Kakum National Park
Kakum National Park | |
---|---|
Location | Central Region of Ghana |
Coordinates | 5°21′13″N 1°23′0″W / 5.35361°N 1.38333°W |
Area | 375 km2 (145 sq mi) |
Established | 1992 |
Kakum National Park, located in the coastal environs of the Central Region[1][2][3] of Ghana,[4] covers an area of 375 square kilometres (145 sq mi). Established in 1931 as a reserve, it was gazetted as a national park only in 1992 after an initial survey of avifauna was conducted. The area is covered with tropical forest.[5][6][7] The uniqueness of this park lies in the fact that it was established at the initiative of the local people and not by the State Department of wildlife who are responsible for wildlife preservation in Ghana. It is one of only 3 locations in Africa with a canopy walkway,[8] which is 350 metres (1,150 ft) long and connects seven tree tops which provides access to the forest.[6][9]
The most notable endangered species of fauna in the park are Diana monkey,[10] giant bongo antelope,[11] yellow-backed duiker[12] and African elephant.[13] It is also an Important Bird Area[14] recognized by the Bird Life International[15] with the bird area fully overlapping the park area. The bird inventory confirmed 266 species in the park, including eight species of global conservation concern. One of these species of concern is the white-breasted guineafowl.[16] Nine species of hornbill[17] and the grey parrot[18] have been recorded. And it also has more than 600 butterflies as well, and a new species was discovered in 1993. As of 2012, the densest population of forest elephants in Ghana is located in Kakum.[19]
The Museums and Monuments Board of the Republic of Ghana has proposed that UNESCO[20] declare the park a natural World Heritage Site under criteria vii and x. The submission made in 2000 is listed under the tentative List of World Heritage Sites.[21]
History
[edit]In 1931, the area drained by the headwater catchment of the Kakum River was declared a forest reserve and managed by the Forestry Division. During this period, logging operations were prevalent, particularly of the mahogany[22] (Khaya ivorensis) tree species. The logging operations continued till 1989 when the management of the reserve was transferred to the Wildlife Department.[7]
A Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan for the development of Kakum National Park as an ecotourism destination were developed in 1990 under a project conducted for the United Nations Development Program (Dudley 1990). The Feasibility Study included preliminary biodiversity assessments of the flora and fauna of Kakum Forest Reserve and adjoining Assin-Attandanso Forest Reserve, and an elephant population survey (Dudley 1990; Dudley, Mensah-Ntiamoah,& Kpelle 1992; Dudley 1995). The Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan were developed in a collaborative and consultative process involving a consulting biologist, forestry officials, wildlife officials, local communities, Ghanaian universities, regional government officials, and other key stakeholders (Dudley 1992).
It must be recognized that one, Mr. Ebenezer Kwasi Agbley, the then Central Regional Manager for Ghana Tourist Board gave birth to this dream under a program he initiated and implemented - Tourism Development Scheme for Central Region (TODSCER) which was expanded and became CENTRAL REGION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM under a later created Commission - Central Region Development Commission (CECECOM). He showcased the TODSCER program in America and drew a number of sponsoring institutions both bilateral and multi-lateral from the donor community for the project to its maturity. The project later brought on board Game & Wildlife to manage and maintain the Park.
In 1992, the Wildlife Department gazetted Kakum to be a park under the Wildlife Reserves Regulations (Ll 1525) as the Kakum Conservation Area including the Assin Attandanso Forest Reserve.[23] After a survey of the faunal richness of the conservation area, it was split into the Kakum National Park and the Assin Attandanso Forest Reserve during the same year. The split was justified with the argument that Cape Coast and 33 other towns and villages continue to need timber from the forest and potable water provided by the Kakum River.[5]
Geography
[edit]The Kakum River originates within the park, and hence the park is named after the river.[6] Its tributaries which flow through the park are Obuo, Kakum, Afia, Sukuma, Nemimi, Aboabo and Ajuesu.[5] It is located 33 kilometres (21 mi) north of Cape Coast[24] and Elmina[25] near the small village of Abrafo.[citation needed] It is easily accessible by taxis from the town center, and through organized tour buses. The park's welcome center contains a restaurant, lodge, picnic area, camping area, and a wildlife education center.[9] The park is surrounded by 33 villages and also agricultural lands where food crops and coco are grown.
