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Kalonymus Kalman Shapira

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Kalonymus Kalman Shapira
TitlePiaseczno Rebbe (sometimes transliterated from Hebrew as Piasetzna Rebbe)
Personal life
BornKalonymus Kalman Szapiro
May 20, 1889
Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland
DiedNovember 3, 1943 (aged 54)
Trawniki concentration camp
Buriednot buried
SpouseRochel Chaya Miryam Hopsztajn
ChildrenRechil Yehudis, Elimelech Ben-Tzion
Parents
DynastyPiasetzno
Religious life
ReligionJudaism
Jewish leader
SuccessorElimelech Shapira
Began1920
Ended1943
Main workחובת התלמידים Chovas haTalmidim
DynastyPiasetzno

Kalonimus Kalman Szapiro (English: Kalonymus Kalman Shapira or Klonimus Kalmish Szapiro) (20 May 1889 – 3 November 1943)[1] was the Grand Rabbi of Piaseczno, Poland, who authored a number of works and was murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust. He is best remembered for a series of homilies on parshah (weekly Torah portions) that were delivered almost every Shabbat during the time he spent with his students in the Warsaw ghetto between the years 1939 and 1942. Shortly after the final entry in this series of meditations, the entire community in the ghetto (between 80-90% of the population) was sent to the gas chambers in Treblinka. This work is collected under the title Esh Kodesh (often translated 'Holy Fire').[2]

Early years and life before the war

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Kalonimus Kalman Szapiro was born in Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland. He was born on the day after Lag BaOmer, 19 Iyar 5649 (May 1889).

His father died when he was three. In 1905 he married Rachel Chaya Miriam, daughter of his nephew Grand Rabbi Yerachmiel Moshe of the Kozhnitz dynasty. They had two children: a son, Elimelech Ben Zion, and a daughter, Rechil Yehudis, both of whom were also murdered in the Holocaust.

In 1909 he was appointed rabbi of Piaseczno, near Warsaw, and subsequently attracted many hasidim. He established the yeshiva Da'as Moshe in 1923, which became one of the largest Hasidic yeshivot in Warsaw between the wars.[3]: 1–2 

War years

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Rabbi Szapiro's only son, his daughter-in-law, and his sister-in-law were killed during the Nazi aerial bombing of Warsaw in September 1939. After the invasion of Poland, Rabbi Shapira was interned with a few of his Hasidim in the Warsaw Ghetto, where he ran a secret synagogue. He invested enormous efforts in maintaining Jewish life in the ghetto, including arranging for mikveh immersions and kosher marriages. Rabbi Shapira was able to survive in the ghetto until its liquidation, avoiding the tragic deportations to Treblinka in the summer of 1942, because of the support of the Judenrat. Like other notables, he was given work at Schultz's shoe factory—a path to ongoing survival.[3]: 148–9 

Rabbi Szapiro is especially well known because of a book he wrote while in the ghetto. The book, which is a compilation of weekly sermons to his students, contends with complex questions of faith in the face of the mounting suffering of the Jews in the ghetto. When it became apparent to Rabbi Szapiro that the end of the ghetto and all its inhabitants were near, he transferred this book and other manuscripts to the Ringelblum "Oneg Shabbat" Archive. They were buried with other documents in a large milk canister which was found by a construction worker after the end of the war. The book, originally simply entitled "Torah Innovations from the years 5700-5702," was published in Israel in 1960 under the title *Esh Kodesh* ("Sacred Fire").[3]: 1–14  Daniel Reiser republished it in a two-volume critical edition, "Sermons from the Years of Rage", in 2017.[4]

After the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was crushed in 1943, Rabbi Szapiro was taken to the Trawniki work camp near Lublin. Although offered the opportunity to escape from the concentration camp, he apparently refused. Following the Jewish uprising in the Treblinka death camp (August 2, 1943) and in Sobibor extermination camp (October 14, 1943), there was increasing concern among the Nazi authorities that there would be further outbreaks of violence at other concentration camps. For this reason, Aktion Erntefest (Operation Harvest Festival) was launched. During this operation, carried out on November 3, 1943, all the remaining Jews in Trawniki, including Rabbi Szapiro, were shot to death.[3]: 155 [5]

