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John Ashcroft
79th United States Attorney General
In office
February 2, 2001 – February 3, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byJanet Reno
Succeeded byAlberto Gonzales
United States Senator
from Missouri
In office
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001
Preceded byJohn Danforth
Succeeded byJean Carnahan
50th Governor of Missouri
In office
January 14, 1985 – January 11, 1993
LieutenantHarriett Woods
Mel Carnahan
Preceded byKit Bond
Succeeded byMel Carnahan
38th Attorney General of Missouri
In office
January 10, 1977 – January 14, 1985
GovernorJoseph Teasdale
Kit Bond
Preceded byJohn Danforth
Succeeded byWilliam Webster
29th Auditor of Missouri
In office
January 8, 1973 – January 14, 1975
GovernorKit Bond
Preceded byKit Bond
Succeeded byGeorge Lehr
Personal details
Born
John David Ashcroft

(1942-05-09) May 9, 1942 (age 82)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
SpouseJanet Ashcroft
Children3
Alma materYale University
University of Chicago

John David Ashcroft (born May 9, 1942) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 79th U.S. Attorney General (2001–2005), in the George W. Bush Administration. He later founded The Ashcroft Group, a Washington D.C. lobbying firm.[1]

Ashcroft previously served as Attorney General of Missouri (1976–1985), and as the 50th Governor of Missouri (1985–1993), having been elected for two consecutive terms in succession (a historical first for a Republican candidate in the state), and he also served as a U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001). He had early appointments in Missouri state government and was mentored by John Danforth. He has written several books about political and moral issues.

Early life and education

Ashcroft was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Grace P. (née Larsen) and James Robert Ashcroft. The family later lived in Springfield, Missouri, where his father was a minister in an Assemblies of God congregation, served as president of Evangel University (1958–74), and jointly as President of Central Bible College (1958–63). His mother was a homemaker whose parents had emigrated from Norway.[2]

Ashcroft went to local schools in Springfield. He attended Yale University, where he was a member of Sigma Tau Gamma and the St. Elmo Society, graduating in 1964. He received a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Chicago School of Law (1967).[3]

After law school, Ashcroft briefly taught Business Law and worked as an administrator at Southwest Missouri State University. During the Vietnam War, he received six student draft deferments and one occupational deferment because of his teaching work.[4]

Political career

As Missouri State Auditor

In 1972, Ashcroft ran for a Congressional seat in southwest Missouri in the Republican primary election, narrowly losing to Gene Taylor. After the primary, Missouri Governor Kit Bond appointed Ashcroft to the office of State Auditor, which Bond had vacated when he became Governor.

In 1974, Ashcroft was narrowly defeated for election to that post by Jackson County County Executive George W. Lehr. He had argued that Ashcroft, who is not an accountant, was not qualified to be the State Auditor.

As Attorney General of Missouri

Missouri Attorney General John Danforth, who was then in his second term, hired Ashcroft as an Assistant state Attorney General. During his service, Ashcroft shared an office with Clarence Thomas, a future U.S. Supreme Court Supreme Court Justice. (In 2001, Thomas administered Ashcroft's oath of office as U.S. Attorney General.)

In 1976, Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate, and Ashcroft was elected to replace him as State Attorney General. In 1980, Ashcroft was re-elected with 64.5 percent of the vote, winning 96 of Missouri's 114 counties.[5]

In 1983, Ashcroft wrote the leading amicus curiae brief in the U.S. Supreme Court Case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., supporting the use of video cassette recorders for time shifting of television programs. [6]

As Governor of Missouri (1985–1993)

Ashcroft was elected governor in 1984 and re-elected in 1988, becoming the first (and, to date, the only) Republican in Missouri history elected to two consecutive terms.

In 1984, his opponent was the Democratic Lt. Governor Ken Rothman. The campaign was so negative on both sides that a reporter described the contest as "two alley cats [scrapping] over truth in advertising". In his campaign, Ashcroft contrasted his rural-base against an urban-based opponent from St. Louis. Democrats did not close ranks on primary night. The defeated candidate Mel Carnahan endorsed Rothman. In the end, Ashcroft won 57 percent of the vote and carried 106 counties—then the largest Republican gubernatorial victory in Missouri history.[5]

In 1988, Ashcroft won by a larger margin over his Democratic opponent, Betty Cooper Hearnes, the wife of the former governor Warren Hearnes. Ashcroft received 64 percent of the vote in the general election—the largest landslide for governor in Missouri history since the U.S. Civil War.[7]

During his second term, Ashcroft served as chairman of the National Governors Association (1991–92).

