010s, the city had one of the largest total shopping mall floor areas among cities worldwide. Major shopping centres are concentrated in commercial districts such as Central Jakarta and South Jakarta, where large complexes including Sarinah, Grand Indonesia and Plaza Senayan serve as prominent retail and entertainment hubs.

In addition to modern malls, Jakarta maintains a long tradition of traditional markets (pasar), which continue to play an important role in the city’s retail economy. Well-known markets such as Tanah Abang, Pasar Baru, and Glodok sell a wide variety of textiles, clothing, household goods, and food products. Some markets specialise in particular items, including antique goods sold along Jalan Surabaya and gemstones traded at Rawabening Market.

Tourism

Further information: Tourism in Indonesia, List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia, and Jakarta Tourism and Culture Office

Pulau Bidadari (Heavenly Nymph island) is one of the Thousand Islands scattered around the sea of Jakarta

The Ismail Marzuki Park is the most popular museum in Jakarta, there are several libraries, theatres, and Betawi performance arts

Although Jakarta is not traditionally considered Indonesia’s primary international tourist destination, the city functions as the country’s primary gateway and an important urban tourism centre. Many international visitors pass through Jakarta while travelling to other Indonesian destinations such as Bali, the Komodo Island, and Yogyakarta. In 2023, approximately 1.97 million foreign tourists visited the city, while domestic tourism accounts for a large share of overall visitor numbers.

International tourism rankings have identified Jakarta as a rapidly growing destination. According to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, the city was among the fastest-growing tourism destinations in the world, while the World Travel and Tourism Council has also classified Jakarta as an emerging tourism market with strong projected growth in visitor arrivals. Euromonitor International’s 2019 ranking placed Jakarta among the 100 most visited cities globally.

The city government has sought to expand tourism through the development of meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) tourism, as well as through cultural festivals and large international events. The tourism sector contributes to Jakarta’s economy and municipal revenue, stemming from the city’s role as Indonesia’s principal commercial and transportation hub.

Culture

As the capital and largest city of Indonesia, Jakarta is a major centre of cultural exchange and diversity. The city’s population includes people from across the Indonesian archipelago, making its cultural life a mixture of traditions, languages, and customs originating from many regions of the country. Although the Betawi people are regarded as Jakarta’s indigenous community, the city’s culture has been shaped by successive waves of migration and interaction among different ethnic groups. Javanese form the largest ethnic group in the capital, followed by Betawi and Sundanese communities, alongside numerous other groups from throughout Indonesia. This diversity is reflected in Jakarta’s arts, festivals, media, cuisine, and sporting life.

Arts and festivals

Ondel-ondel puppets are the mascot of the city and the symbol of Betawi culture.

Jakarta’s artistic and cultural life is closely linked to Betawi culture, the traditional culture of the city’s indigenous community. Betawi culture developed through centuries of interaction among Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, Arab, Indian, and European influences, producing distinctive traditions in language, music, cuisine, and ceremonial practices. Chinese cultural influence is particularly visible in Betawi festivals, wedding traditions, and culinary customs.

Tanjidor music demonstrates European influence.

Efforts to preserve and promote Betawi arts and traditions are reflected in several community festivals held in different parts of the city, including the Jalan Jaksa Festival, Condet Festival, and Lebaran Betawi. Cultural traditions are also maintained through local celebrations such as the Sedekah Bumi Keramat Ganceng Festival in Pondok Ranggon. These events often feature traditional music, dance performances, and exhibitions of Betawi cultural heritage.

Jakarta has numerous venues dedicated to performing arts and cultural exhibitions. Major cultural centres include the Taman Ismail Marzuki arts complex in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, and Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran. Other venues such as Balai Sarbini, Bentara Budaya Jakarta, and the Pasar Seni art market in Ancol host exhibitions, concerts, and theatrical performances. Traditional Indonesian performing arts, including wayang puppet theatre and gamelan music, are regularly staged in various venues across the city, including the Wayang Orang Bharata Theatre and cultural pavilions at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.

The city also hosts numerous cultural festivals and exhibitions throughout the year. These include film events such as the Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), as well as large cultural gatherings such as Jakarta Fashion Week, the Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival, and the Jakarta Fair. Other major events include the Indonesia International Book Fair, Indonesia Comic Con, and Art Jakarta, an annual contemporary art fair. The Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, held each year in March, is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world.

Jakarta’s cultural landscape is further enriched by the presence of international cultural centres that promote language and the arts. Institutions such as the French Institut Français d'Indonésie, the Japan Foundation, and the Dutch Erasmus Huis organise exhibitions, performances, and educational programmes that contribute to the city’s cosmopolitan cultural environment.

