Kenzaburō Ōe

Kenzaburō Ōe 大江 健三郎
Kenzaburō Ōe, in 2012
Born	(1935-01-31) January 31, 1935 Ōse, Ehime, Japan
Occupation	Novelist, short-story writer, essayist
Nationality	Japanese
Period	1950–present
Notable works	A Personal Matter, The Silent Cry
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Literature 1994

Kenzaburo Oe at Japanisches Kulturinstitut Köln/Cologne (Germany), April 11, 2008

Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō, born January 31, 1935) is a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His novels, short stories and essays were strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory. They deal with political, social and philosophical issues including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism, and existentialism.

Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1994 for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today".

Life

Ōe was born in Ōse (大瀬村, Ōse-mura), a village now in Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture on Shikoku. He was the third son of seven children. Ōe's grandmother taught him art and oral performance. His grandmother died in 1944, and later that year, Ōe's father died in the Pacific War. Ōe's mother became his primary educator, buying him books such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, whose impact Ōe says "he will carry to the grave".

Ōe remembers his elementary school teacher claiming that Emperor Hirohito was a living god, and asking him every morning, “What would you do if the emperor commanded you to die?” Ōe always replied, “I would die, sir. I would cut open my belly and die.” At home in bed at night he would acknowledge his reluctance to die and feel ashamed. After the war, he realized he had been taught lies and felt betrayed. This sense of betrayal would later appear in his writing.

Ōe attended high school in Matsuyama. At the age of 18, he made his first trip to Tokyo and in the following year began studying French Literature at Tokyo University under the direction of Professor Kazuo Watanabe, a specialist on François Rabelais. Oe began publishing stories in 1957, while still a student, strongly influenced by contemporary writing in France and the United States. He married in February 1960. His wife, Yukari, was the daughter of film director Mansaku Itami and sister of film director Juzo Itami. The same year he met Mao Zedong on a trip to China. He also went to Russia and Europe the following year, visiting Sartre in Paris.

In 1961, Ōe’s novellas Seventeen and The Death of a Political Youth were published by a Japanese literary magazine. Both were inspired by seventeen-year-old Yamaguchi Otoya, who assassinated the chairman of Japan’s Socialist Party in 1960, and then killed himself in prison three weeks later.

Yamaguchi had admirers among the extreme right wing who were angered by The Death of a Political Youth and both Ōe and the magazine received death threats day and night for weeks. The magazine soon apologized to offended readers, but Ōe did not. The story has never been reprinted or translated.

Ōe lives in Tokyo. He has three children; the eldest son, Hikari, has been brain-damaged since his birth in 1963, and his disability has been a recurring motif in Ōe's writings since.

In 1994 Ōe won the Nobel Prize in Literature and was named to receive Japan’s Order of Culture. He refused the latter because it is bestowed by the Emperor. Ōe said, “I do not recognize any authority, any value, higher than democracy.” Once again, he had received threats.

Oe at a 2013 antinuclear demonstration in Tokyo.

In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 essay, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. In March 2008, the Osaka District Court dismissed all charges against Ōe. In this ruling, Judge Toshimasa Fukami stated, "The military was deeply involved in the mass suicides". In a news conference following the trial, Ōe said, "The judge accurately read my writing."

Ōe has been involved with pacifist and anti-nuclear campaigns and has written books regarding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Hibakusha. Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, he urged Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda to “halt plans to restart nuclear power plants and instead abandon nuclear energy”. Ōe has said Japan has an "ethical responsibility" to abandon nuclear power in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, just as it renounced war under its postwar Constitution. He has called for "an immediate end to nuclear power generation and warned that Japan would suffer another nuclear catastrophe if it tries to resume nuclear power plant operations." In 2013, he organized a mass demonstration in Tokyo against nuclear power. Ōe has also criticized moves to amend Article 9 of the Constitution, which forever renounces war.

Writing

Ōe explained, shortly after learning that he'd been awarded the Nobel Prize, "I am writing about the dignity of human beings".

