Karlsøy

Coordinates: 70°07′48″N 19°25′51″E / 70.13000°N 19.43083°E / 70.13000; 19.43083
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Karlsøy Municipality
Karlsøy kommune

Gálssa suohkan (Northern Sami)
Karlsø herred  (historic name)
View of the Kåja island with Torsvåg Lighthouse off Vanna
View of the Kåja island with Torsvåg Lighthouse off Vanna
Troms within Norway
Troms within Norway
Karlsøy within Troms
Karlsøy within Troms
Coordinates: 70°07′48″N 19°25′51″E / 70.13000°N 19.43083°E / 70.13000; 19.43083
CountryNorway
CountyTroms
DistrictNord-Troms
Established1 Jan 1838
 • Created asFormannskapsdistrikt
Administrative centreHansnes
Government
 • Mayor (2019)Mona Benjaminsen (Ap)
Area
 • Total1,091.57 km2 (421.46 sq mi)
 • Land1,050.59 km2 (405.64 sq mi)
 • Water41.01 km2 (15.83 sq mi)  3.8%
 • Rank#103 in Norway
Population
 (2023)
 • Total2,171
 • Rank#269 in Norway
 • Density2.1/km2 (5/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Decrease −6.3%
DemonymKarlsøyværing[1]
Official language
 • Norwegian formNeutral
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-5534[3]
WebsiteOfficial website

Karlsøy (Northern Sami: Gálssa suohkan) is an island municipality in Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Hansnes. Other villages include Dåfjord, Hessfjord, Karlsøya, Torsvåg, Vannvåg, and Vannareid. The municipality is made up of many islands including Ringvassøya, Reinøya, Vannøya, Karlsøya, and Rebbenesøya plus several uninhabited islands (many of which were formerly inhabited). Some of the currently uninhabited islands include Helgøya, Nordkvaløya, Grøtøya, and Nord-Fugløya.[4]

The 1,092-square-kilometre (422 sq mi) municipality is the 103rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Karlsøy is the 269th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,171. The municipality's population density is 2.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (5.4/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 6.3% over the previous 10-year period.[5][6]

General information[edit]

Karlsøy was a parish where many immigrants, mostly from Finland, resided as evidenced by the 1801 census.[7] The analysis of the census data revealed that the family names of these people such as Aderup, Blix and Rosenlund were foreign-sounding.[7] Karlsøy was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see the formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1867, the southern Ullsfjord district of Karlsøy (population: 862) was transferred from Karlsøy to the neighboring Lyngen Municipality. On 1 September 1886, the western island district (population: 828) was separated from Karlsøy to become the new municipality of Helgøy. This left Karlsøy with 1,334 inhabitants.

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Helgøy was merged back into the municipality of Karlsøy. At the same time, all of the mainland areas of Karlsøy (the northern part of the Lyngen peninsula, with 1,001 inhabitants) was transferred from Karlsøy to neighboring Lyngen Municipality. After all the changes, the new Karlsøy had 3,414 residents. On 1 January 2008, the southern part of the island of Reinøya was transferred from Tromsø Municipality to Karlsøy Municipality.[8][9]

On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county. Previously, it had been part of the old Troms county.[10] On 1 January 2024, the Troms og Finnmark county was divided and the municipality once again became part of Troms county.[11]

Name[edit]

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the small Karlsøya island (Old Norse: Kalsøe) since the first Karlsøy Church was built there. The first element is the genitive case of the male name Karl. The last element is øy which means "island".[12] Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Karlsø. On 6 January 1908, a royal resolution changed the spelling of the name of the municipality to Karlsøy.[13]

Coat of arms[edit]

The coat of arms was granted on 12 December 1980. The official blazon is "Azure, an eagle head erased argent" (Norwegian: I blått et avrevet sølv ørnehode). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is the head of a white-tailed eagle. The eagle head has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The blue color in the field symbolizes the importance of the sea to the island community. The eagle head was chosen since one of Europe's largest colonies of these birds is found on the island of Nord-Fugløya in the municipality. Furthermore, the eagle symbolizes the importance of fishing for the municipality. The arms were designed by Hallvard Sandvik.[14][15][16]

Churches[edit]

The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Karlsøy. It is part of the Tromsø domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland.

