Jump to content

Klaus Schwab

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Klaus Schwab
Schwab in 2011
Chairman of the World Economic Forum
In office
24 January 1971 – 21 April 2025
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byPeter Brabeck-Letmathe (acting)
Personal details
Born (1938-03-30) 30 March 1938 (age 88)
Ravensburg, Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern, Nazi Germany (now Baden-Württemberg, Germany)
Spouse
Hilde Stoll
​
(m. 1971)​
Children2 (including Nicole Schwab)
EducationETH Zürich (Dr. Sc. Tech)
University of Fribourg (Dr. Rer. Pol)
Harvard University (MPA)
Klaus Schwab's voice
Schwab introducing Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper at the 2012 World Economic Forum
Recorded 26 January 2012

Klaus Martin Schwab (German: [klaʊs ˈmaʁtiːn ʃvaːp]; born 30 March 1938) is a German mechanical engineer, economist, and founder of the World Economic Forum (WEF). He was the WEF's chairman from 1971 until his resignation in 2025.[1][2][3]

Early life and education

[edit]

Klaus Martin Schwab was born on 30 March 1938, to Eugen Wilhelm Schwab and Erika Epprecht[4][5] in Ravensburg. His parents had moved from Switzerland to Germany where his father assumed the role of director at the Swiss Escher Wyss AG turbine factory.[6]

Although he has three Swiss grandparents and two Swiss brothers, he is a citizen of Germany and attempts to confer honorary Swiss citizenship have failed.[7][8]

Schwab attended first and second grades at the primary school in the Wädenswil district of Au, Zürich, in Switzerland. After World War II, Schwab attended the Spohn-Gymnasium in Ravensburg until his Abitur in 1957.[9] In 1961, he graduated as a mechanical engineer from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich,[10] with a doctorate in engineering, with a dissertation titled Der längerfristige Exportkredit als betriebswirtschaftliches Problem des Maschinenbaues (Longer-term export credit as a business problem in mechanical engineering).[11] He also earned a doctorate in economics from the University of Fribourg,[10][12] and a Master in Public Administration degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.[13] While attending Harvard, Schwab found a mentor in future national security advisor and secretary of state Henry Kissinger.[14]

Career

[edit]

Schwab was professor of business policy at the University of Geneva from 1972 to 2003, and since then has been an honorary professor there.[10]

World Economic Forum (1971–2025)

[edit]
Schwab (rightmost) opens the inaugural European Management Forum in Davos in 1971.
Russian President Vladimir Putin and Schwab shaking hands at the World Economic Forum Russia CEO Roundtable in June 2007

In early 1971, Klaus Schwab – together with his then employee and later wife Hilde Schwab – organized the first European Management Symposium in the newly built Congress Centre in Davos. The event, held from January 24 to February 7, brought together 444 managers, entrepreneurs, faculty members, and media representatives from 31 countries under the motto “Let’s meet the American challenge”. [15][16]

Financing the meeting proved difficult, and Schwab contributed funds from his own savings and received financial support from his parents. A few days after the first meeting, Schwab founded the non-profit European Management Forum Foundation, which was renamed the World Economic Forum (WEF) in 1987. He financed the foundation's capital of 25,000 Swiss francs from the profits of the first event in Davos, which generated total revenue of approximately two million Swiss francs.[17]

The inaugural meeting in Davos was considered an unexpected success, but the following year the event saw a significant decline in attendance to below 300. Pierre Werner became the first sitting head of government to participate, presenting his so-called Werner Plan for the creation of a European Monetary Union.[18]

In 1972, Schwab refused a management position at Mannesmann and Gutehoffnungshütte and instead accepted a part-time professorship in business policy at the University of Geneva. He held this position until 2003 and has since been an honorary professor there.[19]

At the third meeting in 1973, participants adopted the Davos Manifesto, a code of conduct based on Schwab's stakeholder concept, which states that "The professional function of corporate management is to serve customers, employees, investors, and society, and to balance their conflicting interests."[20]

The events of 1973, namely the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate mechanism, the Yom Kippur War, and the first oil crisis of 1973, significantly increased international attention to the Davos meeting. As a result, the number of participants rose to 780 in 1974 and reached 860 in 1975.[21]

