LGBT rights by country or territory

Worldwide laws regarding homosexual relationships and expression

	Marriage		Restricted freedom of expression
	Civil union, registered partnership or unregistered cohabitation		Unenforced penalty
	Marriage recognized but not performed		Imprisonment
	Same-sex unions not recognized		Up to life in prison
			Death penalty

Click on map to view an enlarged version where rings in various locations become visible. These indicate places with local or case-by-case applications of law.

LGBT rights at the United Nations

	Support	Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights and/or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (94 members).
	Oppose	Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members).
	Neither	Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (46 members).

Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or territory—everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as punishment for same-sex romantic/sexual activity or identity.

LGBT rights are considered human rights^[1] and civil rights.^[2] LGBT rights laws include, but are not limited to, the following:

allowing of men who have sex with men to donate blood
government recognition of same-sex relationships (such as via same-sex marriage or similar unions)
allowing of LGBT adoption
recognition of LGBT parenting
anti-bullying legislation and student non-discrimination laws to protect LGBT children and/or students
immigration equality laws
anti-discrimination laws for employment and housing
hate crime laws providing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people
equal age of consent laws
equal access to assisted reproductive technology
access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy
legal recognition and accommodation of reassigned gender
and laws related to sexual orientation and military service

As of July 2015, eighteen countries, most of them located in the Americas and Western Europe,^[f] recognize same-sex marriage and grant most of (if not all) the other rights listed above to its LGBT citizens.

Anti-LGBT laws include, but are not limited to, the following: sodomy laws penalizing consensual same-sex sexual activity with fines, jail terms, or the death penalty; anti-"lesbianism" laws; and higher ages of consent for same-sex activity.

In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crime, criminalization of homosexuality, and discrimination. Following up on the report, the UN Human Rights Commission urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT rights.^[3]^[4]

As of July 2015, seventy two countries^[g] as well as five sub-national jurisdictions^[h] have laws criminalizing homosexuality, most of them are located in Asia and Africa

History of LGBT-related laws

Ancient Celts

According to Aristotle, although most "belligerent nations" were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts were unusual because their men openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).^[5] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity."^[6] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists, the Roman Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus, repeating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that these authors may be recording male "bonding rituals".^[7]

Ancient India

Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many descriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender.^[8] There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories of depicting love between same sexes especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the ancient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same sexes. Transsexuals are also venerated e.g. Lord Vishnu as Mohini and Lord Shiva as Ardhanarishwara (which means half woman).^[9]

Ancient Israel and West Asia

The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, the cities being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as being "abominable".

Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."^{[citation needed]}

Ancient Persia

In Persia homosexuality and homoerotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, military camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution (amrad khane) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa’di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the köçeks and the bacchás, and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God.

Ancient Rome

The "conquest mentality" of the ancient Romans shaped Roman homosexual practices.^[10] In the Roman Republic, a citizen's political liberty was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or use by others;^[11] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.^[12] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially acceptable and considered natural for him to have same-sex relations, without a perceived loss of his masculinity or social standing.^[13] The bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalites on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.^[14] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.

"Homosexual" and "heterosexual" were thus not categories of Roman sexuality, and no words exist in Latin that would precisely translate these concepts.^[15] A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men, who were presumably "homosexual" in the modern sense.^[16] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.^[17]

Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. It was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.^[18] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.^[19] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.^[20]

In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,^[21] as a violation of military discipline.^[22] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "those who in youth have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.^[23] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.^[24] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;^[25] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.^[26] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.^[27]

Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.^[28] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.^[29]

Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.^[30] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.^[31] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.^[32]

Congo

E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The practice had died out by the early 20th century, after Europeans had gained control of African countries, but was recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he spoke.^[33]

Feudal Japan

In feudal Japan, homosexuality was recognized, between equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederastic relationship often was expected to make the first move; the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age; this relationship, often formalized in a "brotherhood contract",^[34] was expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. Later when Japanese society became pacified, the middle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior class.

Lesotho

Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned "long term, erotic relationships" called motsoalle.^[35]

Papua New Guinea

In Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated homosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing semen, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant after sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would "inseminate" him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.^[36]

LGBT-related laws by country or territory

Decriminalization of same-sex sexual activity by country or territory

1790–1799

1800–1829

1830–1839

1840–1859

1860–1869

1870–1879

1880–1889

1890–1929

1930–1939

1940–1949

1950–1959

1960–1969

1970–1979

1980–1989

1990–1999

2000–2009

2010-present

Same-sex sexual activity legal

Male same-sex sexual activity illegal

Same-sex sexual activity illegal

Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men

Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral

Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral

Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral¹

No Data

¹No restriction in Israel and the United States of America if last MSM activity was before 1977.