As governor, Ashcroft helped enact tougher standards and sentencing for gun crimes, increased funding for local law enforcement, and tougher standards and punishment for people bringing guns into schools. While Ashcroft was in office:

  • The number of full-time law enforcement officers in Missouri increased 3,825 (63%) from 1985 to 1992.
  • Capacity at Missouri prisons increased by 72% from 9,071 in 1985 to 15,630 in 1993.
  • Missouri was above average in the length of time criminals had to serve for all sentences according to Gail Hughes, deputy director for the state Corrections Department, citing the 1991 yearbook published by the Criminal Justice Institute. The national average for time served for all crimes was 23.7 months, while in Missouri the average length of a sentence was 28.9 months.
  • According to the U.S. Department of Justice, prison time in Missouri as a percentage of the time sentenced to jail was 73% in 1993 and increased to 86% in 1997.
  • The number of juveniles arrested for committing a crime increased by 16.3% between from 1985 and 1992.
  • Though Ashcroft initially opposed the legislation as governor, [citation needed], the Missouri legislature enacted its first hate crimes legislation.
  • The legislature enacted the Missouri Victim's Bill of Rights, which allows crime victims to be informed of and present at criminal proceedings, the right to restitution, the right to protection from the defendant and the right to be informed of the escape or release of a defendant.

As U.S. Senator from Missouri

In 1994 Ashcroft was elected to the U.S. Senate from Missouri, again succeeding John Danforth, who retired from the position. Ashcroft won 59.8% of the vote against Democratic Congressman Alan Wheat. As Senator:

  • He opposed the Clinton Administration's Clipper encryption restrictions.
  • In 1999, as chair of the Senate's subcommittee on patents, he helped extend patents for several drugs, most significantly the allergy medication Claritin, to prevent the marketing of less-expensive generics.[8]
  • On March 30, 2000, with Senator Russ Feingold, Ashcroft convened the only Senate hearing on racial profiling. He said the practice was unconstitutional and that he supported legislation requiring police to keep statistics on their actions.

In 1998, Ashcroft briefly considered running for U.S. President; but on January 5, 1999, he announced that he would not seek the presidency and would defend his Senate seat in the 2000 election.[9]

In the Republican primary, Ashcroft defeated Marc Perkel.[10] In the general election, Ashcroft faced a challenge from Governor Mel Carnahan.

In the midst of a tight race, Carnahan died in an airplane crash two weeks prior to the election. Ashcroft suspended all campaigning after the plane crash. Because of Missouri state election laws and the short time to election, Carnahan's name remained on the ballot. Lieutenant Governor Roger Wilson became governor upon Carnahan's death. Wilson said that should Carnahan be elected, he wanted to appoint his widow, Jean Carnahan, to serve in her husband's place; Mrs. Carnahan announced that, in accordance with her late husband's goal, she would serve in the Senate if voters elected his name. Following these developments, Ashcroft resumed campaigning.[11]

Carnahan won the election 51% to 49%. No one had ever posthumously won election to the Senate, though voters had on at least three occasions chosen deceased candidates for the House of Representatives.[12]

As U.S. Attorney General

Tom Ridge and John Ashcroft in 2004 in Washington, D.C.

In December 2000, following his Senatorial defeat, Ashcroft was chosen for the position of U.S. attorney general by president-elect George W. Bush. He was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 58 to 42, with most Democratic senators voting against him, citing his prior opposition to using forced busing to achieve desegregation, and their opposition to Ashcroft's anti-abortionism.[13]

After the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, Ashcroft was a key administration supporter of passage of the USA Patriot Act. One of its provisions, Section 215, allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to apply for an order from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to require production of "any tangible thing" for an investigation. This provision was criticized by citizen and professional groups concerned about violations of privacy. Ashcroft referred to the American Library Association's opposition to Section 215 as "hysteria" in two separate speeches given in September 2003.[14][15] While Attorney General, Ashcroft consistently denied that the FBI or any other law enforcement agency had used the Patriot Act to obtain library circulation records or those of retail sales. According to the sworn testimony of two FBI agents interviewed by the 9/11 Commission, Ashcroft ignored warnings of an imminent al-Qaida attack.[16]

In 2002, under Ashcroft, curtains were installed blocking the Spirit of Justice statue in the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, which is of a woman wearing a toga-like dress with one breast revealed, from view during speeches. The curtains were first used on a rental basis during the administration of Dick Thornburgh.[17] Justice officials long insisted that the curtains were put up to improve the room's use as a television backdrop and that Ashcroft had nothing to do with it. Ashcroft's successor, Alberto Gonzales, removed the curtains in June 2005.[18]

