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Kitty Marion

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Kitty Marion
A black and white photograph of the head of a woman, looking at the viewer, in Victorian-era clothing
Photo of Marion from UK criminal identification database[1]
Born
Katherina Maria Schäfer

12 March 1871
Rietberg, German Empire
Died9 October 1944(1944-10-09) (aged 73)
New York City, US
CitizenshipGermany, Untied States[a]
Occupation(s)Actress, activist, street vendor, teacher
Known forSuffrage, birth control advocacy, hunger strikes

Kitty Marion (born Katherina Maria Schäfer, 12 March 1871 – 9 October 1944) was an activist who advocated for woman's suffrage and birth control. Born in Germany, she emigrated to London in 1886 when she was fifteen. She sang in music halls throughout the United Kingdom during the late 19th century, and became known in the entertainment industry for bringing attention to the sexism and sexual assaults that pervaded the business.

She was a prominent member of the British suffrage movement, which campaigned for the right of women to vote. She began her advocacy by selling the Votes for Women newspaper, then progressed to militant protests, vandalism, and riots. She was one of several suffragettes that conducted bombing and arson attacks throughout Britain. Marion was convicted and jailed several times for arson and bombing, and endured over 232 force-feedings while on hunger strike in prison.

When World War I started, she was forced to leave Britain due to her German heritage. She emigrated to the United States and embraced the birth control movement, under the leadership of Margaret Sanger. Marion became a well-known figure in New York City, and spent 13 years on street corners, selling Sanger's monthly magazine Birth Control Review. She relied on her ebullient personality and loud voice to engage passers-by. She was arrested many times for distributing birth control information in contravention of anti-obscenity laws. Marion died in New York City in 1944.

Early years

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Katherina Maria Schäfer was born into a middle-class family in Rietberg in Westphalia, Germany, on 12 March 1871.[4][b] Her mother died of tuberculosis when Katherina was two, leaving Katherina with her father.[5] Four years later, when she was six, her step-mother also died of tuberculosis. Her father abused Marion and scorned her for her red hair.[6][7] As a young child, she liked to sing and recite; and she dreamt of performing on stage when she was older.[8] When Katherine was 15, her German uncle helped her escape her father's violence by sending her to live with her aunt in England.[8][9][c]

Acting career

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A small card reading 'Notice: In consequence of indisposition of Miss Edith Rosenthal the part of Flo Honeydew will be played by Miss Kitty Marion'
A card inserted in program of The Lady Slavey, around 1906, announcing understudy Kitty Marion taking on a role.[11]

Shortly after she moved to England, she started performing on the pantomime stage.[12] Adopting the stage name Kitty Marion, she found a natural home in theaters and music halls, where variety shows included songs and skits that commented on current events.[2][13][d] Music halls were a more cosmopolitan, diverse, and liberal environment compared to the rest of Victorian England.[15] Marion performed in a wide variety of pantomimes and plays, including The Lady Slavey and The Forty Thieves.[16]

In 1906 she joined a union for actors – the Variety Artists Federation (VAF). Within the union, she was outspoken about the treatment of female performers.[17] The working conditions for performers were harsh, and workers were often exploited.[18] Women were expected to perform sexual favors in exchange for work opportunities, and were frequently victims of sexual assault.[18] In her autobiography, Marion recounted an incident with an agent she met with to inquire about a performance opportunity; the agent tried to kiss her; she resisted, fell, and hit her head.[19][18][20] He told her that she would not be able to succeed if she continued to refuse sexual advances from men in power.[18][e]

In 1906, after joining the VAF union, she gained public recognition when she wrote a letter to the editor in response to an article in the The Era newspaper which criticized actors' lack of loyalty to their agents.[17] In the letter, Marion wrote that she had "given up hope for a woman who wants to earn her own living, and at the same time rise in the profession on her merits only, without influence of any sort."[17][f] Over the next six weeks many other women wrote describing their own experiences with unethical business practices.[17][22]

Marion never married, and – from the age of seventeen – she was an independent, working woman who earned her own living.[23][24][25][g] She worked as an actress for 24 years, first in provincial comedy and pantomime shows, and later as a performer in the music hall industry.[23] In the latter part of her acting career, her participation in the suffrage movement adversely affected her work opportunities, because producers and agents did not want to be involved in controversies.[27][28] She never became a star performer, but had some measure of success.[23]

