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Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki

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Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki
Portrait of Kulczycki in Turkish attire, Czartoryski Museum
Born1640
Kulczyce, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Died19 February 1694(1694-02-19) (aged 53–54)
NationalityPolish
Occupation(s)Merchant, spy, diplomat, soldier, coffee-house proprietor
Known forHeroism during the Battle of Vienna. Opening one of the first coffee house in Vienna

Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki (Template:Lang-de, Template:Lang-uk, Yuriy Frants Kulchytsky) (1640 – February 19, 1694), of the Sas coat of arms, by modern Ukrainian authors referred to as Polonized Ruthenian (Ukrainian) nobleman,[1] though according to period sources Kulczycki considered himself “a native Pole” from “the royal Polish free city of Sambor”.[2] For his actions at the 1683 Battle of Vienna when he managed to get out of the besieged city to seek help, he was considered a hero by the people of Vienna. According to a legend which appeared 1783 he is often recited as starting the first[3] café in the city, using coffee beans left by the retreating Ottoman Turks. However, more recent sources prove that the first coffehouse in Vienna was opened by the Armenian Johannes Theodat in 1685.[4][5]

Biography

Monument to Kulczycki in Vienna, sculpted by Emanuel Pendl and erected in 1885 at the street named after him

Kulczycki was born in 1640 in Kulczyce, near Sambor, (then part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, now western Ukraine[6][7]). According to modern Ukrainian authors, he was born into an old Orthodox-Ruthenian noble family, Kulchytsky-Shelestovich, although his father{citation needed} had converted to Catholicism, the state religion of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. As a young man, Kulczycki joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks during which time he demonstrated a gift for languages and worked as an interpreter. He probably came from the Polonized Roman Catholic line of the originally Ruthenian Kólczycki family from Kulczyce village near Sambor, very likely the noble part of the family bearing the Lis [Fox] coat of arms. Nevertheless, Kulczycki’s nationality was frequently questioned and still are not clear. Ukrainian scholars consider him an Orthodox Ukrainian, a Zaporizhian Captured by the Turks, he was bought by Serbian merchants who needed a translator. He is considered as Polish by Kulczycki's descendant, historian, political scientist and genealogy researcher, member of the Polish Heraldic Society, and author in his monograph "Prawdziwa legenda Wiedeńskiej Wiktorii. J. F. Kulczycki i jego ród", 2011 (True legend of the Viennese Victory. J.F. Kulczycki and his Family, first published in 2007[8]). According to his research, J.F. Kulczycki was born in 1640 in Samborze (or in Kulczyce near Sambor), in Lwów Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, son of Michał of the Sas coat of arms with the ancestral cognomen Tulluk (Tuluk) and died on 19 February 1694 in Vienna, Austria.

He was fluent in Polish, Ruthenian, Serbian, Turkish, German, Hungarian and Romanian languages. Kulczycki started to work as a translator for the Belgrade branch of the Austrian Oriental Company (Orientalische Handelskompagnie). When the Turkish authorities began repressing foreign traders as spies, he avoided arrest by claiming Polish citizenship and moved to Vienna, where through his earlier work he had gathered enough wealth to open up his own trading company in 1678.[9][10]

During the Siege of Vienna (1683), he volunteered to leave the besieged and starving city and contact Duke Charles of Lorraine. Together with his trusty servant, the Serbian Đorđe Mihajlović, he left the city in Turkish attire and crossed enemy lines singing Ottoman songs. After contacting the duke, the pair managed to return to the city and reach it with a promise of imminent relief. Because of that information, the city council decided not to surrender to the Turkish forces of Kara Mustafa Pasha and continue the fight instead.

After the arrival of Christian forces led by the Polish king John III Sobieski, on September 12, the siege was broken. Kulczycki was considered a hero by the grateful townspeople of Vienna. The city council awarded him with a considerable sum of money while the burghers gave him a house in the borough of Leopoldstadt. King John III Sobieski himself presented Kulczycki with large amounts of coffee found in the captured camp of Kara Mustafa's army.

The story that Kulczycki opened a coffee house in Vienna at Schlossergassl near the cathedral, which was named the Hof zur Blauen Flasche ('House under the Blue Bottle') and other stories about him related to coffee were invented by Gottfried Uhlich in 1783.[11] It was uncovered for the first time by historian Karl Teply in 1980.[12] Kulczycki's descendant, historian Jerzy Sas Kulczycki, considered Teply's theory 'pseudo-scientific', as it 'negated all known, documented knowledge about Kulczycki, making him an Armenian on top of that'.[13]

Until recently, every year in October a special Kolschitzky feast was organized by the café owners of Vienna, who decorated their shop windows with Kulczycki's portrait, as noted by Polish historian and geographer Zygmunt Gloger. Kulczycki is memorialized with a statue on Vienna's Kolschitzky street, at the corner of the house Favoritenstraße 64.[14]

See also

References

In-line
  1. ^ Зерна, які змінили Європу. Як українець Відень урятував. Irene Michalkiv
  2. ^ Hanna Widacka, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki – założyciel pierwszej kawiarni w Wiedniu
  3. ^ "O tym jak Polak otworzył pierwszą kawiarnię w Wiedniu i wymyślił kawę z mlekiem". HISTORIA.org.pl – historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  4. ^ Felix Czeike, Historisches Lexikon Wien. vol. 2 (Wien 1993), p. 19.
  5. ^ Ernst Grabovszki, Innere Stadt, Wien, 1. Bezirk (Erfurt 2002), p. 16.
  6. ^ Whither goest thou, Ukrainian? by Klara Gudzik, The Day, July 18, 2006. Kiev, Ukraine.
  7. ^ Coffee appetite brewing, but far behind Europe Kyiv Post. December 10, 2008
  8. ^ Jerzy S. Kulczycki, Prawdziwa legenda wiedeńskiej wiktorii, "Wspólnota Polska", listopad/grudzień 2007, s.26.
  9. ^ Whither goest thou, Ukrainian? by Klara Gudzik, The Day, July 18, 2006. Kiev, Ukraine.
  10. ^ Taras Chukhlib Daily Mirror. February 27, 2004.
  11. ^ Birgit Schwaner, Das Wiener Kaffeehaus: Legende - Kultur - Atmosphäre (Wien 2007), p. 12-14.
  12. ^ Karl Teply: The introduction of coffee in Vienna. Georg Franz Koltschitzky. Johannes Diodato. Isaac de Luca. In: Society for History of the City of Vienna; Felix Czeike (ed.): research and contributions to the Viennese city's history. 6, Kommissionsverlag Youth and Culture, Vienna - Munich 1980 ISBN 3-7005-4536-3 (208 pages, 15 illustrations)
  13. ^ Jerzy S. Kulczycki "Prawdziwa legenda Wiedeńskiej Wiktorii. J. F. Kulczycki i jego ród”, 2011
  14. ^ http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.k/k589543.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en
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