Cuisine

Main article: Betawi cuisine

Soto Betawi, mainly consisting of beef or offal in milk or coconut milk soup.

Jakarta’s culinary culture reflects the city’s long history as a meeting point of diverse ethnic and cultural influences. While dishes from across Indonesia are widely available in the capital, the traditional local cuisine is Betawi cuisine, which developed among the Betawi people and incorporates influences from Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine, Sundanese, Javanese, Indian, Arab, and European culinary traditions. One of the best-known Betawi dishes is Soto Betawi, a rich soup made with beef and offal cooked in a spiced broth of coconut milk or cow’s milk. Other traditional dishes include ketoprak, rujak, and Betawi-style gado-gado.

As Indonesia’s largest city, Jakarta is also known for its vibrant street food culture. Food travelling vendors and small roadside eateries (warung) serve a wide variety of dishes throughout the city, ranging from common Indonesian foods such as nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (skewered meats), and bakso (meatballs) to snacks such as bakpau (Chinese bun) and siomay (fish dumplings). Culinary traditions from other Indonesian regions are also strongly represented; for example, Padang restaurants serving Minangkabau cuisine and warteg (short for warung tegal) food stalls offering inexpensive home-style meals are widespread in Jakarta.

Several districts of the city are known for their concentrations of street food stalls, restaurants, and cafés, including areas such as Sabang Street, Blok M, and Kota Tua. Chinese culinary traditions are especially prominent in parts of West Jakarta, particularly around Glodok and Mangga Besar, while the Blok M area has developed a reputation for Japanese restaurants and nightlife venues. The city government has also established organised food courts such as Lenggang Jakarta and Thamrin 10, which provide spaces for small vendors and street-food traders.

Jakarta’s dining scene ranges from modest street vendors to upscale restaurants and international chains. Local restaurant brands such as Bakmi GM and Sederhana operate alongside global fast-food outlets in shopping centres across the city. Owing to Jakarta’s cosmopolitan population, restaurants serving international cuisines—including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indian, Middle Eastern, European, and other Asian cuisines—are widely available throughout the capital.

Sports

Jakarta International Stadium at Tanjung Priok. It is the home of Persija F.C. and has a seating capacity of 82,000. It is Indonesia's biggest stadium.

Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, home of the Indonesia Indonesia national football team, has a seating capacity of 78,000. It is Indonesia's second-biggest stadium.

Istora Gelora Bung Karno, home of the Indonesia national badminton team, has a capacity of 8,000 seats.

Indonesia Arena, is the fields that can be used for Basketball, Volleyball, and Badminton

Jakarta has hosted numerous major international sporting events and serves as one of Indonesia’s principal centres for sport. The city hosted the 1962 Asian Games, and co-hosted the 2018 Asian Games with Palembang. It has also hosted the Southeast Asian Games several times, including in 1979, 1987, 1997, and 2011. Major football tournaments have also taken place in the city; the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium was one of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup, hosting group-stage matches as well as the quarter-final and final. Following the success of the 2018 Asian Games, Jakarta submitted a bid to host the 2032 Summer Olympics, although the Games were ultimately awarded to Brisbane.

The city contains several large sporting venues and complexes. The Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex in Senayan is Jakarta’s main sporting hub and includes facilities for football, athletics, aquatic sports, tennis, and indoor arena sports. Other major venues include the Jakarta International Stadium, a retractable-roof football stadium completed in 2022, the Jakarta International Velodrome in Rawamangun, and the Jakarta International Equestrian Park in Pulomas, both of which were developed or renovated for the 2018 Asian Games. Indoor arenas such as the BritAma Arena and facilities in Kelapa Gading are also used for national basketball competitions and other sporting events.

Football is the most popular sport in Jakarta. The city’s main professional club is Persija, which competes in Indonesia’s top football league, Liga 1, while Persitara plays in the lower-tier Liga 3. Jakarta also hosts large-scale sporting events such as the Jakarta Marathon, established in 2013 and recognised by international athletics organisations, attracting thousands of participants from many countries each year.

In addition to professional sports, recreational and community sporting activities are common in the city. One well-known example is the Jakarta Car-Free Day, held regularly on major central avenues such as Jalan Sudirman and Jalan Thamrin, when sections of the roads are closed to motor vehicles. During these events, residents participate in activities such as jogging, cycling, aerobics, and other outdoor sports. Jakarta has also hosted international motorsport events, including the Formula E Jakarta ePrix, first held in 2022 at the Ancol Circuit, North Jakarta.