In 1978 Schwab invited Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, who was leading China on a course of economic liberalization. Although Deng did not attend the forum in person in 1979, Beijing sent for the first time a delegation of high-ranking Chinese economists.[22]

In April 1985, Schwab convened the first regional India Economic Summit in New Delhi with the new Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. In November 2009, then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh acknowledged Schwab's role in the context of India's economic opening: "When the history of India's globalization and liberalization is written one day, you (Klaus Schwab) will be represented in the most prominent place."[23]

In 1986 Schwab arranged a historic first public meeting between Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Özal and Greek Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou, personally inviting both leaders to appear on the same panel in Davos. “That the meeting took place at all is thanks to Klaus Schwab (…) a man with an uncanny knack of bringing together unlikely partners», wrote the Financial Times. Two years later Schwab used shuttle diplomacy to bring the two leaders who were on the brink of war over Cyprus back to Switzerland, where they negotiated and signed the Davos Declaration aimed at normalizing relations.[24]

At the 1987 World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos, German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher appealed to the West to reach out to the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. "Let's take Gorbachev seriously. Let's take him at his word!" Genscher said in his speech, which is considered a turning point in the end of the Cold War. "There was no better place for this speech than Davos," Genscher wrote more than 20 years later. Regarding Schwab, he wrote: "This man is a phenomenon (...) A man full of ideas who gets things done without holding public office; getting things done in the sense of achieving them."[25]

During the 1992 World Economic Forum annual meeting, Nelson Mandela, the South African anti-apartheid activist and chairman of the African National Congress (ANC), appeared outside South Africa for the first time alongside President F. W. de Klerk and the Chief Minister of KwaZulu-Natal, Mangosuthu Buthelezi. To facilitate this historic meeting, Schwab travelled to South Africa several times to negotiate the terms of participation. President Mandela later stated that his time at the WEF had been instrumental in convincing him of the benefits of a market economy.[26]

Schwab and his wife Hilde created the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship in 1998.[27] Schwab founded the Global Shapers Community in 2011 within the WEF to work with young people in "shaping local, regional and global agendas."[28] In 2015, the WEF was formally recognised by the Swiss Government as an "international body".[29]

Downfall and resignation (2024–2025)

[edit]

In June 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported allegations of harassment and workplace misconduct against Schwab by former WEF employees.[30] The WEF denied the allegations, stating Schwab "has never made sexual advances toward an employee" and calling the claims "vague and false." An independent inquiry found no evidence of "material wrongdoing".[31] Following additional whistleblower allegations of financial impropriety and research manipulation in 2025, the WEF announced an internal investigation.[32] Schwab resigned as chairman in April 2025 and subsequently filed defamation complaints against anonymous whistleblowers, maintaining his innocence while describing the allegations as "stupid and constructed."[33] In August 2025, an external investigation by the Zurich law firm Homburger found "no evidence of material wrongdoing" by Schwab or his wife Hilde.[34]

As author

[edit]

In 1971, Klaus Schwab published Moderne Unternehmensführung im Maschinenbau (Modern corporate management in mechanical engineering).[35]

In 2016 Schwab wrote a book about the Fourth Industrial Revolution,[36] a concept first introduced by a team of scientists developing a high-tech strategy for the German government.[37] Schwab initially introduced the phrase to a wider audience in a 2015 article published by Foreign Affairs.[38] Schwab includes in this fourth era technologies that combine hardware, software, and biology (cyber-physical systems),[39] and emphasises advances in communication and connectivity. Schwab expected this era to be marked by breakthroughs in emerging technologies in fields such as robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, the internet of things, the industrial internet of things, decentralised consensus, fifth-generation wireless technologies, 3D printing, and fully autonomous vehicles.[40] "Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution" was also the 2016 theme of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland.[41]

The Great Reset and conspiracy theories

[edit]
Main article: The Great Reset

In June 2020, accompanied by a video message from Charles, Prince of Wales,[42] Schwab launched the Great Reset, a five-point plan to enhance sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. Its stated objective is to support recovery from the global pandemic in a manner that emphasises sustainable development. According to Schwab, the intention of the project is to reconsider the meaning of capitalism and capital. While not abandoning capitalism, he proposes to change and possibly move on from some aspects of it, including neoliberalism and free-market fundamentalism. The 'Great Reset' has also been the target of several conspiracy theories, which heavily overlap with related conspiracy theories concerning the 'New World Order', Qanon, and COVID-19.