Suffrage movement in UK

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See also: Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
A medal, made of fabric and metal, suitable for pinning on one's chest, reading "For Valor; Hunger Strike"
Hunger strike medal awarded to Marion in 1909 by the WSPU for engaging in hunger strikes.[29][30]

While advocating for fellow performers, Marion was drawn to the suffrage movement in Britain, which fought for the right of women to vote.[31] She joined two suffrage orgainizations: the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1908, and the Actresses Franchise League (AFL) in 1909.[32][33]

The WSPU, founded in 1903, initially relied on lobbying and peaceful marches, but in 1907 it gradually began to employ increasingly violent measures.[34][35][h] In 1908, Marion joined a large group of WSPU activists who invaded the House of Commons, resulting in a violent riot invovlving 5,000 police officers.[36] After the riot, Marion volunteered to assist the WSPU by selling their newspaper, Votes for Women, on the streets.[37][i]

Marion embraced the militant activism of the WSPU, and often participated in marches which evolved into violent clashes with police. An early instance of her violent activism came in March 1912, when she smashed windows of Sainsbury’s market on Regent Street in London.[38][j] She later threw bricks through windows of post offices; and once threw a package of suffragette literature through the window of the Home Office.[35][40]

Bombing, arson, and hunger strikes

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See also: Suffragette bombing and arson campaign

Starting in 1912, under the leadership of Christabel Pankhurst, the WSPU's activism escalated from vandalism and riots to arson and bombing.[41] The bombings were intended to attract attention, but not to harm people.[k] As a precaution to minimize injuries, some bombs smoked before they detonated, giving people time to escape.[15]

One of the first arson attacks perpetrated by Marion occurred in April 1913, attacking the home of MP Arthur du Cros.[43] The most significant arson attack conducted by Marion was in the summer of 1913, when she  – with Clara Giveen – exacted revenge for the death of fellow suffragette Emily Davison, who died while protesting for suffrage at a horse race track on 4 June 1913.[44] Four days later, Marion and Giveen burned-down the Hurst Park Race grandstand.[45] Marion was sentenced to three years in prison, and while in prison she was subjected to force feeding.[46][l]

WSPU leaders employed Marion to carry-out a number of bombings and arson attacks around Britain during 1914, including mansions in Lynton and Liverpool, and greenhouses in Liverpool's Sefton Park and Manchester's Alexandra Park.[47]

While in prison, many suffragettes would go on hunger strike, leading prison staff to restrain them and insert tubes down their nostrils or mouth, then pour liquid food through the tube.[48] Marion endured hunger strokes and the inevitable force feedings several times between 1909 and 1915. During a four-month imprisonment in Holloway prison in 1914 for arson, Marion was force fed 232 times, sometimes three times a day.[32][49] She remembered it to be "hellish torture," but after she was released from prison, she was only more motivated from her experiences.[37][50][m] In 1909, Marion received the Hunger Strike Medal from the WSPU, awarded to suffragettes who went on a hunger strikes while in prison.[37]

By 1914, Marion was considered one of the primary militants of the suffrage movement: she was included in a list compiled by the British Criminal Record Office, along with Jennie Baines, Lillian Forrester, her friend Clara Elizabeth Giveen, Lilian Lenton, Miriam Pratt and Mary Raleigh Richardson.[1]

World War I

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Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the leadership of WSPU adopted a patriotic stance, and suspended their activism in order to support the national war effort. Marion returned to theater work and  – fearing reprisals for her suffrage work – took on a new stage name: Kathleen Meredith.[51][52]

Britain was at war with Germany, and under the Aliens Restriction Act of 1914 she was considered to be an enemy alien, which meant the UK government would almost certainly deport her to Germany.[2][51] Marion applied to the government for permission to remain in the UK, or – alternatively – to become a citizen of the UK. Her application was denied, despite many supportive letters provided by her colleagues.[3] Marion was forced to make a choice between returning to Germany, or emigrating to America.[2][51] She had no interest in returning to Germany, so – with the help of influential suffragettes such as Constance Lytton and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence – she embarked on the steamship Cymric in October 1915 for passage from Liverpool to New York.[37][2][53]

Birth control movement in U.S.