Africa

Tables:

Northern Africa

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Same-sex marriage
Algeria	Illegal Penalty: Fine and up to 2 years imprisonment.^[37]
Egypt	Male de facto illegal Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without torture and fines under broadly written morality laws Female uncertain.^[37]^[38]
Libya	Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.^[37]^[39]
Morocco (Including Southern Provinces)	Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.^[37]^[40]
South Sudan	Illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment.^[37]	Constitutional ban since 2011.
Sudan	Illegal Penalty: Death penalty on third offense for men and on fourth offense for women.^[37]
Tunisia	Illegal Penalty: 3 years imprisonment.^[37]^[41]

Western Africa

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Same-sex marriage	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
Benin	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37]^[42] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[43]
Burkina Faso	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37]	Constitutional ban since 1991.
Cape Verde	Legal since 2004 + UN decl. sign.		Bans some anti-gay discrimination.^[37]
Côte d'Ivoire	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[44]
Gambia	Illegal Penalty: Up to Iife imprisonment.^[37]^[45]
Ghana	Male illegal Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more Female always legal.^[37]^[46]
Guinea	Penalty: 6 months to 3 years imprisonment.^[37]
Guinea-Bissau	Legal since 1993^[37] + UN decl. sign.
Liberia	Illegal Penalty: 1 year imprisonment.^[37]
Mali	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37]
Mauritania	Illegal Penalty: Death penalty (No public executions for any crime since 1987).^[37]
Niger	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[47]
Nigeria	Illegal under federal law Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment Illegal in the states of Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara Penalty: Death penalty for men. Whipping and/or imprisonment for women.^[37]^[48]
Senegal	Illegal Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment.^[37]
Sierra Leone	Male illegal Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced) Female always legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]
Togo	Illegal Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment.^[37]

Central Africa

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Same-sex marriage	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Cameroon	Illegal Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment.^[37]
Central African Republic	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country). + UN decl. sign.^[37]
Chad	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country). (Same-sex sexual activity illegal in Aouzou Strip under annexation of Libya from 1973 to 1994).^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[49]
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37]	Constitutional ban since 2005.
Equatorial Guinea	Legal.^[37]
Gabon	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign.^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[50]
Republic of the Congo	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[51]
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Since 2000. UK responsible for defence responsibility.	Constitutional ban on discrimination.	Since 2013.
São Tomé and Príncipe	Legal since 2012 + UN decl. sign.^[37] ^[52]

Southeast Africa

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Same-sex marriage
Burundi	Illegal since 2009 Penalty: 3 months to 2 years imprisonment.^[37]^[53]	Constitutional ban since 2005.
Kenya	Illegal Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment,^[37]	Constitutional ban since 2010.^[54]
Rwanda	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[55] + UN decl. sign.	Constitutional ban since 2003.
Uganda	Male illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment Female illegal since 2000 Penalty: Up to 7 years imprisonment.^[37]	Constitutional ban since 2005.
Tanzania	Illegal Penalty: Up to life imprisonment.^[37]

Horn of Africa

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Djibouti	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37]
Eritrea	Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Not enforced)^[37]
Ethiopia	Illegal Penalty: 10 years imprisonment or more^[37]
Somalia	Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment^[37]

Indian Ocean States

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Comoros	Illegal Penalty: 5 years imprisonment & fines^[37]
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Overseas territory of France)	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the territory).^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Madagascar	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country).^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)^[56]
Mauritius	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity; however, anal sex is illegal, punishable with 5 years' prison) Female always legal ^[57]+ UN decl. sign.^[37]				Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[58]^[59]
Mayotte (Overseas department of France)	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the department).^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Réunion (Overseas department of France)	Legal since 1791^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	However, it requires sterilization for sex change.
Seychelles	Male illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced) Female always legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]				Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[37]

Southern Africa

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Angola	De facto illegal Penalty: Fines, restrictions or penal labor (Not enforced)^[37]
Botswana	Illegal Penalty: Fine to up to 7 years imprisonment (Not enforced)^[37]					Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[37]
Lesotho	Male legal since 2012 Female always legal^[60]
Malawi	Illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment & whippings (Law suspended from usage since 2012)^[37]^[61]
Mozambique	Legal since 2015^[62]^[63]					Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[37]^[58]
Namibia	Male illegal (Not enforced) Female always legal^[37]^[64]^[65]
South Africa	Male legal since 1998 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; Same-sex marriage since 2006.	Legal since 2006	Legal since 2002	Since 1998	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment.
Swaziland	Male illegal Female always legal^[37]
Zambia	Illegal Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment^[37]
Zimbabwe	Male illegal Female always legal^[37]		Constitutional ban since 2013

Partially recognized or unrecognized states

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Excluding Southern Provinces)	Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment^[66]
Somaliland	Illegal Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment^[37]

The Americas

Tables:

