Katë language

Not to be confused with Kâte language.

Katë
Kati, Kâmkata-vari, Kâmkata-mumkṣta-vari
Native to	Afghanistan, Pakistan
Region	Nuristan, Kunar, Chitral
Native speakers	150,000 (2011-2017)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Nuristani Katë
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Nuristani
Dialects	Western Northeastern Southeastern
Writing system	Arabic script (Nastaliq)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: bsh – Kati xvi – Kamviri
Glottolog	kati1270
ELP	Kati
Linguasphere	58-ACB-a
Katë is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Katë, also known as Kati or Kamkata-vari, is a Nuristani language. It is a dialect continuum comprising three separate dialects spoken mostly in Afghanistan, with additional speakers in the Chitral District of Pakistan deriving from recent migrations a century ago. The Kata-vari (comprising Western and Northeastern) and Kamviri (comprising Southeastern) dialects are sometimes erroneously reckoned as two separate languages, but according to linguist Richard Strand they form one language.

The Katë language is the largest Nuristani language, spoken by 40,000–60,000 people, from the Kata, Kom, Mumo, Kshto and some smaller Black-Robed tribes in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The most used alternative names for the language are Kati or Bashgali.

Name

The name, pronounced [kaˈtɘ], is the ethnonym of the Kata people. Cognates of the ethnonym in other Nuristani languages include Nuristani Kalasha Kā̃ta [kãːˈta]. According to Halfmann, the names descend from a Proto-Nuristani form *Kānta-ka-.

Dialects

There are three main dialects according to Halfmann (2024): Western Katë, Northeastern Katë, and Southeastern Katë (including Kamviri and Mumviri). The dialects are sometimes erroneously defined as separate languages. The Northeastern Katë dialect is commonly referred to as Shekhani in Chitral. In older literature, Southeastern Katë is split into Kamviri and Mumviri.

Classification

It belongs to the Indo-European language family and is in the Nuristani group of the Indo-Iranian branch. Glottolog proposes the following phylogenetic classification:

• Nuristani
  • Ashkun-Kate-Waigali
    • Ashkun-Kate
      • Katë (Kamviri, Kataviri and Mumviri)

Status

Literacy rates are low: below 1% for people who have it as a first language and between 15% and 25% for people who have it as a second language. The Kata-vari dialect can be heard on radio in Afghanistan.

Phonology

Vowels

Katë has six primary vowel qualities, with some variation in the pronunciation: /i, ɛ~ɜ, ɐ~a, u, ɘ~ɨ, ɔ/.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɘ~ɨ ⟨ë⟩	u
Mid	ɛ~ɜ ⟨e⟩		ɔ ⟨o⟩
Open		ɐ~a ⟨a⟩

In the Northeastern dialect, vowel length and nasalization are both phonemic in all vowels except /ɘ~ɨ/.

Consonants

Consonants in Katë (northeastern dialect)

		Labial	Dental/ Laminal	Retroflex/ Apical	Palatal	Velar	Postvelar/ Uvular	Glottal
Nasals		m	n̪ ⟨n⟩	ɳ ⟨ṇ⟩		ŋ
Plosives	voiceless	p	t̪ ⟨t⟩	ʈ ⟨ṭ⟩		k	(q)	(ʔ)
	voiced	b	d̪ ⟨d⟩	ɖ~ɽ ⟨ḍ~ṛ⟩		g
Taps			ɾ ⟨r⟩
Affricates	voiceless		t̪͡s̪ ⟨ċ⟩	ʈ͡ʂ ⟨c̣⟩	t͡ɕ ⟨č⟩
	voiced				d͡ʑ ⟨ǰ⟩
Fricatives	voiceless	(f)	s	ʂ ⟨ṣ⟩	ɕ ⟨š⟩		(χ ⟨x⟩)	(h)
	voiced	ʋʷ ⟨v⟩	z	ʐ ⟨ẓ⟩			(ʁ ⟨ɣ⟩)
Approximants	oral		l̪ (l)	ɻ ⟨r̆⟩	j ⟨y⟩
	nasal			ɻ̃ ⟨n̆⟩

Notes

• Marginal phonemes are in parentheses.
• /ɽ/ is considered an allophone of /ɖ/ in the Northeastern dialect, but is perceived by native speakers as a separate sound.
• /ɳ/ may also be realized as /ɽ̃/, especially intervocalically.

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns in Katë are inflected for number, gender, and case. Number in Katë distinguishes between singular and plural, and nouns can be masculine or feminine, although there is no predictable pattern for determining the gender of a noun.

Cases

There are a maximum of 7 cases in Katë: direct, oblique, genitive, instrumental, locative, ablative, and vocative. However, this differs between dialects and no one noun has a distinct form for all cases. Cases that express a syntactic function only appear on the final element of a phrase, and preceding elements in a noun phrase appear in the direct case.

iki

DEM.MED.SG

purd-ë

old-M

kašir-dari

white-beard.DIR

iki purd-ë kašir-dari

DEM.MED.SG old-M white-beard.DIR

That old whitebeard

Sources

• Halfmann, Jakob (2024). A Grammatical Description of the Katë Language (Nuristani) (PhD thesis). Köln: Universität zu Köln.

Further reading

• Strand, Richard F. (2010). "Nurestâni Languages". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (2022). "Ethnolinguistic and Genetic Clues to Nûristânî Origins". International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction. 19: 267–353.

External links

• Strand, Richard F. (1997). "Nuristan: Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (1997). "The kâtʹa, kʹom, mumʹo, kṣtʹo, biniʹo, ǰâmčʹo, and ǰâšʹa". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (1999). "Kâmvʹiri Lexicon". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (1997). "The Sound System of Kâmvʹiri". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (2011). "Kâtʹa-vari Lexicon". Retrieved 2012-01-16.
• Strand, Richard F. (2011). "The Sound System of Kt'ivřâ·i vari". Retrieved 2012-01-16.