Juncus bufonius
| Juncus bufonius | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Juncaceae |
| Genus: | Juncus |
| Species: | J. bufonius
|
| Binomial name | |
| Juncus bufonius | |
Juncus bufonius, known commonly as toad rush, is a widespread flowering plant species complex in the rush family Juncaceae.[1][2][3]
Distribution[edit]
Its native range is circumpolar throughout tropical, subtropical, subarctic, and temperate climate areas of the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.[4][1][5][6][7][8] [9] It is also widely distributed as an introduced species in suitable habitats worldwide. It grows in moist and muddy places, often in wetlands and riparian areas.[10]
In habitats where it is not native and has naturalized it may be considered a weed. The relationship of North America plants to the Eurasian Juncus ranarius is weakly delineated.[3]
Description[edit]
Juncus bufonius is an annual monocot that is quite variable in appearance. It is generally a green clumping grasslike rush, with many thin stems wrapped with few threadlike leaves.[3]
The flowers are borne in inflorescences and also in the joint where the inflorescence branches off of the stem. It is a grassy flower folded within tough bracts and sepals.[3] The blooming period is March through May.[10]
Varieties[edit]
- Juncus bufonius var. bufonius — North America.[11]
- Juncus bufonius var. congestus — North America.[12]
- Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis — North America.[13]
- Juncus bufonius var. rechingeri — South Asia.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.4.2: Taxonomy of Juncus bufonius
- ^ USDA: Juncus bufonius
- ^ a b c d Jepson: Juncus bufonius
- ^ Anderberg, Arne. "Juncus bufonius L." Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
- ^ Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of North America
- ^ Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of China
- ^ a b Efloras.org: Juncus bufonius in Flora of Pakistan
- ^ Online Field Guide to Common Saltmarsh Plants of Queensland
- ^ PIER Profile: Juncus bufonius
- ^ a b c Calflora: Juncus bufonius
- ^ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. bufonius
- ^ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. congestus
- ^ Calflora: Juncus bufonius var. occidentalis
External links[edit]
- Calflora Database: Juncus bufonius (Toad rush)
- Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Juncus bufonius
- Juncus bufonius in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
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