North America

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda (overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1994 (Age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.^[37]				UK responsible for defence.	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.^[67]
Canada	Legal since 1969 (Age of consent discrepancy and prohibition of anal intercourse in some cases) + UN decl. sign.^[37]^[68]		Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003. Nationwide since 2005.	Legal nationwide since 2010, but specifics may vary by province and territory.^[69] Legal in some provinces starting in 1996.	Since 1992.^[70]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech.	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention in most provinces and territories (not required in Ontario, British Columbia and Manitoba); Explicit anti-discrimination protections only in Alberta, NWT, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario, implicit elsewhere.^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]
Greenland (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)	Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 1996.	Legal by October 2015.	Step-child adoption since 2009. Joint adoption by October 2015.	Since 1978 (Joint Defence Command responsible)	Bans some anti-gay discrimination.
Mexico	Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	/ Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),^[75] Colima (2013),^[76] Jalisco (2013)^[77] and Campeche (2013).^[78]	/ Legal in Mexico City (2010),^[79] Quintana Roo (2012)^[80], Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015) and Guerrero (2015). All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.^[79] (Proposed nationwide).^[81]^[82] The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,^[83] but as state constitutions were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the court.^[84]^[85]	/ Joint adoption legal in Mexico City (2010)^[86] and Coahuila (2014).^[87] Nationwide, LGBT individuals may adopt.^[88]	/ No explicit ban. However, LGB persons have been reportedly discharged on the grounds of "immorality".^[89]	Nationwide since 2003.^[90]	/ Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City since 2008.^[91] Mexico adopted a legal protocol for gender identity and sexual orientation in 2014 based upon constitutional provisions to equally protect the rights of all citizens.^[92]
Saint Pierre et Miquelon (Overseas collectivity of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999.	Legal since 2013.	Legal since 2013.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Requires sterilization for legal change.
United States	Legal since 1962, nationwide since 2003 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Legal in some states since 2000. Nationwide since 2015	Legal in some states since 2004. Nationwide since 2015	Legal in some states since 1993. Nationwide since 2015	Since 2011.	/ Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce, along with the government employment in the District of Columbia, and the United States Postal Service, since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087). Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation with minors by mental health professionals illegal in some states. (Banned in California, New Jersey, Oregon and the District of Columbia). Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009. (Sexual orientation discrimination in public and private employment)	/ Gender identity discrimination in employment and healthcare insurance banned since 2012.^[93]^[94] Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009. (Gender identity discrimination in public and private employment)

Central America

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize	Male illegal since 2003 Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced) Female always legal.^[37]
Costa Rica	Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	For some purposes such as conjugal visit, health-related decisions and social insurance; (Civil union pending).^[95]^[96]		LGBT individuals may adopt.	Has no military.	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.
El Salvador	Legal since the 1800s + UN decl. sign.^[37]		(Constitutional ban pending).^[97]			Bans all anti-gay discrimination (Rarely enforced).
Guatemala	Legal since 1800's + UN decl. sign.^[37]
Honduras	Legal since 1899 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutional ban since 2005.			Bans hate crimes based on sexual orientation.	Bans hate crimes based on gender identity.
Nicaragua	Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.^[37]					Bans some anti-gay discrimination.^[37]
Panama	Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				Has no military.

Caribbean

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				UK responsible for defence.
Antigua and Barbuda	Illegal Penalty: 15-year prison sentence.^[37]
Aruba (Autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]	/ (Pending)^[98] Only unions performed in the Netherlands recognised.	/ Only same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognised.		The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Bahamas	Legal since 1991 (Age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.^[37]
Barbados	Illegal Penalty: Life imprisonment (Not enforced).^[37]
British Virgin Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on discrimination.
Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba; Special municipalities of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Legal since 2012.	^[99]	The Netherlands responsible for defence.	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.
Cayman Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 (Age of consent discrepancy) ^[100] + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutional ban since 2009.^[101]		UK responsible for defence.
Cuba	Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Proposed).	Constitutional ban since 1976.			Bans some anti-gay discrimination.^[102]^[103]
Curaçao (Autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]	/ Only unions performed in the Netherlands recognised.	/ Only same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognised.		The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Dominica	Illegal Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution + UN decl. sign.^[37]
Dominican Republic	Legal since 1822 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutional ban since 2010.		^[104]
Grenada	Male illegal Penalty: 10-year prison sentence Female always legal.^[37]				Has no military.
Guadeloupe (Overseas department of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999.	Legal since 2013.	Legal since 2013.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Requires sterilization for legal change.
Haiti	Legal since 1986.^[37]				Has no military.
Jamaica	Male illegal Penalty: 10 years hard labor (Not enforced) Female always legal.^[37]
Martinique (Overseas department of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999.	Legal since 2013.	Legal since 2013.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Requires sterilization for legal change.
Montserrat (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutional ban since 2010.^[105]		UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on discrimination.^[106]
Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)	Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Since 2015	Legal since 2015.^[107]	Legal since 2015	Since 2011.	Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply.	Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply.
Saint Barthélemy (Overseas collectivity of France since 2007)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999.	Legal since 2013.	Legal since 2013.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Requires sterilization for legal change.
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Male illegal Penalty: 10 years Female always legal.^[37]
Saint Lucia	Male illegal Penalty: fine and/or 10-year prison sentence Female always legal.^[37]				Has no military.
Saint Martin (Overseas collectivity of France since 2007)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999.	Legal since 2013.	Legal since 2013.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Requires sterilization for legal change.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Illegal Penalty: fine and/or 10-year prison sentence.^[37]				Has no military.
Sint Maarten (Autonomous country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]	/ Only unions performed in the Netherlands recognised.	/ Only same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognised.		The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Trinidad and Tobago	Illegal Penalty: 25-year prison sentence (Not enforced).^[37]
Turks and Caicos Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutional ban since 2011.^[108]		UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on discrimination.
United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)	Legal since 1985 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Since 2015	Legal since 2015	Legal since 2015	Since 2011.	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well.	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well.