Works

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  • Chovas HaTalmidim (The Students' Obligation) - a collection of essays aimed at teenagers that has become a standard textbook in yeshivos. It was first published in Warsaw in 1932.
  • Shalosh Maamarim (Three Sermons) - an introduction to Hasidic thought, published as an addendum to Chovas Hatalmidim.
  • Hachshoras HaAvreichim (Preparation of Young Men) - a work written for young married men as a sequel to Chovas HaTalmidim. It was published from a manuscript buried in the ghetto. (Jewish Spiritual Growth - a translation of Hachshoras HaAvreichim by Yaacov David Shulman)
  • Mevo haSheorim - Both the continuation of Hachshoras HaAvreichim and intended to be the introduction to Chovas HaAvreichim, which was to have been the final book in the series on education and spiritual guidance. Only Mevo HaSheorim survived from this manuscript, buried in the ghetto. According to Daniel Reiser, the manuscript of Chovas HaAvreichim wasn't lost, rather Rabbi Szapiro didn't have a chance to compose it before the Second World War, other than the brief section published in Derech HaMelech.
  • Tzav V'Ziruz - Rabbi Szapiro's personal diary, translated into English as To Heal the Soul: The Spiritual Journey of a Chasidic Rebbe. It was also published from a manuscript buried in the ghetto.
  • Bnei Machshava Tova (Experiencing the Divine: A Guide to Jewish Spiritual Practice and Community) was originally distributed by Rabbi Szapiro to his closest Hasidim in the early 1920s as a secret handbook for the establishment of secret mystical fraternities. The book is a guide to attaining spirituality via a variety of spiritual and mystical techniques including guided imagery meditation in a group setting. Translated by Yaacov David Shulman.[1]
  • Derech HaMelech (The Way of the King --- also, idiomatically, "the high road" in modern Hebrew) - Torah discourses that were spoken on Shabbos and Yom Tov during the 1920s and 1930s. The text is based upon copies of the sermons made by Rabbi Szapiro's followers. It also includes letters, documents, and other writings such as the only surviving chapters from his projected work Chovas HaAvreichim, and his commentary on the Zohar. It also includes a description of his original "hashkata" (mind-quieting) meditation technique.
  • Aish Kodesh (Holy Fire) - his inspirational speeches given during the Holocaust period.[6] (A Critical and Annotated Edition of Rabbi Kalonymus Kalman Shapira's Sermons during the Holocaust 2 Vol. 630 pp.)

Lineage

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Rabbi Szapiro's father was Elimelech Szapira of the Grodzhisk Hasidic dynasty. Kalonymus Kalman Szapiro was named after his great-grandfather, known as the Maor VaShemesh. The elder Kalonymos Kalman (1753-1825) studied at the feet of Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk, eventually becoming his assistant. As such, he was present at the birth of Polish Hasidism, and studying and working alongside the Seer of Lublin, Yisroel Hopstein, and Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Riminov. Thus, there is an established and unbroken lineage, from teacher to student, linking Rabbi K. Szapiro back to the Elimelech of Lizhensk and his twin brother Zusya, who were the earliest promoters of chasidism in Poland, having studied with the Maggid of Mezeritch, grandson of the Ba'al Shem Tov.