Media and entertainment

The main TV tower of TVRI at its headquarters in Jakarta

See also: List of newspapers in Indonesia, List of radio stations in Jakarta, and List of television stations in Indonesia

Jakarta is the centre of Indonesia’s national media industry and hosts most of the country’s major newspapers, broadcasters, and publishing companies. Several national newspapers are based in the city, including Kompas and Media Indonesia, while local newspapers such as Pos Kota and Warta Kota focus primarily on news and events within the capital. A number of specialised publications are also produced in Jakarta, including business newspapers such as Bisnis Indonesia and Investor Daily, as well as the sports newspaper Super Ball.

The city is also home to several newspapers published in foreign languages for national and international audiences. English-language publications include The Jakarta Post and the online news outlet The Jakarta Globe. Chinese-language newspapers such as Harian Indonesia (印尼星洲日报), and Guoji Ribao (国际日报) circulate among the Indonesian Chinese community, while the Japanese-language newspaper The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (じゃかるた新聞) serves Japanese readers in Indonesia.

Radio broadcasting remains an important part of Jakarta’s media landscape. Dozens of stations operate in the metropolitan area, including both public and private networks. National radio networks based in Jakarta include Prambors FM, Hard Rock FM, and Delta FM, while public broadcasting services are provided by Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI). Local stations such as Gen FM and Radio Elshinta also broadcast from the city.

Jakarta is likewise the headquarters of Indonesia’s public television broadcaster TVRI and several private national television networks, including Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, and RCTI. The city also has local television stations such as TVRI Jakarta, JakTV, and Elshinta TV. In recent years, Indonesia has begun transitioning from analogue broadcasting to digital television using the DVB-T2 standard as part of a nationwide digital migration programme.

Government and politics

Main article: Governor of Jakarta

Jakarta City Hall

Jakarta has a special administrative status equivalent to that of a province within Indonesia. The provincial government is led by a directly elected governor and vice governor, while legislative authority is exercised by the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD DKI Jakarta), whose members are elected through provincial elections. The governor’s office and main administrative headquarters are located at the Jakarta City Hall, south of Merdeka Square.

The provincial administration oversees five administrative cities (kota administrasi)—Central Jakarta, West Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, and North Jakarta—and one administrative regency, the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu). Each administrative city is headed by a mayor (walikota) and the regency by a regent (bupati), all of whom are appointed by the governor rather than directly elected. These administrative units are further divided into districts (kecamatan).

At the national level, Jakarta is represented in Indonesia’s national legislature. The province elects 21 members to the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR) from three electoral districts. Jakarta I corresponds to East Jakarta, Jakarta II includes Central and South Jakarta together with Indonesian voters residing overseas, and Jakarta III comprises North and West Jakarta as well as the Thousand Islands. Like all Indonesian provinces, Jakarta also sends four representatives to the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), the upper chamber of parliament.

The provincial government has also promoted digital governance initiatives. One example is the Jakarta Smart City (JSC) programme, launched in 2014 to improve urban management through data integration, online services, and mobile applications aimed at enhancing public services, mobility, environmental monitoring, and civic participation.

Public safety

The Headquarters of Polda Metro Jaya

Public safety in Jakarta is primarily the responsibility of the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police (Polda Metro Jaya), which oversees law enforcement across the Jakarta metropolitan area. It is led by a two-star police general (Kapolda Metro Jaya). The Indonesian Army, led by a Major General (Pangdam Jaya), also maintains a regional command in the city, the Jayakarta Military Regional Command (Kodam Jaya), which functions as part of the national defence structure and supports security operations in coordination with civilian authorities when required.

Municipal finances

Jakarta’s provincial government relies heavily on transfers from the national government for much of its revenue. Locally generated income is derived mainly from taxes, including vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees. Despite significant fiscal resources, the provincial administration often records budget surpluses—typically between 15 and 20 percent of planned spending—largely due to delays in procurement and other administrative inefficiencies.

Public expenditure has prioritised sectors such as education, transportation infrastructure, flood control, environmental management, and social services including healthcare and housing. Jakarta’s regional budget (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah, APBD) has grown steadily in recent years, reaching approximately Rp77.1 trillion in 2017, Rp83.2 trillion in 2018, and Rp89 trillion in 2019.

Administrative divisions

See also: List of districts of Jakarta

Map of the administrative cities (Kota administratif) in Jakarta province; the Thousand Islands Regency (which is to the north) is shown in the inset to the lower left.