In March 2004, the Justice Department under Ashcroft ruled that the Stellar Wind domestic intelligence program was illegal. The day after the ruling, Ashcroft became critically ill with acute pancreatitis. President Bush sent his White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales and Chief of Staff Andrew Card Jr. to Ashcroft's hospital bed. They wanted him to sign a document reversing the Justice Department's ruling. But the semi-conscious Ashcroft refused to sign; Acting Attorney General James Comey and Jack Goldsmith, head of the Office of Legal Counsel for DOJ, were there to back him up.[19]

On November 9, 2004, following George W. Bush's re-election, Ashcroft announced his resignation,[20] which took effect on February 3, 2005, after the Senate confirmed White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales as the next attorney general.[21] Ashcroft said in his hand-written resignation letter, dated November 2, "The objective of securing the safety of Americans from crime and terror has been achieved."[22]

Consultant and lobbyist

In May 2005, Ashcroft laid the groundwork for a strategic consulting firm, The Ashcroft Group, LLC.[23] He started operation in the fall of 2005 and as of March 2006 had twenty-one clients, turning down two for every one accepted.[24] In 2005 year-end filings, Ashcroft's firm reported collecting $269,000, including $220,000 from Oracle Corporation, which won Department of Justice approval of a multibillion-dollar acquisition less than a month after hiring Ashcroft. The year-end filing represented, in some cases, only initial payments.[citation needed]

According to government filings, Oracle is one of the Ashcroft Group’s five clients that seek his help in selling data or software with security applications. Another client, Israel Aircraft Industries International, is competing with Seattle's Boeing Company to sell the government of South Korea a billion-dollar airborne radar system.[25]

In March 2006, the New York Times reported that Ashcroft had positioned himself as an "anti-Abramoff." In an hour-long interview, Ashcroft used the word integrity scores of times.[24] In May 2006, based on conversations with members of Congress, key aides and lobbyists, The Hill magazine listed Ashcroft as one of top 50 "hired guns" (lobbyists) that K Street had to offer.[26]

In August 2006, the Washington Post reported that Ashcroft's firm had 30 clients, many of which made products or technology aimed at homeland security. The firm had not disclosed about a third of its client list on grounds of confidentiality. The firm also had equity stakes in eight client companies. It reported receiving $1.4 million in lobbying fees in the past six months, a small fraction of its total earnings.[27]

After the proposed merger of Sirius Satellite Radio Inc. and XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc., Ashcroft offered the firm his consulting services, according to a spokesman for XM.[28] The spokesman said XM declined Ashcroft's offer. Ashcroft was subsequently hired by the National Association of Broadcasters, which is strongly opposed to the merger.

In May 2011, Xe Services (formerly Blackwater International) named Ted Wright as CEO.[29] Wright hired a new governance chief to oversee ethical and legal compliance and established a new board composed of former government officials, including former White House counsel Jack Quinn and Ashcroft.[30] In December, 2011, Xe changed its name, to Academi.[31][32]

Political issues

John Ashcroft at CPAC in February 2010.

Ashcroft's policy positions on privacy and civil liberties issues generally attracted reactions that were aligned with people's political backgrounds: conservatives were pleased and liberals had criticism. Critics included the American Civil Liberties Union and pro-choice groups.

In January 2002, the partially nude female statue of the Spirit of Justice, which stands in the Great Hall of the Justice Department, where Ashcroft held press conferences, was covered with blue curtains, along with its male counterpart, the Majesty of Justice. Some speculated that Ashcroft thought that reporters were photographing him with the female statue in the background to make fun of his church's opposition to pornography. A Justice Department spokeswoman said that Ashcroft knew nothing of the decision to spend $8,000 for the curtains; a spokesman said the decision for permanent curtains was intended to save on the $2,000 per use rental costs of temporary curtains used for formal events.[33]

In July 2002, Ashcroft proposed the creation of Operation TIPS, a domestic program in which workers and government employees would inform law enforcement agencies about suspicious behavior they encounter while performing their duties. The program was widely criticized from the beginning, with critics deriding the program as essentially a Domestic Informant Network along the lines of the East German Stasi or the Soviet KGB,[34][35] and an encroachment upon the First and Fourth amendments. The United States Postal Service refused to be a party to it. Ashcroft defended the program as a necessary component of the ongoing War on Terrorism, but the proposal was eventually abandoned.[36]

Ashcroft proposed a draft of the Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003, legislation to expand the powers of the U.S. government to fight crime and terrorism, while simultaneously eliminating or curtailing judicial review of these powers for incidents related to domestic terrorism.[37] The bill was leaked and posted to the Internet on February 7, 2003.