Further Lineage back to the Invention of the Alphabet

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The Ba'al Shem Tov is said to have received the Lurianic Kabbalah partly by way of Hershel Tsoref (under the alias 'Adam Ba'al Shem').[7] Tsoref's unique inflection on Kabbalah has a Sabbatean and thus Messianic inflection that has been largely expunged or suppressed in Israel Baal Shem's interpretation of the teaching.[8] But it may be said that Tsoref's Sabbatean inclination indicates (through this channel) a strong influence via Nathan of Gaza and Israel Sarug predominant over Luria's other well-known disciple, Chayim Vital[7][9] (though Tsoref was a hermit and his teaching possessed many singular and savant qualities as well).[10] Sarug's inflection on Luria is more Messianic in its character than the version offered by Vital, and seems—at least in this vocational or missionary sense—closer to Luria's original style.[11] Luria learns from Moses Cordovero, but even more importantly he reads deeply into the Zohar[12] (by Moses de Leon, 'channeling' Shimon bar Yohai[13]). Before the Zohar, breadcrumbs leading back to the Talmud[14] include versions of the Bahir, the Sefer Yetzirah, the lesser and greater Hekhalot etc; before the Talmud, the Tanakh; before the Tanakh, the written Torah; before the written Torah as later generations receive it, various drafts read out by the prophets.[15] Before these earlier texts of the law associated with the prophets in the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel and Judah, we find a variety of paleo-Hebrew and proto-sinaitic texts leading all the way back to times wherein they are implicated in the invention of the alphabet.[16] In that sense, this lineage runs back to the beginning of alphabetic inscription, which comes before the beginning of history.[17]

Legacy

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Israel

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The current Rebbe of Piaseczno is Rabbi Kalman Menachem Shapira, a great-nephew of the first Rebbe, Klonimous Kalman. Rabbi Kalman Menachem resides in Ramat Beit Shemesh, Israel and leads Congregation Aish Kodesh,[18] which is both a synagogue and the worldwide headquarters for spreading the teachings of his great-uncle. Study halls named Aish Kodesh are also located in Moshav Mevo Modi'im, Beitar Illit and in Bnei Brak. There is a yeshiva in Baka, Jerusalem called Yeshivat Chovat Hatalmidim, where students under the helm of Rabbi Yair HaLevi learn the legendary teachings of The Piaseczna Rabbi.[19] In Samaria there is a small settlement named "Aish Kodesh". It was established in memory of Aish Kodesh Gilmore, who was killed in a terrorist attack by the PLO on October 30, 2000, during the Second Intifada.[20][4]

United States

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Congregation Aish Kodesh, founded in 1992 and dedicated to the memory and teachings of Rabbi Szapiro, is the first synagogue to call itself by that name. Led by Rabbi Moshe Weinberger, the neo-Hasidic synagogue is located in Woodmere, Long Island, New York.[19] There is also a yeshiva called Aish Kodesh in Virginia.[19]

There is also a synagogue in Boulder, Colorado, founded in 2000,[21] named Aish Kodesh.[22] It was led by Rabbi Gavriel Goldfeder for ten years between 2003 and 2013.[23] There is a recently founded synagogue in Manchester England named Aish Kodesh.

Europe

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In 2010, the first synagogue in Post-holocaust Europe was opened under the name Adass Aish Kodesh and is led by Rabbi Y. Reuven Rubin, formerly of South Manchester Synagogue.

Further reading

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Henry Abramson: Torah from the Years of Wrath 1939-1943: The Historical Context of the Aish Kodesh, 2017.

Nehemia Polen: Divine Weeping. Rabbi Kalonymos Shapiro's Theology of Catastrophe in the Warsaw Ghetto, in Modern Judaism 7 (1987) 253-269; [2]

Nehemia Polen: The Holy Fire: The Teachings of Rabbi Kalonymus Kalman Shapira, the Rebbe of the Warsaw Ghetto. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Press, 1999. [3]

Isaac Hershkowitz: Rabbi Kalonymus Kalmish Shapiro, the Piasechner Rebbe: His Holocaust and pre-Holocaust Thought, Continuity or Discontinuity?, M.A. Thesis, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel (2004).

Rabbi Szapiro appears as a major character in Joseph Skibell's 2010 novel A Curable Romantic.

Moshe Weinberger: "Warmed by the Fire of the Aish Kodesh: Torah from the Hilulas of Reb Kalonymus Kalman Szapiro of Piaseczna", Adapted by Benjamin Wolf. Jerusalem, Feldheim Publishers, 2015.