Jakarta is divided into five administrative cities (Kota Administratif) and one administrative regency (Kabupaten Administratif), each headed by a mayor or regent. Unlike other Indonesian municipalities, these administrative divisions do not have their own local legislatures and remain directly subordinate to the provincial government of Jakarta. Each administrative city is further divided into districts (Kecamatan).

The five administrative cities are Central Jakarta, West Jakarta, South Jakarta, East Jakarta, and North Jakarta, while the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu) form the province’s sole administrative regency. Central Jakarta is the smallest of the municipalities and serves as the political and administrative centre of the capital, containing major national landmarks such as the National Monument (Monas), Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and several national museums.

West Jakarta has a high concentration of small-scale industries and contains parts of Jakarta Old Town, including Dutch colonial era buildings such as Toko Merah and structures displaying Chinese architectural influence. South Jakarta, originally planned as a satellite city, has developed into an important commercial and affluent residential area, hosting major shopping centres and parts of Jakarta’s central business district, including the Golden Triangle around Kebayoran Baru and Setiabudi.

East Jakarta is characterised by large industrial zones and several major facilities, including Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. North Jakarta borders the Java Sea and contains the Port of Tanjung Priok, Indonesia’s busiest seaport, as well as the Ancol Dreamland tourism complex. The Thousand Islands regency consists of more than one hundred small islands in the Java Sea and is known for its marine ecosystems and tourism activities such as diving and island recreation.

Jakarta's cities/municipalities (Kota Administratif)

Name of City or Regency	Area in km2	Pop'n 2010 census	Pop'n 2020 census	Pop'n mid 2024 estimate	Pop'n density (per km2) in mid 2024	HDI 2021 estimates
South Jakarta	144.942	2,062,232	2,226,812	2,230,653	15,390	0.849 (Very High)
East Jakarta	185.538	2,693,896	3,037,139	3,086,010	17,172	0.829 (Very High)
Central Jakarta	47.565	902,973	1,056,896	1,044,297	21,955	0.815 (Very High)
West Jakarta	124.970	2,281,945	2,434,511	2,479,571	19,841	0.817 (Very High)
North Jakarta	147.212	1,645,659	1,778,981	1,815,606	12,333	0.805 (Very High)
Thousand Islands	10.725	21,082	27,749	28,809	2,686	0.721 (High)

Infrastructure

Jakarta has undertaken major infrastructure development projects aimed at improving urban livability and addressing long-standing challenges such as traffic congestion, flooding, and inadequate public services. One large-scale initiative is a ten-year urban regeneration programme valued at approximately Rp571 trillion (US$40.5 billion), which focuses on expanding public transportation, improving clean water and wastewater systems, upgrading housing, and strengthening flood-control infrastructure.

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Jakarta

Various means of public transport in Jakarta; from top up to down: KRL Commuterline, Jakarta MRT, Jabodebek LRT, Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link, Jakarta LRT, and Transjakarta

Transportation in Jakarta reflects the scale and density of the Greater Jakarta metropolitan area, which has a population of more than 40 million. Although the city historically prioritized road development to accommodate private vehicles, recent policies have increasingly focused on expanding public transportation and improving mobility. Jakarta received the 2021 Global Sustainable Transport Award in recognition of efforts to integrate its public transit system, though transport infrastructure continues to grapple with keeping pace with population growth.

Road transport remains dominant in the city. Jakarta’s road system includes an extensive toll road network consisting of inner and outer ring roads and several radial expressways connecting the city with surrounding regions. Traffic congestion has long remained a significant problem, and policies such as the "odd–even" vehicle restriction system have been introduced to limit road use by private cars on certain days as a transitional measure before the planned implementation of electronic road pricing.

Public transportation has expanded significantly since the 2010s and now includes several mass transit systems serving the wider metropolitan area. These include the TransJakarta bus rapid transit system, the Jakarta MRT and LRT, the KRL Commuterline suburban railway, and the Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link. Transit-oriented developments such as Dukuh Atas and CSW–ASEAN have been built to improve integration between different transport modes. By 2023, public transport services covered approximately 86% of the city, with a target of reaching 95%.

Jakarta is served by several major transportation hubs. Soekarno–Hatta International Airport is the main gateway for air travel to the Greater Jakarta region, while Halim Perdanakusuma Airport handles limited domestic and private flights. The city’s principal seaport is Tanjung Priok, Indonesia’s busiest port, which connects Jakarta with other parts of the archipelago. Smaller ports such as Sunda Kelapa and Muara Angke support traditional shipping and ferry services, including connections to the Thousand Islands.