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Awoman standing on a street, holding flyers for sale.
Kitty Marion sold copies of Birth Control Review on the streets of New York for 13 years.[54][n]
See also: Birth control movement in the United States

Marion spent her first two years in New York despondent and struggling to find work as an actress, because U.S. talent agents were aware of her reputation for controversy in the UK.[55] In January 1917, she noticed an advertisement for an upcoming birth control rally at Carnegie Hall, organized by Margaret Sanger's organization, the American Birth Contgrol League (ABCL).[56][57] She contacted the ABCL and was surprised to discover that they were aware of Marion's work in the suffrage movement. The ABCL offered her a job selling Sanger's monthly magazine, the Birth Control Review.[56][54]

For the next thirteen years, Marion was familiar New York figure, standing on street corners from Times Square to Coney Island, selling copies of the magazine.[58][59] While selling, she advocated for birth control by engaging in conversation with passers-by.[57] Marion was occasionally mentioned in the New York press: as early as March 1917, she was described as an "English militant suffragette" in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle.[60][o]

Unlike her suffragette years, her job as a street vendor did not include any violent activities, yet she was still arrested many times, usually for violating obscenity laws that prohibited distribution of birth control information.[62][63] In November 1918 she spent thirty days in jail for selling a birth control pamphlet to a member of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. In jail she met Agnes Smedley, a political dissident; Smedley remembers Marion coming down the hallway every morning shouting "Three cheers for birth control."[64][62]

When promoting birth control in the U.S., Marion used many advocacy techniques she had learned from the suffrage movement in Britain, but Marion's passion for birth control was not shared by all of her former suffragette colleagues.[65][66][p] In her autobiography she wrote:

"To my utter amazement and disappointment I found that many of my old militant comrades were opposed to birth control, for all the same stupid ‘reasons’ one usually meets. Most of them elderly, single women who have had a regular income all their lives without having to work for it in an overcrowded labour market."[67][q]

Later life and death

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Marion was not present in the UK when the suffrage movement finally achieved its long-sought goal: after the conclusion of World War I, the Representation of the People Act 1918 gave British women the right to vote.[68] She was able to meet with many of her former colleagues in March 1930, when she briefly returned to England to see the unveiling of a statue of British suffrage leader Emmeline Pankhurst.[69]

Margaret Sanger resigned as president of ABCL in 1928. The new president, Eleanor Jones, wanted to transition the ABCL from an era of confrontational activism into a new era of dignified professionalism.[70][71] Jones notified Marion in January 1930, then 58 years old, that street sales of the Birth Control Review would be discontinued, and Marion's services were no longer needed. The ABCL threw a luncheon for Marion, and gave her a severance payment of $500 to thank her for selling nearly 100,000 copies of the magazine.[69][58][r] Marion retained some measure of fame after her separation from the ABCL: in 1936, the New Yorker published a brief article titled "Where Are They Now? The Crusader" which provided an update on Marion to its readers.[72][s]

After departure from the ABCL, she found work at the Speech Improvement Project of the Works Progress Administration, where she helped children learn English.[69][73]

Marion died in poverty at the Sanger Nursing Home in New York City on 9 October 1944.[51][7][74][t] Her obituary appeared several papers, including the New York Herald Tribune.[74][75] Tributes were sent from acquaintances in the UK, Australia, Jamaica, and across America.[74] She was remembered by her friends for her boisterous personality, her good humor, and her abundant red hair.[51][76]

Auotobiography and historiography

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Encouraged by friends who were impressed with her prodigious memory and engaging storytelling ability, Marion spent the years from 1930 to 1933 writing her autobiography.[77][78][u] Despite several attempts to get it published, she was unable to find a publisher during her lifetime.[79][v] After her death in 1944, copies of the manuscript passed into the collections of museums that had special interest in the suffrage movement.[81][w] Feminist scholar Fern Riddell used the manuscript as the basis of a 2018 biography of Marion;[82] and the autobiography was finally published in 2019, annotated by academics Viv Gardner and Diane Atkinson.[83]