In August 2025, Schwab founded the Geneva-based Schwab Academy, through which he publishes a book series on the Intelligent Age.[43]

Controversies

[edit]

Salary level and lack of financial transparency

[edit]

While Schwab declared that excessively high management salaries were "no longer socially acceptable",[44] his own annual salary of about one million Swiss francs (about US$1.2 million) has been repeatedly questioned by the media. The Swiss radio and television corporation SRF mentioned this salary level in the context of ongoing public contributions to the WEF and the fact that the Forum does not pay any federal taxes.[45] Moreover, the former Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung journalist Jürgen Dunsch made the criticism that the WEF's financial reports were not very transparent since neither income nor expenditures were broken down.[46] Schwab has also drawn ire for mixing the finances of the not-for-profit WEF and other for-profit business ventures. For example, the WEF awarded a multimillion-dollar contract to USWeb in 1998. Yet shortly after the deal went through, Schwab took a board seat at the same company, reaping valuable stock options.[47][48]

Controversy with Davos municipality

[edit]

In June 2021, Schwab sharply criticised the "profiteering", "complacency" and "lack of commitment" of the municipality of Davos in relation to the WEF annual meeting. He mentioned that the preparation of the COVID-related meeting in Singapore in 2021/2022[49] had created an alternative to its Swiss host and sees the chance that the annual meeting will stay in Davos at between 40 and 70 per cent.[50][51]

Awards and honours

[edit]

Schwab has been conferred with the French Legion of Honour (knight distinction), the Grand Cross with Star of the National Order of Germany, and the Japanese Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun.[52] He also was awarded the Dan David Prize,[53] and was recognized by Queen Elizabeth as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George.[52]

Publications

[edit]

Articles

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • The Global Information Technology Report 2001–2002: Readiness for the Networked World | Berkman Klein Center with Geoffrey S. Kirkman, Peter K. Cornelius and Jeffrey D. Sachs, New York, Oxford University Press (2002). ISBN 978-0195152586, ISBN 0195152581.
  • The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Geneva: World Economic Forum (2016). ISBN 978-1944835002.
  • Shaping the Future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, with Nicholas Davis. New York: Crown Publishing Group (2018).
  • COVID-19: The Great Reset, with Thierry Malleret. Forum Publishing (2020). ISBN 978-2940631124.
  • Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy that Works for Progress, People and Planet. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley (2021). ISBN 1119756138, 978-1119756132.
  • The Great Narrative: For a Better Future, with Thierry Malleret. Forum Publishing (2022). ISBN 978-2940631315.
  • Thriving and Leading in the Intelligent Age, Schwab Academy (2025). ISBN 978-2970195436.[54]
  • Longevity and Retirement in the Intelligent Age, Schwab Academy (2025). ISBN 978-2970198826.[55]
  • Restoring Truth and Trust: An Agenda for the Intelligent Age, Schwab Academy (2026). ISBN 978-2970195498.[56]
  • Universities, Professors, and Students in the Intelligent Age, Schwab Academy (2025). ISBN 978-2970195443.[57]

Personal life

[edit]