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References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalonymus Kalman Shapira.
  1. ^ Library of Congress Authorities: Ḳalonimus Ḳalmish ben Elimelekh, 1889-1943
  2. ^ "Esh Kodesh". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  3. ^ a b c d Nehemia Polen (1994), The Holy Fire: The Teachings of Rabbi Kalonimus Kalman Shapiro, the Rebbe of the Warsaw Ghetto, Jason Aronson Inc., ISBN 0-87668-842-3.
  4. ^ a b "Thank G-d This Classic Rabbinic Text Survived the Warsaw Ghetto". Tablet Magazine. 2019-02-04. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  5. ^ Fine, Lawrence; Fishbane, Eitan; Rose, Or N (2010). Jewish Mysticism and the Spiritual Life: Classical Texts, Contemporary Reflections. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-58023-434-4.
  6. ^ HebrewBooks.org אש קודש
  7. ^ a b Scholem, Gershom. Re: Notes on Adam Ba'al Shem & Hershel Tsoref in Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (1941). Schocken Books, 1961. 330-334.
  8. ^ Scholem, Gershom. "Hasidism: The Latest Phase" in Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (1941). Schocken Books, 1961. 325-350.
  9. ^ Gershom Scholem. Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah (1957). trans. R.J. Zwi Werblowsky. Princeton, NJ: Bollingen, 1973. p. 210.
  10. ^ Gershom Scholem. "Hershel Tosref" in Kabbalah. Meridian, 1978. p. 452-455.
  11. ^ Gershom Scholem, “Rabbi Isaac Luria’s Authentic Works,” Kiryat Sefer, vol. 19, no. 3 (October 1942): 184-199 (Hebrew)
  12. ^ Scholem, Gershom. "Isaac Luria and his School" in Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (1941). Schocken Books, 1961. 244-286.
  13. ^ Scholem, Gershom. "Zohar I: The Book and its Author" in Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (1941). Schocken Books, 1961. 156-204.
  14. ^ For example, back to the story about a novel alphanumeric mysticism developing in the classroom of Johua ben Levi in Tractate Shabbat 104a.4, and before this Rabbi Akiva's emphasis on the crowns of the letters (Menachot 29b), the story about the Rabbi hanina and Oshiya's study of the Sefer Yetzirah etc. in Tractate Sanhedrin 65b, et. al
  15. ^ Nehemiah 8, 2 Kings 22:8, 2 Kings 18:3–6, the Books of Jeremiah, Isaiah et. al The Shapira Scroll (though interpreted, somewhat plausibly, as a forgery by Clermont-Ganneau), either attempts to reconstruct a primitive version of the law that emerges in the mission of Ezra or possibly is 'rediscovered' during the reign of King Josiah in the midst of Jeremiah's prophetic mission. A more recent study--Idan Dershowitz's The Valediction of Moses (2021)--raises the question of whether Clermont-Ganneau's imputation of forgery may have been a false negative. Regardless of whether this particular artifact is an authentic copy of some very old text or whether it is a forgery, the issue of the Book of Deuteronomy's distinction and chronological primacy is itself a very old and well-established opinion of source-criticism at this point. See for example works on Deuteronomy by Moshe Weinfeld (1960's-1990's), Noth & Von Rad (1930's-1940's), Wellehausen (179-1882), DeWette (1805), on back to Spinoza's Theologico-Political Treatise (1670), which draws inspiration from Ibn Ezra (11th century) etc.
  16. ^ See for example: the Khirbet Qeiyafa ostacon, the inscriptions Serabit al-Khadim and on the walls of the Wadi Hamamat.
  17. ^ re: ... if we identify the beginning of history with Herodotus.
  18. ^ Official Shul Website
  19. ^ a b c Frankfurter, Rabbi Yitzchok (May 25, 2016). "Igniting Jewish Souls with Sparks of Emunah: A conversation with Rabbi Moshe Weinberger of Aish Kodesh". Ami: 56–66.
  20. ^ Reporter, MARILYN H. KARFELD Staff (3 May 2001). "PA, PLO sued for $250 million in Esh Kodesh Gilmore case". Cleveland Jewish News. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  21. ^ Andrea Jacobs (2014-01-23). "Is Kehilath Aish Kodesh closing its doors?". IJN | Intermountain Jewish News. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  22. ^ "Vision for a New Aish Kodesh". Boulder Jewish News. 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  23. ^ "Rabbi Goldfeder to Leave Aish for MIT". Boulder Jewish News. 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
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