Marion's contributions to the British suffrage movement were largely overlooked by 20th century historians.[84] Academic Fern Riddell traced the omission to the fact that most historians of the suffragette movement sanitized and distored the history of the movement: they suppressed most references to arsons and bombings, and over-emphasized genteel, civilized lobbying.[84][x] The driving force behind these decisions, according to Riddell, was The Suffragette Fellowship, a group of former suffragettes active from 1926 to 1950, who curated suffragette history, and exerted control over museum exhibits and historical research. The Fellowship decided which women and events to highlight, and which to ignore: they emphasized conservative figures and noble political goals, while de-emphasizing working class women and sexual issues.[84][86][y]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ She lost her German citizenship in 1901. She became a U.S. citizen in 1922. She was never a citizen of the UK.[2][3]
  2. ^ Sometimes spelled Schafer.
  3. ^ In her autobiography, Marion barely mentions her father.[10]
  4. ^ She used several stage names throughout her career. She first used Kitty Marion around 1892. When she became a U.S. citizen in 1922, she officially adopted the name Kitty Marion.[14]
  5. ^ Marion was not alone: a movement against sexual assaults on women performers was in its infancy, and gaining momentum in the late 1800s.[18]
  6. ^ Letter published in The Era newspaper, 24 February 1906.[21]
  7. ^ A government census document from 1940 shows a "Married" status for Marion, but it appears to be a mistake.[26]
  8. ^ The motto of the WSPU was "Deeds, not words."[35]
  9. ^ She started selling the Votes for Women newspaper in late 1908 or early 1909.[32]
  10. ^ In her memoir, Marion wrote of the window-smashing incident: "I want you to thoroughly understand that I broke those windows deliberately, as a protest against the Government for not dealing in a fair and straightforward manner with Woman Suffrage.... From time to time members of the Government have taunted the women with not being as militant nor doing as much damage as the men did when they fought for the vote, thereby inciting the women to further and stronger militancy.... Women desire to obey the law..., but they also desire a voice in the making of the law.... Speaking from my own personal experience of the stage, it is high time that women were protected against men of that sort and such conditions…. What is glass…that we have broken as a political protest, and which can be replaced, compared to the bodies and souls of women…that vicious men have irretrievably broken and ruined for their own unrestrained lust?"[39]
  11. ^ Biographer Riddell suggests that the safety of innocent bystanders was not guaranteed, because most of Marion's bombs used timers, and she was not present at the time of detonation to ensure no people were nearby.[42]
  12. ^ Due to UK's Cat and mouse act Marion would serve only a short time in prison for this conviction. The Cat and mouse act prohibited the use of force-feeding to combat hunger strikes; instead, hunger strikers were kept in prison until they became extremely weak, at which point they would be temporarily released in order to recover.[46]
  13. ^ In response to the hunger strikes, the British government passed the Cat and Mouse Act which eliminated forced-feeding in jails.
  14. ^ In this photo Marion is selling "Public Health Number". Birth Control Review. Vol. 9, no. 8. March 1925.
  15. ^ The Brooklyn Eagle article was about a supportive crowd greeting Margaret Sanger upon Sanger's release from prison: "Miss Kitty Marion, English militant suffragette ... enlivened the processing while Mrs Sanger’s release was awaited by singing the suffragist version of ‘La Marseillaise’, underneath the jail windows. Miss Marion has a good mezzo soprano voice and the jail windows, especially on the upper floors where the women are confined, were thrown open. Applause was generous and hearty."[60][61]
  16. ^ In her autobiography, Marion recounted a episode in New York when she encountered two former colleagues from her suffragette years in Britain: "I saw them crossing Broadway and my heart beat high in anticipation of our mutual pleasure of a reunion. I stood ready to “pounce on them,” like a cat on two mice, at the moment of recognition. But oh, what a crashing of castles upon my unwary head when they did see me. Their faces hardened, their heads went up and they passed me, staring stonily in front of them. I felt stunned, hurt to the quick."[65][66]