South America

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina	Legal since 1887 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Unregistered cohabitation since 2008.^[109] Civil unions in some jurisdictions.	Legal since 2010.^[110]	Legal since 2010.	Since 2009.^[111]	/ Legal protection in some provinces (federal law pending).^[112] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal.	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2012.^[113]
Bolivia	Legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending).	Constitutional ban since 2009.	LGBT individuals may adopt.	Since 2015.^[114]^[115]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention.^[116]
Brazil	Legal since 1831 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	"Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004. All rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011.^[117]^[118]	Legal in some states since 2012. Nationwide since 2013.^[119]^[120]	Legal since 2010.^[121]	Since 1969.^[122]	/ All state-sanctioned social discrimination of citizens since 1988. Legal protection for sexual orientation in many jurisdictions (expansion of anti-discrimination (all) national Constitutional amendment discussed in the Senate).^[123] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999.^[124]^[125]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2009.^[126]^[127]^[128]
Chile	Legal since 1999 (Age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil union by October 2015.^[129]^[130]	(Pending) Marriage performed abroad recognized as Civil union.^[131]	LGBT individuals may adopt (Step-child adoption and joint adoption pending).^[132]	Since 2012.^[133]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.^[134]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2007. Currently, a broader gender identity law (which would not require any surgeries or judicial permission) is being discussed by the congress.^[135]^[136]
Colombia	Legal since 1981 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil union since 2007.	/ Judges are able to marry same-sex couples using a 2011 court ruling. (Pending Constitutional Court ruling)^[137]	/ Step-child adoption since 2014^[138]; (Joint adoption pending)^[139]	Since 1999. Since 2009 the military special social security system can be used by same sex couples in the army.	Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech.^[140]	Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required. ^[141]
Ecuador	Legal since 1997 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil union since 2009.^[142]	Constitutional ban since 2009.			Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention.
Falkland Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending).^[143]			UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on discrimination.^[144]
French Guiana (Overseas department of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999.	Legal since 2013.	Legal since 2013.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Requires sterilization for legal change.
Guyana	Illegal Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).^[37]				^[145]	Added to constitution in 2004, but withdrawn afterwards by the government.
Paraguay	Legal since 1880 (Age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Constitutional ban since 1992.	Constitutional ban since 1992.
Peru	Legal since 1836-1837 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)^[146]			Since 2009.^[147]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Transgender persons can change their legal name after completion of medical intervention. Gender change is not allowed by courts.
Suriname	Legal since 1869 (Age of consent discrepancy).^[37]
Uruguay	Legal since 1934 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil union since 2008.^[148]	Legal since 2013.^[149]	Legal since 2009.^[150]	Since 2009.^[151]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination since 2004.^[152]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 2009.^[153]
Venezuela	Legal since 1997. + UN decl. sign.^[37]	/ Civil union in Mérida since 2010.	(Proposed) Constitutional ban since 1999.^[154]		Since 1999.	Bans some anti-gay discrimination.^[155]

Asia

This table:

Central Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?
Kazakhstan	Legal since 1998^[37]	^[156]
Kyrgyzstan	Legal since 1998^[37]
Tajikistan	Legal since 1998^[37]
Turkmenistan	Male illegal Penalty: up to 2-year prison sentence Female always legal^[37]
Uzbekistan	Male illegal Penalty: up to 3-year prison sentence Female always legal^[37]

Northern Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[157]
Armenia	Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				/ No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.^[158]
Azerbaijan	Legal since 2000^[37]				^[159]		(Requires sterilization for change).^[160]
Cyprus	Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)^[161]^[162]		(Step-child adopting pending)		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
Georgia	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		(Constitutional ban proposed)			Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[164]	(Requires sterilization for change)^[160]
Russia	Male legal since 1993 Female always legal^[165]^[37]		(Constitutional ban proposed)	LGBT individuals may adopt.			(Requires sterilization for change)^[160]
Turkey	Legal since 1858^[37]				(Proposed)^[166]	(Proposed)^[167]	(Requires sterilization for change)

Western Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bahrain	Legal since 1976^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)
Iran	Illegal Penalty: For men 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men of sound mind and is consenting. For women 50 lashes for women of mature sound mind and is consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.^[37]						Legal gender recognition in Iran is legal if accompanied by a medical intervention.^[168]
Iraq	Legal since 2003^[169] (Age of consent discrepancy)
Israel	Legal since 1988 + UN decl. sign.^[37]^[170]	Unregistered cohabitation since 1994.	/ Unrecognized if performed in country, but foreign same-sex marriages are recognized	Since 2008	Since 1993	Bans some anti-gay discrimination;^[171]^[172] Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty applies to homosexuals and bisexuals.^[173]	Full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention;^[174] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity;^[175]^[176] Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty applies to transgender individuals.^[175]^[177]
Jordan	Legal since 1951^[37]
Kuwait	Male illegal Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence Female always legal^[37]^[178]
Lebanon	Legal since 2014^[179]
Oman	Illegal Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal")^[37]
Qatar	Illegal Penalty: Fines, prison sentence up to 7 years. Death penalty offense. (Applies to Muslims only)^[37]
Saudi Arabia	Illegal Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines and/or whipping/flogging, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution.^[37]
Syria	Illegal Penalty: Prison sentence up to 3 years (Law in de-facto suspended)^[180]^[37]						Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender
United Arab Emirates	Illegal under federal law Penalty: deportation, fines or prison time (Unclear if the death penalty applies) Illegal in the emirate of Dubai Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment Illegal in the emirate of Abu Dhabi Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment^[37]
Yemen	Illegal Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, married men with death by stoning. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.^[37]