On May 26, 2004, Ashcroft held a news conference at which he said that intelligence from multiple sources indicated that the terrorist organization, al Qaeda, intended to attack the United States in the coming months.[38] Critics suggested he was trying to distract attention from a drop in the approval ratings of President Bush, who was campaigning for re-election.[39]

Groups supporting individual gun ownership, praised Ashcroft's support through DOJ for the Second Amendment. He said specifically, "the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms," expressing the position that the second amendment expresses a right.[40] NRA president Sandra Froman said, "When these Bush Administration officials affirmed that the Second Amendment protects an individual right, the enemies of freedom were outraged because they fear the Second Amendment for what it really is– a shield against oppression."[citation needed]

In 2009 in Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco found that Ashcroft could be sued and held personally responsible for the wrongful detention of Abdullah al-Kidd. The American citizen was arrested at Dulles Airport in March 2003 on his way to Saudi Arabia for study. He was held for 15 days in maximum security in three states, and 13 months in supervised release, to be used as a material witness in the trial of Sami Omar Al-Hussayen. (The latter was acquitted of all charges of supporting terrorism). Al-Kidd was never charged and was not called as a witness in the Al-Hussayen case.)[41]

The panels court described the government's assertions under the USA Patriot Act (2001) as "repugnant of the Constitution". In a detailed and at times passionate opinion, Judge Milan Smith likened allegations against al-Kidd as similar to the repressive practices of the British Crown that sparked the American Revolution. He wrote that the government asserts it can detain American citizens "not because there is evidence that they have committed a crime, but merely because the government wishes to investigate them for possible wrongdoing".[42] He called it "a painful reminder of some of the most ignominious chapters of our national history".[43]

Abdullah Al-Kidd was held in a maximum security prison for 16 days, and in supervised release for 13 months. Al-Kidd was born Lavoni T. Kidd in 1973 in Wichita, Kansas.[41] When he converted to Islam as a student at the University of Idaho, where he was a prominent football player, he changed his name. He asserts that Ashcroft violated his civil liberties as an American citizen, as he was treated like a terrorist and not allowed to consult an attorney. Al-Kidd's lawyers say Ashcroft, as US Attorney General, encouraged authorities after 9/11 to arrest potential suspects as material witnesses when they lacked probable cause to believe the suspects had committed a crime.[44]

The US Supreme Court agreed on October 18, 2010 to hear the case. On May 31, 2011, the US Supreme Court unanimously overturned the lower court's decision, saying that al-Kidd could not personally sue Ashcroft, as he was protected by limited immunity as a government official.[45][46] A majority of the justices held that al-Kidd could not have won his case on the merits, because Ashcroft did not violate his Fourth Amendment rights.[47]

Ashcroft has been a proponent of the War on Drugs.[48] In a 2001 interview on Larry King Live, Ashcroft announced his intention to escalate efforts in this area.[49] In 2003, Ashcroft and John B. Brown, the acting DEA Administrator, announced a series of indictments resulting from two nationwide investigations code-named Operation Pipe Dream and Operation Headhunter. The investigations targeted businesses selling drug paraphernalia, mostly for cannabis use, under a little-used statute (Title 21, Section 863(a) of the U.S. Code).[50]

Tommy Chong, a counterculture icon, was one of those charged, for his part in financing and promoting Chong Glass/Nice Dreams, a company started by his son Paris. Of the 55 individuals charged as a result of the operations, only Chong was given a prison sentence after conviction (nine months in a federal prison, plus forfeiting $103,000 and a year of probation). The other 54 individuals were given fines and home detentions. While the DOJ denied that Chong was treated any differently from the other defendants, critics thought the government was trying to make an example of him. Chong's experience as a target of Ashcroft's sting operation is the subject of Josh Gilbert's feature-length documentary a/k/a Tommy Chong, which premiered at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival.