The park lies within an elevation range of 135–250 metres (443–820 ft).[9] It is part of the Guineo-Congolian region under IUCN Category II.[26] The reserve which borders this park is the Assin-Attandanso Game Production Reserve (game production reserve). Its habitat consists mainly of moist evergreen forest[27] and also seasonal dry semi-deciduous forest. The habitat is formed of 90% forest area, 36% artificial terrestrial landscape while the remaining area has not been categorised.[9] The park area receives an annual average rainfall of 1380 mm.[26]
Flora
[edit]The dominant vegetation type in Kakum is the wet forest. Other vegetation types encountered in the park include swamp forests (permanent and periodic) and riverine forests. Also reported are the Boval vegetation of Hildegardia barteri-Polycarpaea tenuifolia community found in exposed granite rocks and in shallow soils. 105 species of vascular plants consisting of 57 trees, 10 shrubs, 9 climbers, 17 herbs and 12 grasses are reported from the park. Epiphytic plants are also reported to grow on the trees and shrubs are orchids and ferns and also figs.[5]
Logging operations were prevalent in the park between 1975 and 1989. It is, however, noted that the logged areas have regenerated secondary forest consisting of a thick green mantle and vine tangles. This does not extend over the entire park, as much of the dense forest still remains conserved.[6]
Specifically IUCN identified list of flora are listed below under subheadings of Moist forests, Swamp forest, Periodic swamp forest, Riverine forest and Boval vegetation.[5]
- Moist forests
- Entandrophragma cylindricum
- Entandrophragma angolense
- Guarea cedrata
- Guarea thompsonii
- Piptadeniastrum africanum
- Milicia excelsa (Lophira alata)
- Triplochiton scleroxylon
- Sterculia rhinopetalia
- Sterculia oblonga
- Pterygota macrocarpa
- Anigeria robusta
- Terminalia superba
- Strombosia glaucescens
- Cola gigantea
- Mansonia altissima
- Celtis zenkeri
- Ricinodendron heudelotii
- Antiaris toxicaria
- Swamp forests
- Alstonia boonei
- Cleistopholis patens
- Carapa procera
- Mitragyna stipulosa
- Raphia vinifera
- Calamus deeratus (palm)
- Laccosperma secundiflorum
- Laccosperma opacum
- Eremospatha macrocarpa
- Glyphaea brevis (shrub)
- Myriathus arboreus
- Paullinia pinnata
- Thaumatococcus daniellii (herb)
- Sarcophrynium brachystachys
- Ataenidia conferta
- Riverine forest (Edaphic forest)
- Boval vegetation
- Sansevieria liberica[32]
- Commelina spp[33]
- Hildegardia barteri [34] (red flowers bloom during Christmas)
- Elaeophorbia grandifolia[35]
- Sterculia tragacantha[36]
- Ceiba pathandra
- Albizia ferruginea[37]
- Ricinodendron heudelotii[38]
Fauna
[edit]The park contains rare animals, including forest elephants,[39] forest buffalo,[40] civet and cats.[9] Two hundred forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), potto[41] (Perodicticus potto), Demidoff's galago[42] (Galago demidovii), African civet[43] (Viverra civetta), two-spotted palm civet[44] (Nandinia binotata), leopard[45] (Panthera pardus), bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros), many species of duikers (small antelopes), red river hog[46] (Potamochoerus porcus pictus), giant forest hog[47] (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), long-tailed pangolin[48] (Manis tetradactyla), white-belied pangolin[49] (Manis tricuspis), giant pangolin[50] (Manis gigantea), many species of forest squirrels, North African crested porcupine[51] (Hystrix cristata), dwarf crocodile[52] (Osteolamus tetraspis), monitor lizards, Home's hinged tortoise, serrated tortoise[53] and many other fauna are reported from the park.[5][7]
Primates[54] in the park include the Colobus vellerosus[55] (VU), Procolobus verus[56] (LR/nt), and Cercopithecus diana roloway[57] (CR).[6]
The initial Feasibility Study for the establishment of Kakum National Park included a preliminary biodiversity survey of the fauna of the Kakum Forest Reserve and adjoining Assin-Attandanso Forest Reserve, and a survey of the area's resident African Forest Elephant population. The elephant population size in 1990 was estimated on the basis of spoor data to be 100-150 individuals (Dudley, Mensah-Ntiamoah, & Kpelle 1992).