Southern Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Afghanistan	Illegal Penalty: Long imprisonment or death penalty (No known cases of death sentences have been handed out for same-sex sexual activity after the end of Taliban rule)^[37]
Bangladesh	Illegal Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment^[37]						A third option (hijra) beside male and female^[181]
Bhutan	Illegal Penalty: Prison sentence up to 1 year (Not enforced)^[37]
India	Illegal nationwide since 1860^[182] Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced)^[183]^[182]^[37]	No explicit recognition.^[184]	No explicit recognition.^[184]	Transgender individuals may adopt.	^[185]		"Third gender" recognised by Supreme Court^[186]
Maldives	Illegal Penalty: For men the punishment is banishment for nine months to one year or a whipping of 10 to 30 strokes. For women is house arrest for nine months to one year.^[37]				^{[citation needed]}
Nepal	Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	By Supreme Court in 2008 but not included in the Constitution yet	By Supreme Court in 2008 but not included in the Constitution yet	Under consideration		Supreme Court ruled discrimination laws apply to homosexuals	"Third gender" cards have been issued since September 2007, legally protected class^[187]
Pakistan	Illegal Penalty: 2 years to life sentence^[37]						'Third gender' officially protected from discrimination by Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2010
Sri Lanka	Illegal Penalty: Fine and up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced)^[37]				^{[citation needed]}

Eastern Asia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of relationships	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
China (People's Republic of)	Legal since 1997^[37]				Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Hong Kong (Special administrative region of China)	Legal since 1991^[37]		The People's Republic of China is in charge of Hong Kong's defence affairs. Regardless of sexual orientation, military personnel are not recruited from Hong Kong.	Government employment, goods and services only	Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Japan	Legal since 1880 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	/ Partnership in Shibuya since 2015^[188]		/ No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discriminations^[37]	Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery and in case that the transsexual has no child under 20 years old
Macau (Special administrative region of China)	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the region)		The People's Republic of China is in charge of Macau's defence affairs. Regardless of sexual orientation, military personnel are not recruited from Macau.	Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Mongolia	Legal since 1961 + UN decl. sign.^[37]
North Korea	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)^[37]				Unknown although there are heavily obeyed gender roles for both male and female. See Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle
South Korea	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Due to conscription.		Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights in	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of relationships	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Brunei	Illegal Penalty: Fines and imprisonment up to 10 years or death by stoning^[37]
Burma	Illegal Penalty: Up to life sentence (Not enforced)^[37]
Cambodia	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)^[37]		Constitutional ban since 1993, though there has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage.	^{[citation needed]}
East Timor	Legal since 1975 + UN decl. sign.^[37]					Bans hate crimes based on sexual orientation
Indonesia	Legal nationwide, except; Illegal in the provinces of Aceh Province and South Sumatra (Applies only to Muslims)^[189]^[190]^[37] (Age of consent discrepancy)				^[191]		Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender
Laos	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)^[37]
Malaysia	Male illegal Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2-20 years), or whippings Female always legal^[37]
Philippines	Legal nationwide since 1933 except; Illegal in Marawi City (Applies to Muslims only)^[192]^[37]^[193]	(Pending)^[192]	(Pending)^[194]	/ Step-child adoption legal	Since 2009	/ No national protections, but Cebu^[195] Quezon City, Davao^[196] and Albay have anti-discrimination ordinances^[197] (National bill pending but still not made into law)
Singapore	Male illegal Penalty: up to 2 years prison sentence (Not enforced since 1999) Female legal since 2007^[37]				Due to conscription, but gays are not allowed to go to command school or serve in sensitive units.		Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Thailand	Legal since 1956 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Proposed)^[198]			Since 2005		Transsexuals may change their legal name after having a sex change operation.^[199]
Vietnam	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country)^[37]		^[200]				Sex-change recognized for sex assignment for persons of congenital sex defects and unidentifiable sex

Partially recognized or unrecognized states

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia	Legal after 1991
Nagorno-Karabakh	Legal since 2000
Northern Cyprus	Legal since 2014^[201]^[202]^[37]					Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[201]^[202]	Discrimination or hate speech banned since 2014.^[201]^[202] Unknown if gender change is legal.
Palestinian territories	West Bank: Legal since 1951 (As part of Jordan)^[37] Gaza: Male illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment Female always legal^[37]
South Ossetia	Legal after 1991
Taiwan (China, Republic of)	Legal since 1895^[203]	/ Partnerships in Kaohsiung and Taipei since 2015^[204]^[205] (Proposed nationwide)	(Pending)	(Pending)	Due to military draft	Bans some anti-gay discrimination (in work and education)	Transsexuals allowed to change legal gender. Surgery no longer a requirement beginning in 2015^[206]
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and its controlled territories	Illegal Penalty: Death

Europe

Tables:

European Union

European Union member states are indicated with the EU flag in regional European sub-divisions.