When Karl Rove was being questioned in 2005 by the FBI over the leak of a covert CIA agent's identity in the press (the Valerie Plame affair), Ashcroft was allegedly briefed about the investigation. The Democratic U.S. Representative John Conyers described this as a "stunning ethical breach that cries out for an immediate investigation." Conyers, the ranking Democrat on the House Judiciary Committee, asked, in a statement, for a formal investigation of the time between the start of Rove's investigation and John Ashcroft's recusal.[51]

Since his service in government, Ashcroft has continued to oppose proposals for physician-assisted suicide, which some states have passed by referenda. When interviewed about it in 2012, when a case had reached the US Supreme Court after California voters had approved a law to permit it under regulated conditions, he said,

I certainly believe that people who are in pain should be helped and assisted in every way possible, that the drugs should be used to mitigate their pain but I believe the law of the United States of America which requires that drugs not be used except for legitimate health purposes.[52]

In 2015, Human Rights Watch called for the investigation of Ashcroft "for conspiracy to torture as well as other crimes."[53]

Personal life

Ashcroft is a member of the Assemblies of God church. He is married to Janet E. Ashcroft and has 3 children with her.

Ashcroft had long enjoyed inspirational music and singing. Sometime in the 1970s, he recorded a gospel record entitled, TRUTH: Volume One, Edition One, with the Missouri legislator Max Bacon, a Democrat.[54]

With fellow U.S. senators Trent Lott, Larry Craig, and Jim Jeffords, Ashcroft formed a barbershop quartet called The Singing Senators. The men performed at social events with other senators.

Ashcroft composed a paean titled, "Let the Eagle Soar," which he sang at the Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in February 2002. Ashcroft has written and sung a number of other songs. He has collected these on compilation tapes, including In the Spirit of Life and Liberty and Gospel (Music) According to John. In 1998, he wrote a book with author Gary Thomas titled Lessons from a Father to His Son.[55]

Books

  • Co-author with Jane E. Ashcroft, College Law for Business, textbook (10th edition, 1987)
  • On My Honor: The Beliefs that Shape My Life (1998)
  • Lessons From a Father to His Son (2002).[56]
  • Never Again: Securing America and Restoring Justice (2006)[57]

