Khoibu people
The (Uipo) Khoibu u: ɪ p əʊ (k h ɔɪ ɪ b u:) - are one of the oldest communities of Manipur.[1] They call themselves "Uipo". Neighbouring Tangkhul villagers call them ‘Apo’ . Marings call the "Uipowaa". They were called ‘Upong’ in the Inthee (believed to be so called ‘Ningthee’ in Meiteilon and ‘Chindwin’ in English) basin civilization.
Oral Account
- The oral account of the Khoibu tribe which used to be recited by a Laarung (songleader) gives an account of the origin of the Khoibu, their settlements, clans, names, culture, customs, traditions, etc. It gives a vivid account of our sojourn from place to place up to the present day settlement of Uipo Yawnpui (Khoibu village) bordering the Myanmar border. Bonding of clans throughout the journey is evident in the oral account.
Books that mentioned the 'Khoibu'
- The followings are some of the books 1800s which mentioned the existence of the ‘Khoibu’:
- (1836) Annual Report of the American Tract Society
- (1837) Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol 6, Part 2
- (1838) The Calcutta Christian Observer, Vol 7
- (1839) Travel in south-eastern Asia (Howard Malcolm)
- (1844) Researches into the physical history of mankind (J.W. Prichard)
- (1850) The Natural history of the varieties of man (Robert Gordon Latham)
- (1854) The classification of Turanian language (Friedrich Max Muller)
- (1854) Outlines of the philosophy of universal history (Christian Karl Josias von Bunsen)
- (1856) Journal of the Indian Archipelagos (J.R. Logan)
- (1860) The circles of the sciences (William Somerville Orr)
- (1870) The Asiatic affinities of the old Italians (Robert Ellis)
- (1875) Researches in prehistoric and protohistoric comparative philology, mythology and archaeology (Hyde Clarke)
The identity of the Khoibu had been recorded and elaborated in the works of scholars of the 20th and 21st century:
- (1903) Linguistic Survey of India, Vol.3 Part II First Edition (Sir George Abraham Grierson)
- (1911) The Naga Tribes of Manipur (T.C. Hudson)
- (1961) Census of India, 1961, Vol 1, Issue 1
- (1967) Cheitharol Kumbaba (Lairen Mayum Ibungo Singh & Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra Singh)
- (1976) Encyclopaedia Asiatica (Edward Balfour)
- (1980) ICSSR Research Abstracts Quarterly, Vol.9
- (1988) Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, Vol.23
- (1985) Tribal Studies of India Series T-129, Tribal Social Structure: A study of Maring Society of Manipur (Rajat Kanti Das)
- (1995) Poireiton Khunthok (Moiranthem Chandra Singh)
- (2002) The Indian Encyclopaedia (Subodh Kumar)
- (2003) Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, Vol.38
- (2003) Archaeology in Manipur (L. Kunjeswori Devi)
Status of Uipo (Khoibu) Tribe
With reference to the Ministry of States’ letter No.D.4101-B-49, dated 28 April 1949, the Dewan of Manipur State, vide his letter No.2/AG/49/0695-96 dated 6 June 1949, gave the list Scheduled Tribes of Manipur mentioning ‘Khoibu’ at serial No.18 of the list for inclusion in the Draft Constitution of India. The latest recognition document is the one granted by Manipur Hill Area Committee, which is a statutory body under the Constitution of India, in its Resolution No.4(HAC) 2002 dated 28 October 2002, vide order Memo No.4/3/2002-LA (HAC), Imphal dated 11 November 2002.[2] The Manipur Legislative Assembly Hill Area Committee (HAC), in the year 2002 and 2011, recommended the recognition of the Khoibus as a separate tribe to authorities concerned [3]
In the year 2015, the GPRN recognised the Uipo (Khoibu) as separate Naga tribe. The Uipo Maruo Koukartuo (UMK) appreciated the GPRN for standing for the rights of the minority by looking into the matter objectively and taking a very matured decision. “The decision of the GPRN in recognizing UIPO(Khoibu) as a separate Naga tribe is a reaffirmation that minorities have hope and there can be justice. It has reaffirmed the people in the RULE of LAW” the UMK observed.