Churches in Karlsøy
Parish (sokn) Church name Location of the church Year built
Karlsøy Helgøy Church Helgøya 1742
Karlsøy Church Karlsøya 1854
Ringvassøy Church Hansnes 1977
Sengskroken Church Vanna 1962

Economy[edit]

Karlsøy is among the world's most important exporters of dried and salted cod, with Portugal, Spain, and Brazil among the main markets.[citation needed] The population is almost totally dependent on fishing.[citation needed] There are also goat herding businesses and some musicians that live on the island. There is also some tourism, including a festival that runs in the Summer. There are plans for 50 holiday homes to be built on the isle.[citation needed]

Geography and nature[edit]

The island Vanna seen from the ferry

The municipality consists of islands only. Ringvassøya, Norway's sixth largest island, is the largest island in the municipality. Nordkvaløya, Helgøya, Karlsøya, Vanna (Vannøya), Reinøya, and Rebbenesøya are the other major islands.

The islands of Rebbenesøy and Ringvassøy are split (as was Reinøya before 2008), with the southern part belonging to neighboring Tromsø municipality. The reason is that the borders were drawn when boat was the only means of transportation; then it made sense that the southern parts of the islands belonged to Tromsø while the northern parts belonged to Karlsøy. Today, when roads have replaced the boats, the situation is awkward,[clarification needed] which is why the Norwegian government transferred all of Reinøy to the municipality of Karlsøy on 1 January 2008.[9] Soltindan is the highest mountain on the island of Ringvassøy at 1,051 m (3,448 ft) above sea level.

Near Mikkelvik, Ringvassøya island

Karlsøya, the little island after which the municipality is named, has a village with the 19th century Karlsøy Church. The inhabitants include the original inhabitants, hippies, and Norwegian Muslims.[citation needed]

Helgøya, the former seat of the independent municipality of Helgøy in the western part of present Karlsøy, is today a more or less abandoned village of wooden houses and the old Helgøy Church. The island can only be reached when services are celebrated in the church, and ferry rides are organized.

Lake Skogsfjordvatn, in the centre of Ringvassøy, is a lake with some fishing, surrounded by sub-Arctic forests. This is Norway's largest lake in an island. The island of Vannøya has several villages, including Burøysund and Torsvåg, the latter offering views of the Atlantic from the Torsvåg Lighthouse.

Climate[edit]

Karlsøy mostly has a cool oceanic climate (subpolar oceanic climate). Spring and summer is the driest season, while autumn and winter is much wetter. Torsvåg lighthouse has been recording temperature sine 1933, and is situated on the northwestern tip of Vanna island. The eastern and inland part of the islands will have slightly warmer summers and slightly colder winters. The record low at Torsvåg is −15.1 °C (4.8 °F) recorded January 1979. The record high 27.2 °C (81.0 °F) is from July 1966. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is 6 May[17] and average date for first freeze in autumn is 25 October[18] giving a frost-free season of 171 days (1981-2010 average for Torsvåg).