Avifauna
[edit]The Bird Life International included the park area under its list of Bird Life Areas in Ghana in 2002 under the criteria A1, A2, A3. The species recorded are 266 and the species though identified but yet to be confirmed are 56. All the species are resident and most of them are under the Least Concern categorization. The globally threatened species listed under the Near Threatened category are: green-tailed bristlebill[58] (Bleda eximius), red-fronted antpecker[59] (Parmoptila rubrifrons), rufous-winged illadopsis[60] (Illadopsis rufescens) and copper-tailed glossy-starling[61] (Lamprotornis cupreocauda). The Vulnerable species identified are white-breasted guineafowl (Agelastes meleagrides), brown-cheeked hornbill (Bycanistes cylindricus), yellow-casqued hornbill (Ceratogymna elata) and yellow-bearded greenbul[62] (Criniger olivaceus).[9]
Special features
[edit]A particular feature is the Komfo Boateng's Shrine, a circular rock near Aboabo, of approximately 100 metres (330 ft) diameter with Bovine flora of Ceiba pathandra, Albizia furruginea and Ricinodendron heudelotii.[5][7]
The park has a long series of hanging bridges known as the Kakum Canopy Walkway at the forest canopy level to provide access to the forest, which is a unique feature in the entire African continent. At 40 m (130 ft) height, the visitor can approach the limits and view plants and animals from a vantage point that would otherwise be inaccessible to people. The canopy walkway passes over 7 bridges and runs over a length of 330 m (1,080 ft). Some of the tree canopies are more than 50 metres (160 ft) in height. Built with wire rope, aluminium ladders, wooden planks, it is secured by a series of netting for safety purposes. An additional viewing platform that will allow visitors to climb into the canopy without braving the canopy walkway is currently under construction.[6] The Canopy Walkway was built by two Canadian engineers from Vancouver[63] with the assistance of five (5) Ghanaians - the latter (staff of Ghana Heritage Conservation Trust- managers of the Kakum National Park Visitor Centre)have been maintaining the facility ever since.
The original concept for establishment of a canopy walkway at this location was the inspiration of Joseph Dudley, a conservation biologist recruited by Conservation International who coordinated the drafting of the Feasibility Study and Preliminary 5-year Management Plan for the development of Kakum National Park as an ecotourism destination under a project conducted for the United Nations Development Program (Dudley 1990).
The Park can now boast of a Tree House which sits about 20metres from the forest floor in the trees in the Secondary Forest. This facility which houses close to 25 people provides an adventurous opportunity for campers to especially at night experience forest life. Due to the thickness of the rainforest, a number of the fauna (genets, leopards, etc.) are active in the night searching for prey to feed on. The Tree House thus provide a close proximity to the wildlife of Kakum. A trained Tour Guide is always on hand to take campers on the night hikes as well as sharing Folklore of the Kakum Forest by a bonfire. It is an intriguing adventure.
Threats and conservation
[edit]The threats faced in the park which are being addressed relate to poaching; visible proof has been recorded in the form of "camps, empty matchboxes, pieces of rubber tyres, used carbide, gunshots and cartridges"[5]), hunting, land encroachments and chainsaw operation. Human-wildlife conflicts around the park are due to park elephants damaging the agricultural crops of the farmers.[64] To prevent raids by elephants during the cropping season on the agricultural fields, farmers have adopted the practice of building pepper fences around their lands to protect their farms.[64]
The park is administered by the Wildlife Department of Ghana.[9] Under the direction of Conservation International and with funding support from USAID, Kakum is considered the best protected forest in Ghana. As a result, it is now a major tourist spot. Though poaching is still prevalent, the management practice of involving local communities to share the benefits of the park would yield positive results.[9] In the park, gamekeepers[65] are specially trained in the medical and cultural significance of the local foliage.