Settlement
- Khoibu Khullen is the oldest and the first Khoibu settlement village in the eastern hills of Manipur neighbouring Myanmar. The identity of the Khoibu is at stake yet the Khoibu has been able to retain their identity despite odds. Despite their identity being ignored, suppressed and repressed by tribals and non-tribals, the Khoibu has been able to retain their identity so far.[4]
Rituals and Festivals
| Name of Ritual/Festival | Month/Day of the year |
|---|---|
| Khoibu New Year | Phairen 1 ahanba |
| Aitlaangthoy | |
| Mawldaamthoy | |
| Nawngyerkachier | |
| Khanaa ka-ud | |
| Chaa kabuthoy | |
| Yui Kasyem | Lamta 3 humnipanba |
| Rapal kasaa | Sajiphu 7 taretnipanba |
| Raallu kalaam | Sajiphu 8 nipannipanba |
| Yawn kashoy | Kaalen 1 nongmapanba |
| Chaasang kadaa | Kaalen 3 humnipanba |
| Khulpu Chaa Kousalaag | Kaalen 4 marinipanba |
| Chim kasaa | Kaalen 5 manganipanba |
| Intring kachier | Kaalen 6 taruknipanba |
| Phu kabaang | Inga 2 ninipanba |
| Ram kanam Kharu kashoy | Inga 29 kunmapan panba |
| Khawngrui karaan | Thawaan 13 taraahumdoinipanba |
| Chayun Kapen | Thawaan 14 taraamarini panba |
| Thawng koumaru | Thawaan 15 purnimaada |
| Phu kayaar | Thawaan 15 purnimaada |
| Kaapkathawd | Laangbanga Mera marakta |
| Khadunglam kalai | Mera 10 taraani panbada |
| Khalaampui kathoy | Mera 11 taramathoini panba |
| Khalaampui kathoypui | Mera 12 taraanithoini panbada |
| Khanod kathrai | |
| Koukanseng | Mera 12 taraanithoini panbada |
| Haichingbawng | Mera 15 taraamangaani panba |
| Tlaanglon kalai | Mera 17 tarataretni panbada |
| Tlungsyel kalaad | Mera 19 taramapanni panbada |
| Meirui kasaan | Wakching 1 nongma panbada |
| Chaataangthoy/ Mawl kasaam | Wakching 5 mangani panbada |
| Maiso Kayia |
Khoibu Dialect
Khoibu tribe should be declared as endanger tribes of the world and be called for the protection of their cultural, language and historical heritage.[5] According to Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III part II (1903), Khoibu belongs to the Kuki Chin Naga group branch of the Tibeto- Burman Family which is an undocumented and highly endangered. It is spoken by approximately 2800 speakers in Manipur. [6] There are six syllabic patterns in Khoibu. Consonant cluster and syllabic structure plays an important role in the phonology of Khoibu.[7]
Political weakness
The Uipo (Khoibu) tribe is a highly endangered community of Manipur and in great need of social recognition and constitutional protection from the Government since their identity, traditions and cultures are endangered and today hanging on the brink of extinction. The equation of powers among the ethnic enclosures in hill areas of the state also matters while deciding who should be recognised as tribe or ST. Even the state that has the authority to recognise tribes as schedule tribe is influenced by strong lobby of a powerful tribe who is against the recognition of certain groups as ST.
The case study of Khoibus is important because it is a case of negotiating a distinct tribal identity in between the ethnic enclosures in Manipur. It is argued that the enclosures of tribes around the generic ethnic identities like Naga have made cultural identity of Khoibus invisible. The study is also important in the sense that despite non-recognition of Khoibu as an official tribe, they live themselves as an independent tribe.[8]
References
- ^ Singh, M. Romesh (2003). Tribal development in 21st century: an experience from Manipur. New Delhi: Mittal Publication.
- ^ Khoibu Students Union, New Delhi (2004). Brief Historical Background of the Khoibu tribe.
- ^ UMK puts record straight{http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/43556/umk-puts-record-straight}
- ^ Priyoranjan Chongtham Singh, Priyoranjan Chongtham (2009). Tribalism and the tragedy of the commons. Delhi: Akansha Pub. House.
- ^ {Bishwajit Okram, An Article on cultural and linguistic rights of some tribes in Manipur, http://kanglaonline.com/2012/01/an-article-on-cultural-and-linguistic-rights-of-some-tribes-in-manipur/}
- ^ {Laishram Bijenkumar Singh, http://ijee.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/24.17211546.pdf}
- ^ {LAISHRAM BIJENKUMAR SINGH, Department of Linguistics, Assam University, Silchar, India, Consonant Cluster and Syllabic Structure in Khoibu, http://euacademic.org/UploadArticle/328.pdf}
- ^ {G. Amarjit Sharma, Inside and Outside of Ethnic Enclosures: Khoibu as a Separate Tribe, http://kanglaonline.com/2012/01/an-article-on-cultural-and-linguistic-rights-of-some-tribes-in-manipur/}