Schwab married Hilde Schwab, his former assistant, in 1971.[58] The wedding took place in Sertig Valley at a Reformed church.[59] The couple lives in Cologny, Switzerland.[60] The Schwabs have two adult children. His daughter, Nicole Schwab, co-founded the Gender Equality Project.[61] His son, Olivier Schwab, was a former head of technology at the WEF.[62]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "World Economic Forum chairman Klaus Schwab steps down – DW – 04/21/2025". dw.com. Retrieved 24 April 2025.
  2. ^ "World Economic Forum founder Klaus Schwab steps back from executive post". Semafor. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  3. ^ Gilchrist, Karen (21 May 2024). "World Economic Forum founder Klaus Schwab to step back from executive role". CNBC. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  4. ^ Norton, Tom (25 January 2022). "Klaus Schwab is not related to the Rothschild family". Full Fact. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022. Mr Schwab also dedicated his book "Stakeholder Capitalism", published in 2021, to his parents Eugen Wilhelm Schwab and Erika Epprecht.
  5. ^ Schwab, Klaus; Vanham, Peter (2021). Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy that Works for Progress, People and Planet. Wiley. ISBN 978-1119756132.
  6. ^ Fischer, Peter A. (20 January 2020). "Gründer Klaus Schwab zur Geschichte des WEF und zum 50. Treffen in Davos: "Ich will mich von Greta nicht instrumentalisieren lassen"". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  7. ^ swissinfo.ch/mga (18 August 2019). "Switzerland mulls honorary citizenship for WEF founder Schwab". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  8. ^ Patrik Müller, Andreas Maurer. An impossible gift: Why the naturalisation of WEF founder Klaus Schwab will fail. Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Aargauer Zeitung, 20 August 2019.
  9. ^ Jürgen Dunsch: Host of the Mighty: Klaus Schwab and the World Economic Forum in Davos. FinanzBuch Verlag 2016. p. 26f.
  10. ^ a b c "Professor Klaus Schwab" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  11. ^ Schwab, Klaus Martin (1965). Der längerfristige Exportkredit als betriebswirtschaftliches Problem des Maschinenbaues. Research Collection (Doctoral Thesis) (in German). ETH Zürich. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-000105052. hdl:20.500.11850/135413. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Some of our Graduates". Faculty of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Fribourg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Improving the State of the World: a Conversation with Klaus Schwab". The Institute of Politics at Harvard University. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  14. ^ "A Partner in Shaping History: The First 40 Years" (PDF). World Economic Forum. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  15. ^ Pigman, Geoffrey Allen (2007). The World Economic Forum: a multi-stakeholder approach to global governance. London: Routledge. pp. 6–22. ISBN 978-0-415-70204-1.
  16. ^ Dunsch. p. 30f.
  17. ^ Dunsch. p. 31f.
  18. ^ Dunsch. p. 35f.
  19. ^ Dunsch. p. 38f.
  20. ^ Dunsch. p. 36f.
  21. ^ Dunsch. p. 36f.
  22. ^ Dunsch. p. 36f.
  23. ^ Dunsch. p. 45f.
  24. ^ Dunsch. p. 49f.
  25. ^ Dunsch. p. 182f.
  26. ^ Dunsch. p. 55f.
  27. ^ "Home". Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  28. ^ "Building a movement". Global Shapers Community. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  29. ^ "Agreement signed with the WEF". The portal of the Swiss government. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  30. ^ Ramachandran, Shalini; Safdar, Khadeeja (29 June 2024). "Behind Davos, Claims of a Toxic Workplace". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  31. ^ Weder, Janique (3 July 2024). "Schwere Vorwürfe gegen Klaus Schwab: Das WEF weist Bericht zurück". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  32. ^ "World Economic Forum launches probe into founder Klaus Schwab over whistleblower allegations". Reuters. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  33. ^ Ruehl, Mercedes. "'A family enterprise': WEF founder Klaus Schwab on alleged wrongdoing at Davos". Financial Times.
  34. ^ Strasburg, Jenny; Ramachandran, Shalini (29 June 2024). "World Economic Forum Clears Klaus Schwab of Wrongdoing". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 April 2026.
  35. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2014). Moderne Unternehmensführung im Maschinenbau (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  36. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Publishing Group (published 2017). ISBN 9781524758875. Retrieved 29 June 2017. Digital technologies ... are not new, but in a break with the third industrial revolution, they are becoming more sophisticated and integrated and are, as a result, transforming societies and the global economy.
  37. ^ "Industrie 4.0: Mit dem Internet der Dinge auf dem Weg zur 4. industrial Revolution - vdi-nachrichten.com". 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  38. ^ Schwab, Klaus (12 December 2015). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  39. ^ "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means and how to respond". World Economic Forum. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  40. ^ Schwab, Klaus (14 January 2016). "The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 29 June 2017. The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.