Representation in other media

References

  1. ^ Wayne, Leslie (March 17, 2006). "Same Washington, Different Office". The New York Times.
  2. ^ "Ancestry of John Ashcroft". Wargs.com. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  3. ^ "ASHCROFT, John David – Biographical Information". Bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  4. ^ Tom Robbins, "The Sunshine Patriots", Village Voice, August 17, 2004
  5. ^ a b Thad L. Beyle (Editor), Terry Sanford (Contributor), Gubernatorial Transitions: The 1983 and 1984 Elections, Duke University Press (1989)] ISBN 0-8223-0858-4
  6. ^ Sony v. Universal Studios (Retrieved March 20, 2015)
  7. ^ Marie Marmo Mullaney, Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1988–1994, Greenwood Press (1994)]] ISBN 0-313-28312-5
  8. ^ "Can John Ashcroft be stopped?". Salon. Archive.salon.com. January 16, 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  9. ^ "Ashcroft decides not to jump into 2000 race". Cnn.com. January 5, 1999. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  10. ^ "Ashcroft, Carnahan take sizable leads". Kansas City Star. NewsBank. August 9, 2000. "With more than 60 percent of the precincts reporting, Ashcroft, a Republican, had captured 90 percent of the vote, to 10 percent for Marc Perkel"
  11. ^ Lewis, Neil A. (October 31, 2000). "In Missouri, Campaign Flourishes After the Death of the Candidate". The New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  12. ^ "Republican senator loses to dead rival in Missouri". CNN.com. August 30, 2000. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  13. ^ Law Judiciary Committee, US Senate Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Prepared Remarks of Attorney General Ashcroft "The Proven Tactics in the Fight against Crime"], Washington, D.C". Usdoj.gov. September 15, 2003. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  15. ^ "09-18-03: Protecting Life and Liberty". Usdoj.gov. September 18, 2003. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  16. ^ Myers, Lisa (June 22, 2005). "Did Ashcroft brush off terror warnings?". NBC News. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  17. ^ "Drapes removed from Justice Department statue". USA Today. June 24, 2005.
  18. ^ Mark Sherman (June 25, 2005). "'Spirit of Justice' statue exposed in all her glory". The Associated Press.
  19. ^ Interview: Jack Goldsmith, Bill Moyers, September 7, 2007
  20. ^ "Ashcroft, Evans resign from Cabinet", CNN.com, November 9, 2004 Archived 2008-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Senate Confirms Gonzales as Attorney General". NPR. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  22. ^ "Ashcroft resignation letter". MSNBC. November 9, 2004. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  23. ^ Michael Sullivan. "The Ashcroft Group, LLC website". Ashcroftgroupllc.com. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  24. ^ a b Wayne, Leslie (March 17, 2006). "Same Washington, Different Office; John Ashcroft Sets Up Shop As Well-Connected Lobbyist – New York Times". Select.nytimes.com. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  25. ^ Office of Public Records, United States Senate
  26. ^ "The sharpest shooters on K Street", The Hill, May 3, 2006 Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ "Ashcroft Finds Private-Sector Niche", Washington Post, p. 2, August 12, 2006
  28. ^ Boles, Corey (March 3, 2007). "Ashcroft Offered His Services to XM Before Being Hired by NAB, XM Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
  29. ^ "Company Once Known as Blackwater Names New CEO". ABC News. ABC News. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  30. ^ Hodge, Nathan (September 29, 2011). "Contractor Tries to Shed Blackwater Past". wsj.com. wsj.com. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  31. ^ "Former Blackwater firm renamed again". BBC News. December 12, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  32. ^ Academi Board of Directors
  33. ^ "Curtains for semi-nude justice statue". BBC News. January 29, 2002. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  34. ^ [1]
  35. ^ [2]
  36. ^ Giroux HA (2003). The Abandoned Generation: Democracy beyond the Culture of Fear. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 7. ISBN 1-4039-6138-7.
  37. ^ Robert P. Abele (2005). A user's guide to the USA Patriot Act and beyond. Washington, D.C: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-3058-8.
  38. ^ "Ashcroft: Al Qaeda intends to attack U.S.", CNN.com, May 26, 2004. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  39. ^ Mintz, John and Allen, Mike. "To Suspicious Candidates, the Threat of Attack Is No Longer Above the Fray", The Washington Post, June 27, 2004.
  40. ^ [3]"Letter to National Rifle Association, May 17, 2001"
  41. ^ a b Robert Barnes, "Supreme Court to decide whether Ashcroft can be sued by detained citizen", Washington Post, October 18, 2012, retrieved January 17, 2013
  42. ^ "John Ashcroft can be sued for wrongful detention". Sydney Morning Herald. September 5, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
  43. ^ Schwartz, John (September 4, 2009). "Panel Rules Against Ashcroft in Detention Case". New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  44. ^ Bravin, Jess (October 18, 2010). "Justices to Hear Ashcroft Appeal". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  45. ^ Savage, David G. " Supreme Court tosses out lawsuit accusing John Ashcroft of misusing his power", Chicago Tribune, May 31, 2011, accessed June 9, 2011
  46. ^ Eipstein, Jennifer. "Supreme Court: Abdullah al-Kidd can't sue John Ashcroft over 9/11 arrest", Politico, May 31, 2011, accessed June 9, 2011
  47. ^ "Supreme Court: US Muslim Cannot Sue Former Official". Voice of America. June 1, 2011.
  48. ^ "US: Violence, Teen Drug Use Are Ashcroft Priorities". Mapinc.org. February 8, 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  49. ^ "CNN Transcript – Larry King Live: "John Ashcroft Discusses His New Job as Attorney General"". Cnn.com. February 7, 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  50. ^ "WAIS Document Retrieval". Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  51. ^ "What Now, Karl?. Village Voice. August 9, 2005.
  52. ^ "Attorney General Ashcroft Asks Supreme Court To Ban Assisted Suicide", California Healthline, April 16, 2012
  53. ^ "No More Excuses: A Roadmap to Justice for CIA Torture". hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
  54. ^ "John Ashcroft Sings: Ashcroft & Bacon Gospel Album: TRUTH Volume One, Edition One". Whitehouse.Org. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  55. ^ Ashcroft, John (1998). Lessons from a Father to His Son. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 9781418559441.
  56. ^ Julian Borger in Washington (March 4, 2002). "Staff cry poetic injustice as singing Ashcroft introduces patriot games". The Guardian. London: Guardian. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  57. ^ Melissa Block (October 2, 2006). "Ashcroft Reflects on War on Terrorism". NPR All Things Considered. Retrieved August 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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Political offices
Preceded by Auditor of Missouri
1973–1975 		Succeeded by
Governor of Missouri
1985–1993 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the National Governors Association
1991–1992 		Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by Attorney General of Missouri
1977–1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Attorney General
2001–2005 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Republican nominee for Governor of Missouri
1984, 1988 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Missouri
(Class 1)
1994, 2000 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by United States Senator (Class 1) from Missouri
1995–2001
Served alongside: Kit Bond 		Succeeded by
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