  17. ^ Biographer Fern Riddell wrote: "Here, the clear divide between Kitty’s life experience and the experiences of the majority of the middle-class suffragettes becomes apparent. Although she was dedicated to ‘the cause’, Kitty’s working life in the music halls and her experience of female agency, freedom and independence gave her a view of the world that other suffragettes could not, and would not, understand. What Kitty discovered when faced with the ‘stupid reasons’ from ‘elderly, single women’ was the dominant view British feminism had taken towards sex and female agency since the nineteenth century: that sex was bad and something women were only ever going to be the victims of."[67]
  18. ^ Marion later wrote that her dismissal “fell upon me with a sickening thud,” though at the time she said she welcomed the opportunity to rest.[58]
  19. ^ Riddell cites The New Yorker article dated July 4, 1936.[72]
  20. ^ Sanger Nursing Home had no relation to Margaret Sanger.
  21. ^ Marion wrote the autobiography during the years 1930 to 1933. The autobiography, like similar accounts written by other British suffragette arsonists, omitted most details about her bombing and arson attacks.[10]
  22. ^ A large number of suffragettes wrote memoirs after WWI, and publishers may have faced a glut of material.[80]
  23. ^ Marion's paper are collected in the New York Public Library, the Women's Library, and the London Museum.[81]
  24. ^ Riddell, building on earlier analysis from historian Laura E. Nym Mayhall, writes: "This is key to why women like Kitty have been largely erased from our history. As conservative feminism took a vice-like grip of our history and the suffragettes began to sanitise their own history, the women who saw sex, freedom and independence as a universal right were ignored, as were the real lives and experiences of the women who had fought so hard and risked so much.... Perhaps this is a reason for Kitty’s absence from the historical record, and her fleeting, rare occurrences in the histories written by second- and third-wave feminists."[85]
  25. ^ Riddell writes: "[The Suffragette Fellowship] in the 1920s and 1930s ... ‘created a highly stylised story’ of the WSPU and the history of suffrage in England, which emphasized ‘women’s martyrdom and passivity’. It was this group who compiled documents, memoirs and memorabilia that now form the basis of the ... Collection held by the Museum of London.... the Fellowship decided what constituted appropriate suffrage history, and what stories should be reduced or left out, creating a ‘master narrative of the militant suffrage movement’ and those it involved. At its most extreme, the Fellowship ‘lobbied to have incorrect passages excised from forthcoming memoirs or removed from subsequent editions of accounts already published’."[87]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b "'Surveillance Photograph of Militant Suffragettes' - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e Marion 2019, p. 1.
  3. ^ a b Riddell 2018, pp. 156–158.
  4. ^ Marion 2019, pp. 1–2.
  5. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 33.
  6. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 32.
  7. ^ a b Gardner, Viv (23 September 2004). "Marion, Kitty [real name Katherine Marie Schäfer] (1871–1944), suffragette and birth control activist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
  8. ^ a b Woodworth 2012, p. 81.
  9. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 37–38.
  10. ^ a b Riddell 2018, p. 191.
  11. ^ "Printed Ephemera — 1904-1909: Notice". London Museum.
  12. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 43–45.
  13. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 65.
  14. ^ Marion 2019, p. 1-2.
  15. ^ a b Mohan, Megha (27 May 2018). "The actress who became a 'terrorist'". BBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  16. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 67. Riddell mistakenly identifies the work as "Lady Slavery".
  17. ^ a b c d Woodworth 2012, pp. 82–83.
  18. ^ a b c d e Woodworth 2012, p. 82.
  19. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 50–52.
  20. ^ Anderson 2008, p. 45.
  21. ^ Anderson 2008, p. 48.
  22. ^ Anderson 2008, pp. 48–49.
  23. ^ a b c Marion 2019, p. 2.
  24. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 63, 69, 191.
  25. ^ Anderson 2008, pp. 46–47.
  26. ^ Marion 2019, p. 269, footnote #6.
  27. ^ Woodworth 2012, pp. 84–85.
  28. ^ Anderson 2008, pp. 66–68.