	See: LGBT rights in the European Union European Union law forbids discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. All EU states are required to legalise same-sex sexual activity and implement anti-discrimination laws.^[207]^[208]

Central Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria	Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 2010^[209]	(Pending)^[210]	Step-child adoption since 2013. Joint adoption court ordered by January 2016.^[211]^[212]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Gender change is legal.^[160]
Croatia	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Life partnership since 2014^[213]	Constitutionally banned since the 2013 referendum.^[214]	/ Partner-guardianship since 2014 (parental responsibility and a permanent next-of-kins relationship between a life partner and their partner's child which is registered in the child's birth certificate)		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[215]^[163]^[163]	Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all types discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health. ^[216]
Czech Republic	Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 2006^[217]		LGBT individuals may adopt; (Step-child adoption pending).		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Legal recognition granted and amendment of birth certificate after reassignment surgery (With mandatory sterilization) ^[160].
Germany	Legal in East Germany since 1968 Legal in West Berlin and West Germany since 1969 + UN decl. sign.^[37]^[218]	Registered life partnership since 2001^[219]	(Pending)^[220]	/ Step-child adoption since 2005; (Joint adoption pending)		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Gender change is legal.^[221]
Hungary	Legal since 1962 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 2009^[222]	(Pending)^[223] Constitutionally banned since 2012	LGBT individuals may adopt; (Joint and step-child adoption pending)		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Full legal recognition granted, birth certificate replaced. No surgery or hormone therapy is required for legal gender change.
Liechtenstein	Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 2011^[224]		LGBT individuals may adopt.	Has no military	(Proposed)^{[citation needed]}	Gender change is not legal.^[160]
Poland	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the country) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	^[225]	Constitutionally banned since 1997.^[226]	LGBT individuals may adopt, joint adoption forbidden.		Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Romania	Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)		LGBT individuals may adopt.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Legal recognition and birth certificates amended after reassignment surgery.
Slovakia	Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia) + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutionally banned since 2014.	LGBT individuals may adopt		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[227]^[228]	(Requires sterilization for change).^[160]
Slovenia	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 2006^[229]	Legal since 2015 (Pending constitutional assessment)	Step-child adoption since 2011. Joint adoption since 2015.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Gender change is legal.^[230]
Switzerland	Legal nationwide since 1942 Legal in the cantons of Geneva, Ticino, Valais and Vaud (as part of France) since 1798 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 2007^[231]	(Pending)^[232] (Constitutional ban pending)	LGBT individuals may adopt; (Biological step-child adoption pending).^[233]		Bans some anti-gay discrimination. (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)	Legal documents can be issued based on a person's new gender identity. Sterilization technically required not enforced since 2012. Registered Partnership can become Marriage between the new opposite-sex couple.^[234]

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Armenia	Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.^[37]			/ No explicit ban. However, LGBT persons have been reportedly discharged because of their sexual orientation.^[235]
Azerbaijan	Legal since 2000^[37]			^[236]		(Requires sterilization for change).^[160]
Belarus	Legal since 1994^[37]	Constitutionally banned since 1994^[237]		/ Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able.^[238]	LGBT activism/expression deemed terrorism^[239]
Georgia	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Constitutional ban proposed)			Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[240]	(Requires sterilization for change).^[160]
Kazakhstan	Legal since 1998^[37]
Moldova	Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Constitutionally banned since 1994.			Bans some anti-gay discrimination ^[163]	(Requires sterilization for change).^[160]
Russia	Male legal since 1993 Female always legal^[241]^[37]	(Constitutional ban proposed)				(Requires sterilization for change).^[160]
Ukraine	Legal since 1991 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Constitutionally banned since 1996	LGBT individuals may adopt.	/ Policies depend on the regional commissioners.		(Requires sterilization for change).^[160]

