# Square-integrable function

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In mathematics, a square-integrable function, also called a quadratically integrable function, is a real- or complex-valued measurable function for which the integral of the square of the absolute value is finite. Thus, if

${\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }|f(x)|^{2}\,\mathrm {d} x<\infty ,}$

then ƒ is square integrable on the real line ${\displaystyle (-\infty ,+\infty )}$. One may also speak of quadratic integrability over bounded intervals such as [0, 1].[1]

An equivalent definition is to say that the square of the function itself (rather than of its absolute value) is Lebesgue integrable. For this to be true, the integrals of the positive and negative portions of the real part must both be finite, as well as those for the imaginary part.

Often the term is used not to refer to a specific function, but to a set of functions that are equal almost everywhere.

## Properties

The square integrable functions (in the sense mentioned in which a "function" actually means a set of functions that are equal almost everywhere) form an inner product space with inner product given by

${\displaystyle \langle f,g\rangle =\int _{A}{\overline {f(x)}}g(x)\,\mathrm {d} x}$

where

• f and g are square integrable functions,
• f(x) is the complex conjugate of f,
• A is the set over which one integrates—in the first example (given in the introduction above), A is ${\displaystyle (-\infty ,+\infty )}$; in the second, A is [0, 1].

Since |a|2 = a, square integrability is the same as saying

${\displaystyle \langle f,f\rangle <\infty .\,}$

It can be shown that square integrable functions form a complete metric space under the metric induced by the inner product defined above. A complete metric space is also called a Cauchy space, because sequences in such metric spaces converge if and only if they are Cauchy. A space which is complete under the metric induced by a norm is a Banach space. Therefore, the space of square integrable functions is a Banach space, under the metric induced by the norm, which in turn is induced by the inner product. As we have the additional property of the inner product, this is specifically a Hilbert space, because the space is complete under the metric induced by the inner product.

This inner product space is conventionally denoted by ${\displaystyle \left(L_{2},\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle _{2}\right)}$ and many times abbreviated as ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$. Note that ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$ denotes the set of square integrable functions, but no selection of metric, norm or inner product are specified by this notation. The set, together with the specific inner product ${\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle _{2}}$ specify the inner product space.

The space of square integrable functions is the Lp space in which p = 2.