Healthcare

Jakarta has an extensive healthcare system consisting of both public and private facilities. In 2012, then Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo introduced the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' (Kartu Jakarta Sehat, KJS), a regional universal healthcare programme aimed at expanding access to medical services for residents. In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a nationwide universal healthcare system known as the 'National Health Insurance' (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN), administered by the Social Security Agency on Health (BPJS Kesehatan). The Jakarta programme was later integrated into the national scheme, and KJS cards remained valid until 2018. As of 2021, approximately 85.55% of Jakarta's population was covered by the JKN programme.

Public healthcare facilities in the city include major government-run hospitals such as the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as community hospitals and local public health centres (puskesmas). While public hospitals generally provide a good standard of care, they are often overcrowded due to high demand. Private hospitals and clinics also play an important role in Jakarta’s healthcare system. The sector has expanded since 2010, when the Indonesian government allowed foreign investment in private healthcare services. Some facilities are operated by nonprofit or religious organisations, while many others are run by private hospital groups such as Siloam, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, and Mitra Keluarga.

Water supply

Further information: Water privatisation in Jakarta

Jakarta’s piped water supply is operated through a concession system involving private companies and a public asset holder. Since 1998, two private operators—PALYJA and Aetra—have provided piped water services in the western and eastern parts of the city respectively under concession agreements, while the infrastructure is owned by the public company PAM Jaya. Much of the city’s water supply originates from the West Tarum Canal system, which carries water from the Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River, about 70 km (43 mi) southeast of Jakarta. The water supply system was originally privatised in 1998, when concessions were granted to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water. These companies later transferred their stakes to Indonesian operators. During the early years of the concession system, customer growth was slower than expected, partly due to tariff increases adjusted for inflation. Tariffs were later frozen in 2005, which reduced investment by private operators.

Access to piped water has improved over time but remains uneven across the city. According to PALYJA data, service coverage in western Jakarta increased from about 34% in 1998 to 65% in 2010, while access in eastern Jakarta rose from roughly 57% in 1998 to around 67% in 2004 before stagnating. However, some independent studies have estimated much lower levels of direct household access, with figures as low as 25% in 2005 and 18.5% in 2011. Many residents without piped water rely on groundwater wells, which are often saline or contaminated. As of 2017, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources reported that Jakarta was facing a significant clean water crisis.

International relations

See also: List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta

Jakarta's role as Indonesia’s capital and largest city extends far beyond domestic governance, positioning the city as a primary geopolitical and diplomatic hub within the Indo-Pacific region. By hosting a vast concentration of foreign embassies, the city serves as the essential point of contact for international relations, while its status as the permanent headquarters for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) cements its reputation as the "diplomatic capital of Southeast Asia." This institutional presence grants Jakarta significant influence over regional policy-making and economic cooperation.

Furthermore, the city’s global footprint is expanded through its active membership in specialized international networks that address modern urban challenges. Participation in the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group demonstrates a commitment to global environmental standards and climate resilience, while involvement in the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the ASEAN Smart Cities Network facilitates the exchange of technological innovation and infrastructure strategies. Collectively, these affiliations transform Jakarta from a local metropolis into a collaborative player on the world stage, deeply integrated into global efforts regarding sustainability, urban development, and regional security.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, including Casablanca. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.

Jakarta's sister cities are:

• Bangkok, Thailand
• Beijing, China
• Berlin, Germany
• Casablanca, Morocco
• East Jerusalem, Palestine
• Hanoi, Vietnam
• Islamabad, Pakistan
• Istanbul, Turkey
• Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Kyiv, Ukraine
• Los Angeles, United States
• Maputo, Mozambique
• Mumbai, India
• Moscow, Russia
• Pyongyang, North Korea
• Seoul, South Korea
• Shanghai, China
• Tokyo, Japan

Jakarta also has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange. This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.

In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:

• Arkansas, United States
• Budapest, Hungary
• New South Wales, Australia
• Paris, France
• Rotterdam, Netherlands

Notable people

Main category: People from Jakarta

See also

• Betawi people
• Climate change in Indonesia
• Greater Jakarta
• List of tallest buildings in Jakarta
• Outline of Jakarta
• Transport in Jakarta

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Further reading

• Fleming, Tom (28 April 2021). Indonesia: Jakarta (PDF) (Report). Cultural Cities Profile East Asia. Jakarta: British Council Indonesia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2025.
• Ring, Trudy (1994). Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. (eds.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Vol. 5. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-884964-05-2.

External links

• Official website
• Jakarta Archived 16 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine (official travel website)
• Geographic data related to Jakarta at OpenStreetMap