Climate data for Torsvåg 1991-2020 (21 m, extremes 1939-2022)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3)
9.2
(48.6)
10
(50)
15.8
(60.4)
22
(72)
26.1
(79.0)
27.2
(81.0)
25.5
(77.9)
22.9
(73.2)
19
(66)
13.8
(56.8)
12.5
(54.5)
27.2
(81.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2)
1.4
(34.5)
2
(36)
4.3
(39.7)
7.9
(46.2)
11
(52)
14.1
(57.4)
13.6
(56.5)
11
(52)
6.8
(44.2)
4.4
(39.9)
2.9
(37.2)
6.8
(44.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0
(32)
−0.4
(31.3)
0.1
(32.2)
2.2
(36.0)
5.5
(41.9)
8.5
(47.3)
11.3
(52.3)
11.2
(52.2)
8.9
(48.0)
5.2
(41.4)
2.8
(37.0)
1.2
(34.2)
4.7
(40.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1)
−2.1
(28.2)
−1.5
(29.3)
0.5
(32.9)
3.6
(38.5)
6.5
(43.7)
9.2
(48.6)
9.4
(48.9)
7.3
(45.1)
3.6
(38.5)
1.3
(34.3)
−0.4
(31.3)
3.0
(37.4)
Record low °C (°F) −15.1
(4.8)
−14
(7)
−12.3
(9.9)
−9.1
(15.6)
−4.6
(23.7)
−2
(28)
2.8
(37.0)
3
(37)
−1.6
(29.1)
−5.4
(22.3)
−9.6
(14.7)
−11.9
(10.6)
−15.1
(4.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 87
(3.4)
73
(2.9)
75
(3.0)
53
(2.1)
47
(1.9)
41
(1.6)
49
(1.9)
69
(2.7)
81
(3.2)
106
(4.2)
85
(3.3)
90
(3.5)
856
(33.7)
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[19]
Source 2: NOAA - WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [20]
Climate data for Torsvåg 1961-1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3)
0.6
(33.1)
1.3
(34.3)
3.2
(37.8)
6.9
(44.4)
10.8
(51.4)
13.6
(56.5)
13.2
(55.8)
9.9
(49.8)
6.3
(43.3)
3.3
(37.9)
1.5
(34.7)
5.9
(42.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0)
−1.2
(29.8)
−0.5
(31.1)
1.4
(34.5)
4.8
(40.6)
8.0
(46.4)
10.8
(51.4)
10.7
(51.3)
7.9
(46.2)
4.6
(40.3)
1.6
(34.9)
−0.3
(31.5)
3.9
(39.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8)
−3.0
(26.6)
−2.2
(28.0)
−0.3
(31.5)
2.9
(37.2)
6.0
(42.8)
8.6
(47.5)
8.8
(47.8)
6.3
(43.3)
3.0
(37.4)
0.0
(32.0)
−2.1
(28.2)
2.1
(35.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 73
(2.9)
56
(2.2)
57
(2.2)
48
(1.9)
45
(1.8)
50
(2.0)
52
(2.0)
59
(2.3)
76
(3.0)
97
(3.8)
80
(3.1)
85
(3.3)
778
(30.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 14.5 12.5 12.1 11.9 10.5 11.0 10.9 11.7 15.0 17.4 16.3 15.9 159.7
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[21]

Government[edit]

All municipalities in Norway are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[22] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Nord-Troms og Senja District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.

Municipal council[edit]

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Karlsøy is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Karlsøy kommunestyre 2023–2027 [23]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 3
  Red Party (Rødt) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 List for Ringvassøy, Reinøy, & Rebbenesøy (Felleslista for Ringvassøy, Reinøy, og Rebbenesøy)1
 Karlsøy Pension List (Karlsøy Pensjonistliste)1
Total number of members:17
Karlsøy kommunestyre 2019–2023 [24]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Karlsøy Common List (Karlsøy Fellesliste)5
Total number of members:17
Karlsøy kommunestyre 2015–2019 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Common List for Ringvassøy, Reinøy, and Rebbenesøy
(Felleslista for Ringvassøy, Reinøy, og Rebbenesøy)
3
Total number of members:17
Karlsøy kommunestyre 2011–2015 [26]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 4
  Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
 Common List for Ringvassøy, Reinøy, and Rebbenesøy
(Felleslista for Ringvassøy, Reinøy, og Rebbenesøy)
2
Total number of members:17
Karlsøy kommunestyre 2007–2011 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 5
  Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Reinøy List (Reinøylista)1
Total number of members:17
Karlsøy kommunestyre 2003–2007 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 1
  Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
Total number of members:19
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1999–2003 [25]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 3
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Common list for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy
(Fellesliste for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy)
2
 Western Vannøy non-party list
(Vestre Vannøy upolitiske liste)
1
Total number of members:25
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1995–1999 [27]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Common list for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy
(Fellesliste for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy)
3
 Western Vannøy non-party list
(Vestre Vannøy upolitiske liste)
1
Total number of members:25
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1991–1995 [28]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
 Common list for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy
(Fellesliste for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy)
4
 Western Vannøy non-party list
(Vestre Vannøy upolitiske liste)
3
Total number of members:27
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1987–1991 [29]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 14
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
 Common list for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy
(Fellesliste for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy)
7
 Western Vannøy non-party list
(Vestre Vannøy upolitiske liste)
2
Total number of members:29
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1983–1987 [30]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 15
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
 Common list for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy
(Fellesliste for Rebbenesøy, Ringvassøy og Reinøy)
5
 Socialist Unity List (Sosialistisk enhetsliste)1
Total number of members:29
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1979–1983 [31]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 16
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 6
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
Total number of members:29
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1975–1979 [32]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 13
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 9
 Vannøy Non-party List (Vannøy Upolitiske Liste)2
 Independent Voters (Uavhengige Velgere)3
Total number of members:29
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1971–1975 [33]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 16
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 13
Total number of members:29
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1967–1971 [34]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 20
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 6
Total number of members:29
Karlsøy kommunestyre 1963–1967 [35]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  List of workers, fishermen, and small farmholders (Arbeidere, fiskere, småbrukere liste) 9
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 9
Total number of members:29
Karlsøy herredsstyre 1959–1963 [36]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 21
Total number of members:21
Karlsøy herredsstyre 1955–1959 [37]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 21
Total number of members:21
Karlsøy herredsstyre 1951–1955 [38]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 16
Total number of members:16
Karlsøy herredsstyre 1947–1951 [39]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  List of workers, fishermen, and small farmholders (Arbeidere, fiskere, småbrukere liste) 1
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 10
Total number of members:16
Karlsøy herredsstyre 1945–1947 [40]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 16
Total number of members:16
Karlsøy herredsstyre 1937–1941* [41]  
Party name (in Norwegian) Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  List of workers, fishermen, and small farmholders (Arbeidere, fiskere, småbrukere liste) 3
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 4
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 2
Total number of members:16
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors[edit]

