Kiska
 | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 51°58′2″N 177°29′31″E / 51.96722°N 177.49194°E |
| Archipelago | Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands |
| Administration | |
United States | |
Kiska (Qisxa[1] in Aleut) is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska located at 51°58′2″N 177°29′31″E / 51.96722°N 177.49194°E. It is about 22 miles (35 km)* long and varies in width from 1.5 to 6 miles (2.4–9.7 km)
History
Discovery (1741)
In 1741 while returning from his second voyage at sea during the Great Northern Expedition, Russian explorer Vitus Bering discovered most of the Aleutian Islands, including Kiska. Georg Wilhelm Steller, a naturalist-physician aboard Bering's ship, wrote:
On 25 October 1741 we had very clear weather and sunshine, but even so it hailed at various times in the afternoon. We were surprised in the morning to discover a large tall island at 51° to the north of us.[2]
Early history (1741-1939)
Starting in 1775, Kiska, the Aleutian Islands, and mainland Alaska became fur trading outposts for the Russian-American Company managed by Grigory Shelikhov.
In 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska with the Russian Empire. Kiska was included in the purchase.
World War II (1939-1945)
The Japanese No. 3 Special Landing Party and 500 marines went ashore at Kiska on June 6, 1942 as a diversionary part of the Japanese plan for the Battle of Midway. The Japanese captured the sole inhabitants of the island: a small U.S. Navy Weather Detachment consisting of ten men, including a lieutenant, along with their dog. One member of the detachment escaped for 50 days. Starving, thin, and extremely cold, he eventually surrendered to the Japanese. The next day the Japanese captured Attu Island.
The military importance of this difficult-to-supply frozen island was questionable, but the psychological impact upon the Americans of losing U.S. territory was tangible. During the winter of 1942–43, the Japanese reinforced and fortified the islands—not necessarily to prepare for an island-hopping operation across the Aleutians, but to prevent a U.S. operation across the Kuril Islands. The U.S. Navy began operations to deny Kiska supply which would lead to the Battle of the Komandorski Islands. During October 1942, American forces undertook seven bombing missions over Kiska, though two were aborted due to inclement weather. Following the winter, Attu was liberated and Kiska was bombed once more for over two months, before a larger American force was allocated to defeat the expected Japanese garrison of 5,200 men.
On August 17, 1943, an invasion force consisting of 34,426 Allied troops, including elements of the 7th Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Regiment, 87th Mountain Combat team, 5,300 Canadians (the 6th and 7th Infantry Divisions), 95 ships (including three battleships and a heavy cruiser), and 168 aircraft landed on Kiska, only to find the island completely abandoned. The Japanese, aware of the loss of Attu and the impending arrival of the larger Allied force, had successfully removed their troops on July 28 under the cover of severe fog, without the Allies noticing. Allied casualties during this invasion nevertheless numbered close to 200, all either from friendly fire, booby traps set out by the Japanese to inflict damage on the invading allied forces, or weather-related disease. There were seventeen Americans and four Canadians killed from either friendly fire or booby traps, fifty more were wounded as a result of friendly fire or booby traps, and an additional 130 men came down with trench foot. The destroyer USS Abner Read hit a mine, resulting in 87 casualties.[citation needed]
That night, however, the Imperial Japanese Navy warships, thinking they were engaged by Americans, shelled and attempted to torpedo the island of Little Kiska and the Japanese soldiers waiting to embark.[3] Admiral Ernest King reported to the secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, that the only things that remained on the island were dogs and fresh brewed coffee. Knox asked for an explanation and King responded, "The Japanese are very clever. Their dogs can brew coffee."[4]
Present-day (1945-present)
The island is now considered a National Historic Landmark (the highest level of recognition accorded to historic sites in the US) and is protected under federal law. It is also a part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR) and contains the largest colony of Least Auklets (over 1,160,000 birds) and Crested Auklets. Research biologists from Memorial University of Newfoundland have been studying the impact of introduced Norway Rats on the seabirds of Kiska since 2001.[5]
Much of the aftermath left behind from WWII is still evident in Kiska. The slow erosion processes on the tundra have had little effect on the bomb craters still visible on the hills surrounding the harbor. Numerous equipment dumps, tunnels (some concrete-lined), Japanese gun emplacements, shipwrecks, and other war relics can be found all untouched since 1943.
In 1983, a memorial plaque was placed on Kiska by the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment. The plaque's inscription reads:
To the men of Amphibious Task Force 9 who fell here August 1943 placed here August 1983 by 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment.
On August 22, 2007, the remains of a World War II submarine were found more than six decades after the U.S. Navy vessel disappeared with a crew of 70 off the Aleutian Island of Kiska.[6] The submarine is the USS Grunion [7].
Fiction
Renamed 'Skira', the island is to be used as the setting for the Codemasters computer game Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising[8]
Kiska Volcano
Kiska Volcano (Qisxan Kamgii in Aleut) is a stratovolcano, 8.5 by 6.4 km (5.3 by 4.0 mi) in diameter at its base and 1,221 metres (4,006 ft) high, located on the northern end of Kiska Island.
On January 24, 1962, an explosive eruption occurred, accompanied by lava extrusion and the construction of a cinder cone about 30 metres (98 ft) high at Sirius Point on the north flank of Kiska Volcano, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the summit of the main cone (Anchorage Daily News, January 30 1962). A second eruption that produced a lava flow was reported to have occurred on March 18, 1964 (Bulletin of Volcanic Eruptions, 1964).
Since then the volcano has emitted steam and ash plumes as well as smaller lava flows.[citation needed]
See also
- Report from the Aleutians, 1943 documentary about the bombing of Kiska during WWII
References
- ^ Bergsland, K Aleut Dictionary Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, 1994
- ^ Georg Steller - Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741-1742 edited by O. Frost. Stanford University Press, 1993, p. 119, ISBN 0-80472181-5
- ^ Webber, Bert (1993). Aleutian Headache. Medford, Oregon: Webb Research Group. pp. 201–202. ISBN 0936738693.
- ^ Miller, Nathan (1995). War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II. New York: Scribner. p. 375. ISBN 9780684803807. OCLC 32276351.
- ^ Jones, Ian L (2008-05-04). "Kiska2002". Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
- ^ Associated Press (2007-08-24). "Missing WWII Sub Found After 65 Years". CBS News. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ US Navy (2008-10-03). "Navy confirms sunken sub is Grunion". US Navy. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ Code masters, Ian L (2008-07-26). "Codemasters". Codemasters. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
External links
- Kiska Volcano
- Shipwrecks around Kiska
- The Kiska Memorial
- The Aleutians Campaign
- Library of Congress link
- Alaska Volcano Observatory
- Soldiers of the 184th Infantry, 7th ID in the Pacific, 1943-1945
- Long-term study of the impact of introduced rats on the seabirds (Memorial University of Newfoundland)
- A picture gallery from the journey to locate the U.S. WWII submarine "Grunion" sunk near Kiska
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