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark	Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership from 1989 to 2012 (Existing partnerships are still recognized.)	Legal since 2012	Step-child adoption since 1999. Joint adoption since 2010.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy.^[242]
Estonia	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Cohabitation agreement from 2016^[243]		/ Step-child adoption from 2016		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
Faroe Islands (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)	Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				(Denmark responsible for defence)	Bans some anti-gay discrimination	^[244]
Finland	Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 2002^[245]	From March 2017^[246]	Step-child adoption since 2009. Joint adoption from March 2017.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Legal change and recognition is possible only with sterilization.^[247]
Iceland	Legal since 1940 (As part of Denmark) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered cohabitation since 2006^[248]; Registered partnership from 1996 to 2010 (Existing partnerships are still recognized.)	Legal since 2010	Legal since 2006	Has no military	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Documents can be amended to the recognised gender.
Latvia	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutionally banned since 2006	LGBT individuals may adopt		Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Documents are amended accordingly, no medical intervention required.^[249]
Lithuania	Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)^[250]	Constitutionally banned since 1992	Only married couples can adopt		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Gender change is legal since 2003.^[251]
Norway	Legal since 1972 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership from 1993 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognized.)	Legal since 2009	Legal since 2009		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.
Sweden	Legal since 1944 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership from 1995 to 2009 (Existing partnerships are still recognized.)	Legal since 2009	Legal since 2003		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.^[37]^[252]^[253]				UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[254]
Albania	Legal since 1995 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)				Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. Gender change is not legal.^[160]
Andorra	Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Stable union since 2005^[255]; Civil union since 2014.^[256]		Legal since 2014^[257]^[256]^[258]	Has no military	Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Gender change is not legal.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Legal since 1998 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska since 2000 and Brcko District since 2001 + UN decl. sign.^[37]					Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[163]
Bulgaria	Legal since 1968 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutionally banned since 1991.	LGBT individuals may adopt.		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	(Requires sterilization for change). Forbids discrimination based on gender identity. ^[259] ^[260]
Cyprus	Legal since 1998 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)^[261]		(Step-child adoption pending)^[262]	(The only EU country to ban LGBT people in the military, not enforced)	Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
Gibraltar (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1993 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil partnership since 2014^[263]		Legal since 2014	UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination (Banning all anti-gay discrimination pending)	(Pending)^[264]
Greece	Legal since 1951 (Age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)^[265]				Bans all anti-gay discrimination	(Requires sterilization for change).
Italy	Legal since 1890 Legal in parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, along with Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol since 1919 (Illegal in parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, illegal in parts of Veneto, along with Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol from 1943-1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	(Pending)^[266]	(Pending)^[267]^[268]^[269]	(Step-child adoption pending)^[270]		Bans some anti-gay discrimination	Since 1982 legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender.^[271]
Macedonia	Legal since 1996 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		(Constitutional ban pending)^[272]
Malta	Legal since 1973 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil union since 2014^[273]	/ Marriage performed abroad recognized since 2014^[273]^[274]	Legal since 2014		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Since 2015.^[275]
Montenegro	Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutionally banned since 2007.			Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	(Requires sterilization for change).^[160] Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.
Portugal	Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Unregistered cohabitation since 2001	Legal since 2010^[276]	LGBT individuals may adopt		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.	Since 2011. All documents can be amended to the recognised gender.
San Marino	Legal since 1865 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Unregistered cohabitation since 2012 (Only for one entitlement)				Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[277]	Gender change is not legal.^[160]
Serbia	Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of Ottoman Empire to 1860^[278] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia) + UN decl. sign.^[37]		Constitutionally banned since 2006.			Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Since 2007. Gender change is legal.
Spain	Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. Since 1997, different cities and regions have legislated their own version of civil union.^[279]	Legal since 2005	Legal since 2005		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[163]	Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender^[280]
Turkey	Legal since 1858^[37]				(Proposed)^[281]	(Proposed)^[281]	(Requires sterilization for change).
Vatican City	Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)^[37]				Has no military

Western Europe

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium	Legal nationwide since 1795 (As part of France) Legal in Eupen-Malmedy since 1919 (Illegal from 1944-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich and under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Statutory cohabitation since 2000^[282]	Legal since 2003	Legal since 2006		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	The 2007 law concerning transsexuality^[283] grants the right to a legal name and gender change. (Requires hormone treatment for name change and sterilization for gender change).
France	Legal nationwide since 1791 Legal in Savoy since 1792 Legal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, Bas-Rhin, Haute-Saône, Moselle, and Vosges since 1793 Legal in parts of Haut-Rhin since 1798 Legal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, Hautes-Alpes and Savoie since 1890 (As part of Italy) (Illegal in Corsica under the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom from 1794-1796, illegal in parts of Alpes-Maritimes, along with Savoy from 1814-1860 under annexation of Kingdom of Sardinia, illegal in Alsace-Lorraine from 1871–1918 and 1940-1944/1945 under annexation of Imperial and Nazi Germany, and illegal in Nord and Pas-de-Calais from 1944-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich and under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999^[284]	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013		Bans all anti-gay discrimination	(Requires sterilization for change).
Guernsey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.^[285]^[286]^[37]	(Proposed)^[287]	(Proposed)^[287]	(Pending)^[288]	UK responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[289]	2004 anti-discrimination law. Legal gender change since 2007: Case law only. Only allows a new birth certificate to be issued. Does not amend or remove records of existing birth certificates, extension to Alderney and Sark unclear, does extend to Herm.^[289]^[290]
Ireland	Male legal since 1993 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil partnership since 2011^[291]	Legal from 2015. Approved via referundum^[292]	Legal since 2015^[293]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[294]^[295]^[296]	Gender Recognition Act 2015 ^[297]
Isle of Man (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1992 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil partnership since 2011^[298]	(Proposed)^[299]^[300]	Legal since 2011	UK responsible for defence	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Transsexual persons are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11).^[301]^[302]
Jersey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1990 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil partnership since 2012^[303]	(Pending)^[304]	Legal since 2012	UK responsible for defence	Bans all anti-gay discrimination (From September 1, 2015)^[305]	Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010^[306]
Luxembourg	Legal since 1795 (As part of France) (Illegal from 1942-1944/1945 under annexation of Nazi Germany) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered Partnership since 2004^[307]	Legal since 2015	Legal since 2015		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[308]	(Requires sterilization for change). ^[160]
Monaco	Legal since 1793 (As part of France) + UN decl. sign.^[37]				France responsible for defence	Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[155]
Netherlands	Legal since 1811 (As part of France) (Illegal from 1940-1944/1945 as part of Reichskommissariat Niederlande) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Registered partnership since 1998	Legal since 2001.	Legal since 2001		Bans all anti-gay discrimination
United Kingdom	Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982 Female always legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil partnership since 2005^[309]	Legal in England, Wales and Scotland since 2014. Illegal in Northern Ireland	Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013		Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[310]^[37]	Gender Recognition Act 2004.