  29. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 94.
  30. ^ Robinson, Jane (2018). Hearts and minds: the untold story of the great pilgrimage and how women won the vote. Doubleday. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-85752-391-4. OCLC 987905510. Retrieved 10 April 2025.
  31. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 82–89.
  32. ^ a b c Woodworth 2012, p. 83.
  33. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 84–85.
  34. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 82.
  35. ^ a b c Woodworth 2012, p. 84.
  36. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 85–86.
  37. ^ a b c d Woodworth 2012, p. 85.
  38. ^ Anderson 2008, pp. 63–64.
  39. ^ Anderson 2008, p. 64.
  40. ^ "The Worlds News in Brief: Kitty Marion, Kurst Park". The Day Book. 12 July 1913. ISSN 2163-7121. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  41. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 102.
  42. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 197.
  43. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 103.
  44. ^ "Clara Elizabeth Giveen - Person - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  45. ^ The Day Book. (Chicago, Ill.), 03 July 1913. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1913-07-03/ed-1/seq-29/
  46. ^ a b Riddell 2018, p. 143.
  47. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 143–144.
  48. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 92.
  49. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 145–146.
  50. ^ The Day Book. (Chicago, Ill.), 03 Feb. 1917. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1917-02-03/ed-1/seq-14/ "Hellish torture."
  51. ^ a b c d e Gardner 2004.
  52. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 155.
  53. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 158–161.
  54. ^ a b Woodworth 2012, p. 86.
  55. ^ Woodworth 2012, pp. 85–87.
  56. ^ a b Riddell 2018, p. 166.
  57. ^ a b Engelman 2011, p. 101.
  58. ^ a b c Katz 2004.
  59. ^ Engelman 2011, p. 99.
  60. ^ a b Riddell 2018, p. 168.
  61. ^ The Brooklyn Eagle, 6 March 1917.
  62. ^ a b Woodworth 2012, p. 87.
  63. ^ Engelman 2011, p. 107.
  64. ^ MacKinnon, Jan (1977). "Agnes Smedley's Cell Mates". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture & Society. 3 (2): 538.
  65. ^ a b Woodworth 2012, pp. 87–88.
  66. ^ a b Riddell 2018, p. 194.
  67. ^ a b Riddell 2018, p. 195.
  68. ^ Smith, Harold L. (2014). The British Women's Suffrage Campaign 1866-1928 (Revised 2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 88–90. ISBN 9781317862253. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
  69. ^ a b c Woodworth 2012, p. 88.
  70. ^ Chesler 2007, pp. 237–238.
  71. ^ Engelman 2011, p. 159.
  72. ^ a b Marion 2019, p. 268.
  73. ^ Marion 2019, pp. 267–268.
  74. ^ a b c Marion 2019, p. 270.
  75. ^ "Kitty Marion Dies; Her Will Bars a Funeral". New York Herald Tribune. 11 October 1944. p. 17A.
  76. ^ Marion 2019, p. 271.
  77. ^ Riddell 2018, p. 190.
  78. ^ Marion 2019, pp. 2–3.
  79. ^ Marion 2019, p. 267.
  80. ^ Mayhall 1995, p. 321.
  81. ^ a b Riddell 2018, pp. 195–197.
  82. ^ Riddell 2018.
  83. ^ Marion 2019.
  84. ^ a b c Riddell 2018, pp. 193–197.
  85. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 194–195.
  86. ^ Mayhall 1995, pp. 319–321.
  87. ^ Riddell 2018, pp. 193–197. Riddell is quoting Laura Mayhall's work in this passage.

Sources

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  • Marion, Kitty (1944). "Kitty Marion Papers". Manuscripts and Archives Division. New York Public Library. Retrieved 9 April 2025. These papers contain a copy of the manuscript of Marion's autobiography. The page numbering of the manuscript is somewhat haphazard, and differs from the page numbering used when the autobiography was officially published 2019. See Woodworth 2012, page 89. Other collections of Marion's papers are found in the London Museum and in the London School of Economics and Political Science (Women's Library collection).
  • Marion, Kitty (2019). Gardner, Viv; Atkinson, Diane (eds.). Kitty Marion: Actor and activist. Women, Theatre and Performance. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781526138064. Retrieved 8 April 2025. Autobiography written by Marion in the early 1930s, but not published until 2019. With an introduction and epilogue written by the editors. Introduction by editors comprises pages 1 to 10; Marion's autobiography comprises pages 11 to 266; Epilogue comprises pages 267 to 271.
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