After his first student works set in his own university milieu, in the late 1950s he produced works such as 飼育 (Shiiku), about a black GI set upon by Japanese youth (made into a film, "The Catch" by Nagisa Oshima in 1961) and Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids, focusing on young children living in Arcadian transformations of Ōe's own rural Shikoku childhood. He later identified these child figures as belonging to the 'child god' archetype of Jung and Kerényi, which is characterised by abandonment, hermaphrodism, invincibility, and association with beginning and end. The first two characteristics are present in these early stories, while the latter two features come to the fore in the 'idiot boy' stories which appeared after the birth of Hikari.

Between 1958 and 1961 Ōe published a series of works incorporating sexual metaphors for the occupation of Japan. He summarised the common theme of these stories as "the relationship of a foreigner as the big power [Z], a Japanese who is more or less placed in a humiliating position [X], and, sandwiched between the two, the third party [Y] (sometimes a prostitute who caters only to foreigners or an interpreter)". In each of these works, the Japanese X is inactive, failing to take the initiative to resolve the situation and showing no psychological or spiritual development. The graphically sexual nature of this group of stories prompted a critical outcry; Ōe said of the culmination of the series Our Times, "I personally like this novel [because] I do not think I will ever write another novel which is filled only with sexual words."

Ōe's next phase moved away from sexual content, shifting this time toward the violent fringes of society. The works which he published between 1961 and 1964 are influenced by existentialism and picaresque literature, populated with more or less criminal rogues and anti-heroes whose position on the fringes of society allows them to make pointed criticisms of it. Ōe's admission that Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is his favorite book can be said to find a context in this period.

He explains, "I have always wanted to write about our country, our society and feelings about the contemporary scene. But there is a big difference between us and classic Japanese literature." In 1994, he explained that he was proud the Swedish Academy recognized the strength of modern Japanese literature and hoped the prize would encourage others.

According to Leo Ou-fan Lee writing in Muse, Ōe's latest works tend "toward bolder experiments with the technique of 'defamiliarization' by negotiating his narratives across several imaginary landscapes pertaining to painting, film, drama, music and architecture". Ōe believes that novelists have always worked to spur the imagination of their readers.

Writing about his son Hikari

Book cover of the 1996 English version of Kenzaburō Ōe's book about his handicapped son and their life as a family.

Ōe credits his son Hikari for influencing his literary career. Ōe tried to give his son a "voice" through his writing. Several of Ōe's books feature a character based on his son.

In Ōe's 1964 book, A Personal Matter, the writer describes the pain involved in accepting his brain-damaged son into his life. Hikari figures prominently in many of the books singled out for praise by the Nobel committee:

Hikari's life is the core of the first book published after Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize. The 1996 book, A Healing Family, celebrates the small victories in Hikari's life.

Hikari was a strong influence on Father, Where are you Going?, Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness, and The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away, three novels which rework the same premise—the father of a disabled son attempts to recreate the life of his own father, who shut himself away and died. The protagonist's ignorance of his father is compared to his son's inability to understand him; the lack of information about his father's story makes the task impossible to complete, but capable of endless repetition, and, "repetition becomes the fabric of the stories".

2006-2008

Ōe did not write much during the nearly two years (2006-2008) of his libel case. He is beginning a new novel, which The New York Times reported would feature a character "based on his father", a staunch supporter of the imperial system who drowned in a flood during World War II. Another projected character is a contemporary young Japanese woman who “rejects everything about Japan” and in one act tries to destroy the imperial order."

2013

Ōe published a new book at the end of 2013. Named Bannen Yoshikishu and published by Kodansha (English title is In Late Style).

The novel is the sixth in a series with the main character of Kogito Choko, who can be considered Ōe's literary alter ego. The novel is also in a sense a culmination of the I-novels that Ōe has continued to write since his son was born mentally disabled in 1963.