  41. ^ Marr, Bernard. "Why Everyone Must Get Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution". Forbes. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  42. ^ "The Great Reset: What is it?". Full Fact. 14 April 2022. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  43. ^ "Klaus Schwab: The Compass Der Große Neustart Podcast". 25 April 2026. Retrieved 25 April 2026.
  44. ^ Meck, Georg (20 January 2013). "Zu hohe Managergehälter sind nicht mehr sozial verträglich". Carsten Knop Berthold Kohler Jürgen Kaube Gerald Braunberger. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  45. ^ "Knurrende Zustimmung vom Ständerat zu WEF-Geldern". SRG SSR. Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  46. ^ Busse, Caspar (17 January 2017). "Das Weltwirtschaftsforum ist zu einer Geldmaschine geworden" [The World Economic Forum has become a money machine]. Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  47. ^ Flynn, Julia; Stecklow, Steve (27 January 2000). "Davos Chief Dabbles in For-Profit Firms, Raising Questions About Forum's Priorities". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  48. ^ Goodman, Peter (18 January 2022). "How Klaus Schwab Built a Billionaire Circus at Davos". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  49. ^ Bosley, Catherine (17 May 2021). "WEF Cancels Singapore Meeting as Pandemic Haunts Global Event". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  50. ^ Pöschl, Fabian (25 June 2021). "WEF-Chef Klaus Schwab droht Davos wegen überrissener Preise". 20 Minuten (in German). Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  51. ^ "WEF-Gründer Klaus Schwab kritisiert Davos scharf". Blick (in German). 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  52. ^ a b "NUS confers highest honour on World Economic Forum Founder and Executive Chairman Prof Klaus Schwab and social service champion Gerard Ee". nus.edu.sg. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  53. ^ "Klaus Schwab". Dan David Prize. 25 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  54. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2025). Thriving and Leading in the Intelligent Age. Geneva: Schwab Academy. ISBN 9782970195436. Retrieved 25 April 2026. We are entering an age where intelligence—human, artificial, and collective—has become the world's most powerful resource. In Thriving and Leading in the Intelligent Age, Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder of the World Economic Forum, offers an essential guide for those determined to lead this transformation with clarity, courage, and purpose.
  55. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2025). Longevity and Retirement in the Intelligent Age. Geneva: Schwab Academy. ISBN 9782970195450. Retrieved 25 April 2026. Longevity and Retirement in the Intelligent Age shows how businesses, communities, and individuals can harness the untapped potential of aging employees and retirees. When fully engaged, older adults can drive innovation, mentorship, and meaningful contributions that benefit everyone.
  56. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2026). Restoring Truth and Trust: An Agenda for the Intelligent Age. Geneva: Schwab Academy. ISBN 9782970195498. Retrieved 25 April 2026. In a world defined by accelerating technological change, deepening polarization, and an erosion of shared reality, Restoring Truth and Trust: An Agenda for the Intelligent Age offers a clear, grounded, and hopeful path forward. Drawing on 55 years of service to the global public interest, Klaus Schwab reflects on what it will take to navigate the transition from the Industrial Age to a truly Intelligent Age, one guided not merely by algorithms and data, but by values, responsibility, and human dignity.
  57. ^ Schwab, Klaus (2026). Universities, Professors, and Students in the Intelligent Age. Geneva: Schwab Academy. ISBN 9782970195443. Retrieved 25 April 2026. As AI, automation, and digital transformation reshape economies and societies, the future of higher education is being rewritten. Universities are no longer competing only on prestige or research output. They are competing on their ability to help societies learn faster, adapt more effectively, and innovate continuously.
  58. ^ Whitney, Craig (28 January 1997). "Political and Corporate Elite Soak Up Big Ideas at Davos". The New York Times.
  59. ^ "SI_2010_05 by Schweizer Illustrierte – Issuu". 9 February 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  60. ^ Edwards, Haley (4 February 2019). "The Optimist's Playbook". Time. Vol. 193. pp. 62–65.
  61. ^ Bernaudon, Sylvie (31 May 2012). "Les 20 femmes qui font la Suisse". Tamedia Publications. Bilan – B Economie. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  62. ^ Zurich, Stephen Foley in New York and Mercedes Ruehl in (15 May 2025). "Downfall in Davos: Klaus Schwab fights for legacy after WEF whistleblower claims". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Schwab&oldid=1353587941"