Tourism
[edit]Kakum is Ghana's first protected area which has received major support for visitor facilities. The visitor centre opened on Earth Day 1997 and the park received the Global Tourism for Tomorrow Award the following year.[66] Tourism numbers have increased over the years: 2,000 in 1992; 27,000 in 1996; over 70,000 tourists in 1999;[67] and it attracted 135,870 visitors during 2009.[64]
Gallery
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Central Region". touringghana.com. 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Central Region". www.ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Kakum National Park (Official GANP Park Page)". national-parks.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "GTA's Experience Ghana, Share Ghana Campaign To Promote Domestic Tourism Visits Central & Western Regions - Ghana.Travel". 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Parks and reserves of Ghana: Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas" (PDF). IUCN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "Kakum National Park (Assin Attandanso Reserve) (#)". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Kakum National Park". Microsfere. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ "Kakum Canopy Walk". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Kakum National Park - Assin Attandaso Resource Reserve". Bird Life. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ "Diana monkey | primate". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Bongo | antelope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Yellow-backed duiker (Cephalophus silvicultor) - Quick facts". www.ultimateungulate.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "African Elephant | Species | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ BirdLife International. "Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs)". BirdLife. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "BirdLife International | conservation group". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ BirdLife International. "The Helmeted Hornbill crisis and BirdLife's conservations efforts". BirdLife. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ BirdLife International. "Ghana's Grey Parrot population may soon cease to exist". BirdLife. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Karlya, Maria (7 March 2012). Ghana (Other Places Travel Guide). Other Places Publishing. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-1-935850-10-6. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ "UNESCO | Definition, History, Members, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Kakum National Park (Assin Attandanso Reserve) (#)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "Mahogany | wood". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Kakum and the Assin Attandanso Reserves, Ghana". www.fcghana.org. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Planet, Lonely. "Cape Coast travel | Ghana". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Planet, Lonely. "Elmina travel | Ghana". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Overview of Kakum". Bioval. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ "Moist Evergreen Forest". iNaturalist.org. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Pseudospondias microcarpa - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Ceiba pentandra - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Xylopia aethiopica - Useful Tropical Plants". www.tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Uapaca guineensis - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Sansevieria liberica". keyserver.lucidcentral.org. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Commelina spp". earthmedicineinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Hildegardia barteri - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Euphorbia grandifolia - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Sterculia tragacantha - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Albizia ferruginea - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Ricinodendron heudelotii - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "African Forest Elephant | Species | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Forest buffalo | mammal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Potto | primate". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Demidoff's dwarf galago (Galagoides demidovii)". Wildsolutions. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "African Civet | African Mammal Guide". www.krugerpark.co.za. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ A-Z-Animals.com. "African Palm Civet". a-z-animals.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Facts About Leopards | Kruger National Park Wildlife". www.krugerpark.co.za. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Red River hog". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 25 April 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Giant Forest Hog". Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Burrell, Leslie. "Manis tetradactyla (long-tailed pangolin)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "White-bellied pangolin". Pangolin Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Giant Pangolin". Animals. 19 December 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Porcupine, African Crested". wildlifewaystation.org. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "African dwarf crocodile". San Diego Zoo Kids. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Home's Hingeback Tortoise". www.reptilesmagazine.com. 29 October 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Primate". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Walker, Shannon. "Colobus vellerosus (ursine colobus)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Procolobus verus (olive colobus)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Johnson, Kelsey. "Cercopithecus roloway (Roloway monkey)". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Fishpool, Lincoln; Tobias, Joe (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Green-tailed Bristlebill (Bleda eximius)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.gntbri1.01. S2CID 216179862. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Payne, Robert B. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Red-fronted Antpecker (Parmoptila rubrifrons)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.refant1.01. S2CID 216505176. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Collar, Nigel; Robson, Craig (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Rufous-winged Illadopsis (Illadopsis rufescens)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.ruwill1.01. S2CID 241599419. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Craig, Adrian; Feare, C. J. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Copper-tailed Starling (Hylopsar cupreocauda)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.ctgsta1.01. S2CID 216276214. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Fishpool, Lincoln; Tobias, Joe (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Yellow-bearded Greenbul (Criniger olivaceus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.yebgre3.01. S2CID 216240388. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Tourism Vancouver - official source of tourist information, things to do, restaurants for Vancouver BC Canada". www.tourismvancouver.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ a b c "Bio diversity and Tropical Forests - Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment" (PDF). USAID: Encapafrica.org. pp. 111, 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ "GameKeepers". gamekeepersfieldwear.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Eagles, Paul Franklin John; McCool, Stephen F. (2002). Tourism in national parks and protected areas: planning and management. CABI. pp. 207–. ISBN 978-0-85199-759-9. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ Zeppel, Heather (2006). Indigenous Ecotourism: Sustainable Development and Management. CABI. pp. 220–. ISBN 978-1-84593-125-4. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Dudley, J.P. (1995) Forest elephant conservation in West African rainforest fragments. Nature et Faune 11(2): 8-21. United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization, Accra.
Dudley, J.P., A.Y. Mensah-Ntiamoah, and D.G. Kpelle. (1992) Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana. African Journal of Ecology 30: 116–126.
Dudley, J.P. (1992) Community Involvement in Kakum and Assin-Attandanso Forest Reserves, Ghana. In The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests, Vol. II: AFRICA (J.A. Sayer, C.S. Harcourt, and N.M. Collins, eds.). World Conservation Monitoring Center, Cambridge U.K.
Dudley, J.P. (1990) Kakum and Assin-Attandanso Wildlife Reserves Project: UNDP – Central Region Development Project. International Science and Technology Institute, Washington, D.C.
Prince Edem Kumanya (2017) Site Manager of Kakum
External links
[edit]Media related to Kakum National Park at Wikimedia Commons