In the novel, Choko loses interest in the novel he had been writing when the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami struck the Tohoku region on March 11, 2011. Instead, he begins writing about an age of catastrophe, as well as about the fact that he himself is approaching his late 70s.

Honors

• Akutagawa Prize, 1958.
• Shinchosha Literary Prize, 1964.
• Tanizaki Prize, 1967.
• Noma Prize, 1973.
• Yomiuri Prize, 1982.
• Jiro Osaragi Prize (Asahi Shimbun), 1983.
• Nobel Prize in Literature, 1994.
• Order of Culture, 1994 – refused.
• Legion of Honour, 2002.

Selected works

The number of Kenzaburo Ōe's works translated into English and other languages remains limited. His literary output includes many publications which are still only available in Japanese. Of the few works that had been translated into English, they often had been translated after a significant lag after the Japanese publication. His works have been translated into English, Chinese, French, and German.

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Kenzaburo Ōe, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 700 works in 1,500+ publications in 28 languages and 27,000+ library holdings.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List of books available in English

• Memushiri Kouchi, 1958 – Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids (trans. by Paul Mackintosh & Maki Sugiyama)
• Sevuntiin, 1961– Seventeen (Trans. by Luk Van Haute)
• Seiteki Ningen 1963 Sexual Humans, published as J (Trans. by Luk Van Haute)
• Kojinteki na taiken, 1964 – A Personal Matter (trans. by John Nathan)
• Hiroshima noto, 1965 – Hiroshima Notes (trans. by David L. Swain, Toshi Yonezawa)
• Man'en gannen no futtoboru, 1967 – The Silent Cry (trans. by John Bester)
• Warera no kyōki wo ikinobiru michi wo oshieyo, 1969 – Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness (1977)
• Mizukara waga namida wo nuguitamau hi, 1972 – The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away in Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness (1977)
• Pinchiranna chosho,' 1976 – The Pinch Runner Memorandum (trans. by Michiko N. Wilson)
• Atarashii hito yo mezame yo, 1983 – Rouse Up O Young Men of the New Age! (trans. by John Nathan)
• Jinsei no shinseki, 1989 – An Echo of Heaven (trans. by Margaret Mitsutani)
• Shizuka-na seikatsu, 1990 – A Quiet Life (trans. by Kunioki Yanagishita & William Wetherall)
• Kaifuku suru kazoku, 1995 – A Healing Family (trans. by Stephen Snyder, ill. by Yukari Oe)
• Chugaeri, 1999 – Somersault (trans. by Philip Gabriel)
• Torikae ko (Chenjiringu), 2000 – The Changeling (trans. by Deborah Boehm)
• Suishi, 2009 - Death by Water (trans by Deborah Boehm).