The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Karlsøy:[42][43]

  • 1838–1841: Nils Jønsberg
  • 1841–1845: Ole Ulrich Berg
  • 1846–1849: Hans Julius Knudsen
  • 1850–1855: Anders Selquist
  • 1856–1860: Fredrik Altmann
  • 1861–1862: Anders Selquist
  • 1863–1864: Ole Rasmussen Bræk
  • 1865–1866: Ole Jørgen Falch
  • 1867-1867: Hans Martin Høegh
  • 1869–1873: Stener Johannes Tandberg
  • 1874–1898: Adolf Martin Helberg
  • 1899–1903: Alfred Eriksen (V)
  • 1904–1919: Martin Simonsen (Ap)
  • 1920–1922: Peder Dahl (V)
  • 1923–1924: Martin Simonsen (Ap)
  • 1925–1928: Anton B. Haugjord (Ap)
  • 1929–1931: Mikal Petersen (Ap)
  • 1932–1934: Anton B. Haugjord (Ap)
  • 1935–1937: Sivert Nordeide (Ap)
  • 1937–1941: Arthur Sandvik (V)
  • 1941–1944: Sverre Hoel (NS)
  • 1945-1945: Alv Gaasland (NS)
  • 1945–1947: Arthur Sandvik (V)
  • 1947–1950: Olav Simonsen (Ap)
  • 1950–1960: Birger Aspenes (Ap)
  • 1960–1961: Johannes Johnsen (Ap)
  • 1961–1969: Harald Larsen (LL)
  • 1969–1983: Otto Klemetsen (Ap)
  • 1983–1987: Jan Hugo Sørensen (Ap)
  • 1987–1999: Thor Tøllefsen (Sp)
  • 1999-2003: Hanny Ditlefsen (Ap)
  • 2003-2007: Thor Tøllefsen (Kp)
  • 2007-2011: Bent Gabrielsen (Ap)
  • 2011-2015: Hanny Ditlefsen (Ap)
  • 2015–2019: Mona Pedersen (LL)
  • 2019-present: Mona Benjaminsen (Ap)

Transportation[edit]

The municipal centre is at Hansnes, which can be reached through an undersea tunnel from Tromsø, and the drive is about one hour. From here ferries depart to Vannøy, Reinøy, and Karlsøy. The Langsund Tunnel is under construction and was planned to be completed by 2015, but it is currently on hiatus. It is expected to connect the islands of Reinøya and Ringvassøy. The few inhabitants of Rebbenesøy are served by a ferry from Mikkelvik on the western side of Ringvassøy.

View from Burøysund

Attractions[edit]

Karlsøy attractions include:

Notable people[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
  2. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
  4. ^ Store norske leksikon. "Karlsøy" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  5. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  7. ^ a b Sølvi Sogner; Gunnar Thorvaldsen (2002). "Surnames as proxies place of origin in the 1801 census for Norway". In Jørgen Carling (ed.). Nordic Demography: Trends and Differentials. Oslo: Unipub forlag. p. 264. ISBN 978-82-7477-091-1.
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