Year	Japanese Title	English Title	Comments
1957	奇妙な仕事 Kimyou na shigoto	The Strange Work	His first short story
	死者の奢り Shisha no ogori	Lavish Are The Dead	Short story
	他人の足 Tanin no ashi	Someone Else's Feet	Short story
	飼育 Shiiku	Prize Stock	Short story awarded the Akutagawa prize
1958	見るまえに跳べ Miru mae ni tobe	Leap before you look	Short story
	芽むしり仔撃ち Memushiri kouchi	Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids	His first novel
1961	セヴンティーン Sevuntīn	Seventeen	Short novel
1963	叫び声 Sakebigoe	Cry
	性的人間 Seiteki ningen	The sexual man (Also known as "J")	Short story
1964	空の怪物アグイー Sora no kaibutsu Aguī	Aghwee the Sky Monster	Short story
	個人的な体験 Kojinteki na taiken	A Personal Matter	Awarded the Shinchosha Literary Prize
1965	厳粛な綱渡り Genshuku na tsunawatari	The solemn rope-walking	Essay
	ヒロシマ・ノート Hiroshima nōto	Hiroshima Notes	Reportage
1967	万延元年のフットボール Man'en gan'nen no futtobōru	The Silent Cry	Novel, awarded the Jun'ichirō Tanizaki prize
1968	持続する志 Jizoku suru kokorozashi	Continuous will	Essay
1969	われらの狂気を生き延びる道を教えよ Warera no kyōki wo ikinobiru michi wo oshieyo	Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness
1970	壊れものとしての人間 Kowaremono toshiteno ningen	Human being as a fragile article	Essay
	核時代の想像力 Kakujidai no sozouryoku	Imagination of the atomic age	Talk
	沖縄ノート Okinawa nōto	Okinawa Notes	Reportage
1972	鯨の死滅する日 Kujira no shimetsu suru hi	The day whales vanish	Essay
	みずから我が涙をぬぐいたまう日 Mizukara waga namida wo nuguitamau hi	The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away
1973	同時代としての戦後 Doujidai toshiteno sengo	The post-war times as contemporaries	Essay
	洪水はわが魂に及び Kōzui wa waga tamashii ni oyobi	The Flood invades my spirit	Awarded the Noma Literary Prize
1976	ピンチランナー調書 Pinchi ran'nā chōsho	The Pinch Runner Memorandum
1979	同時代ゲーム Dojidai gemu	The Game of Contemporaneity
1980	(現代 ゲーム) Gendai gemu"	Sometimes the Heart of the Turtle
1982	「雨の木」を聴く女たち Rein tsurī wo kiku on'natachi	Women listening to the "rain tree"	Awarded the Yomiuri Literary Prize
1983	新しい人よ眼ざめよ Atarashii hito yo, mezameyo	Rouse Up O Young Men of the New Age!	Awarded the Jiro Osaragi prize
1984	いかに木を殺すか Ikani ki wo korosu ka	How do we kill the tree ?
1985	河馬に嚙まれる Kaba ni kamareru	Bitten by the hippopotamus	Awarded the Yasunari Kawabata Literary Prize
1986	M/Tと森のフシギの物語 M/T to mori no fushigi no monogatari	M/T and the Narrative About the Marvels of the Forest
1987	懐かしい年への手紙 Natsukashī tosi eno tegami	Letters for nostalgic years
1988	「最後の小説」 'Saigo no syousetu'	'The last novel'	Essay
	新しい文学のために Atarashii bungaku no tame ni	For the new literature	Essay
	キルプの軍団 Kirupu no gundan	The army of Quilp
1989	人生の親戚 Jinsei no shinseki	An Echo of Heaven	Awarded the Sei Ito Literary Prize
1990	治療塔 Chiryou tou	The tower of treatment
	静かな生活 Shizuka na seikatsu	A Quiet Life
1991	治療塔惑星 Chiryou tou wakusei	The tower of treatment and the planet
1992	僕が本当に若かった頃 Boku ga hontou ni wakakatta koro	The time that I was really young
1993	「救い主」が殴られるまで 'Sukuinushi' ga nagurareru made	Until the Savior Gets Socked	燃えあがる緑の木　第一部 Moeagaru midori no ki dai ichi bu The Flaming Green Tree Trilogy I
1994	揺れ動く (ヴァシレーション) Yureugoku (Vashirēshon)	Vacillating	燃えあがる緑の木　第二部 Moeagaru midori no ki dai ni bu The Flaming Green Tree Trilogy II
1995	大いなる日に Ōinaru hi ni	On the Great Day	燃えあがる緑の木　第三部 Moeagaru midori no ki dai san bu The Flaming Green Tree Trilogy III
	曖昧な日本の私 Aimai na Nihon no watashi	Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself: The Nobel Prize Speech and Other Lectures	Talk
	恢復する家族 Kaifukusuru kazoku	A Healing Family	Essay with Yukari Oe
1999	宙返り Chūgaeri	Somersault
2000	取り替え子 (チェンジリング) Torikae ko (Chenjiringu)	The Changeling
2001	「自分の木」の下で 'Jibun no ki' no shita de	Under the 'tree of mine'	Essay with Yukari Oe
2002	憂い顔の童子 Ureigao no dōji	The Infant with a Melancholic Face
2003	「新しい人」の方へ 'Atarashii hito' no hou he	Toward the 'new man'	Essay with Yukari Oe
	二百年の子供 Nihyaku nen no kodomo	The children of 200 years
2005	さようなら、私の本よ! Sayōnara, watashi no hon yo!	Farewell, My Books!
2007	臈たしアナベル・リイ　総毛立ちつ身まかりつ Routashi Anaberu rī souke dachitu mimakaritu	The beautiful Annabel Lee was chilled and killed
2009	水死 sui shi	Death by Water
2013	晩年様式集（イン・レイト・スタイル） Bannen Youshiki shū (In Reito Sutairu)	In Late Style

Nobel lecture

Ōe's Nobel lecture on December 7, 1994, entitled "Aimai na Nihon no watashi" (Japan, the Ambiguous and Myself) began with a commentary on his life as a child and how he was fascinated by The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, which he used in his escapism from the terror of World War II. He described surviving various hardships in his life by using writing as an escape, "representing these sufferings of mine in the form of the novel.", and how his son Hikari similarly uses music as a method of expressing "the voice of a crying and dark soul".

Ōe dedicated a large portion of his speech to his opinion of Yasunari Kawabata's acceptance speech, saying that the vagueness of Kawabata's title and his discussions of the poems written by medieval Zen monks were the inspiration for the title of his acceptance speech. Ōe, however, stated that rather than feeling spiritual affinity with his compatriot Kawabata, he felt more affinity with the Irish poet, William Butler Yeats, whose poetry had a significant effect on his writings and his life, even being a major inspiration for his trilogy, A Flaming Green Tree and the source of its title. Ōe stated, "Yeats is the writer in whose wake I would like to follow." He mentioned that based on his experiences of Japan, he cannot utter in unison with Kawabata the phrase "Japan, the Beautiful and Myself". Ōe also discussed the revival of militaristic feelings in Japan and the necessity for rejecting these feelings, and how Ōe desired to be of use in a cure and reconciliation of mankind.

See also

• List of Japanese Nobel laureates
• Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan
• Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma

References

• Ōe, Kenzaburō. (1968). Ōe Kenzaburō Zensakuhin (Complete Works of Oe Kenzaburo).Tokyo: Shinchosha.
• _____________. (1978). Shosetsu no hoho (The Method of a Novel). Tokyo: Iwanami.
• Wilson, Michiko N. (1986). The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-343-7 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-56324-580-0 (paper)

Further reading

• Kimura, Akio. (2007) Faulkner and Oe: The Self-Critical Imagination. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
• Rapp, Rayne and Faye Ginsburg. "Enabling Disability: Rewriting Kinship, Reimagining Citizenship." (Archive) Public Culture. Volume 13, Issue 3. p. 533–556.
• Ueda, Hozumi (上田 穗積 Ueda Hozumi). "Mice and Elephants, or Forests and Prairies : A Comparison of Ohe Kenzaburoh and Murakami Haruki" (鼠と象、あるいは森と平原 : 大江健三郎と村上春樹) Template:Ja icon National Institute of Informatics (NII) Article ID (NAID) :40019369258. NII NACSIS-CAT ID (NCID) :AN10074725. ISSN 0910-3430. Journal Type :大学紀要. NDL Article ID :023863147. NDL Source Classification :ZV1(一般学術誌—一般学術誌・大学紀要). NDL Call No. :Z22-1315. Databases : NDL
• Wilson, Michiko N. (2007). ″Kenzaburo Ôe: Laughing Prophet and Soulful Healer,″ on the official Nobel Foundation Website, [3]

External links

• Nobel Biography
• Nobel Laureate page
• Kenzaburō Ōe Prize
• Sarah Fay (Winter 2007). "Kenzaburo Oe, The Art of Fiction No. 195". The Paris Review.