Partially recognized or unrecognized states

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia	Legal after 1991
Kosovo	Legal from 1858, when part of the Ottoman Empire, again in 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia)^[37]	^[311]	LGBT individuals may adopt.^[312]^[313]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[314]
Nagorno-Karabakh	Legal since 2000
Northern Cyprus	Legal since 2014^[201]^[202]^[37]			Bans all anti-gay discrimination^[201]^[202]	Discrimination or hate speech banned since 2014.^[201]^[202] Unknown if gender change is legal.
South Ossetia	Legal after 1991
Transnistria	Legal since 2002^[315]			(Proposed)^[316]

Oceania

Tables:

Australasia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Australia (including territories of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island)	Legal in South Australia in 1972, in Victoria in 1981, New South Wales in 1983, Northern Territory in 1984, Western Australia in 1990, Queensland in 1991, Norfolk Island in 1993 and Tasmania in 1997 Legal in Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Age of consent discrepancy in Queensland only) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Unregistered cohabitation since 2009 Registered relationship schemes in ACT, Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales	Banned federally under the Marriage Amendment Act 2004^[317] (Pending)^[318]	/ Joint adoption in ACT, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia; Step-child adoption in Victoria; Banned in South Australia, Queensland and Northern Territory	Since 1992	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.^[319]	^[319]
New Zealand	Legal since 1986 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Unregistered cohabitation since 2001; Civil union since 2005.	Legal since 2013^[320]	Legal since 2013 for married couples and individuals (Banned for unmarried and civil union couples regardless of sexual orientation)^[320]	Since 1993	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993 since 2006.

Melanesia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Fiji	Legal since 2010 + UN decl. sign.^[321]^[37]					Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[37]
New Caledonia (overseas collectivity of France)	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 2009	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013	French responsibility	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	(Requires sterilization for change)
Papua New Guinea	Male illegal Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced) Female always legal^[37]
Solomon Islands	Illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment.^[37]				Has no military
Vanuatu	Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.^[37]

Micronesia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Guam (Unincorporated territory of the United States)	Legal since 1978 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Since 2015	Legal since 2015	Legal since 2002	US responsibility	The US hate crime laws apply to all US external territories as well	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Federated States of Micronesia	Legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]				Has no military
Kiribati	Male illegal Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced) Female legal^[37]				Has no military
Marshall Islands	Legal since 2005 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				Has no military
Nauru	Male illegal Penalty: 3-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced) Female legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]				Has no military
Northern Mariana Islands (Unincorporated territory of the United States)	Legal since 1983 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Since 2015	Legal since 2015	Legal since 2015	US responsibility	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Palau	Legal since 2014 + UN decl. sign.^[322]		Constitutional ban since 2008		Has no military

Polynesia

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
American Samoa (Unincorporated territory of the United States)^[323]	Legal since 1980 + UN decl. sign.^[37]		^[324]		US responsibility	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well
Easter Island (Overseas territory of Chile)	Legal since 1999 (Age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil unions since 2015.	(Pending)	LGBT individuals may adopt (Pending)	Chile responsible to defence.		Since 2007.
Cook Islands (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)	Male illegal Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced) Female legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]				New Zealand's responsibility	Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[325]
French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity of France)	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 2009	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013	French responsibility	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	(Requires sterilization for change)
Niue (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)	Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				New Zealand's responsibility
Pitcairn Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2001 + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Since 2015	Legal since 2015^[326]	Legal since 2015^[327]	UK responsible for defence	Constitutional ban on discrimination.^[328]
Samoa	Male illegal Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced) Female always legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]				Has no military	Bans some anti-gay discrimination^[329]	Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gendered" community called the Fa'afafine. This is a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs, and usually refers to trans women.
Tokelau (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)	Legal since 2007 + UN decl. sign.^[37]				New Zealand's responsibility
Tonga	Male illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment and whipping (Not enforced) Female always legal^[37]
Tuvalu	Male illegal Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced) Female legal + UN decl. sign.^[37]				Has no military
Wallis and Futuna (Overseas collectivity of France)	Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity has ever existed in the collectivity) + UN decl. sign.^[37]	Civil solidarity pact since 2009	Legal since 2013	Legal since 2013	French responsibility	Bans all anti-gay discrimination	(Requires sterilization for change)

Notes

^ Excluding the Faroe Islands
^ Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
^ Excluding Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands
^ Exlcuding Northern Ireland, the Crown dependencies and most British Overseas Territories. (Same-sex marriage is legal in the Pitcairn Islands).
^ Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.
^ Countries with same-sex marriage recognized nationwide are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark,^[a] France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,^[b] New Zealand,^[c] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,^[d] the United States ^[e] and Uruguay.
^ Countries with laws criminalizing homosexuality are: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuada, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Dominica, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, India, Iran, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
^ These five sub-national jurisdictions are: the provinces of Aceh and South Sumatra (Indonesia), the Cook Islands (New Zealand), Gaza (Palestine) and Marawi City (the Philippines).

References

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^ Becker, John (23 March 2012). "LGBT Rights Are Civil Rights". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
^ Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). "U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'". Associated Press.
^ "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011.
^ Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18. ; Rankin, H.D. Celts and the Classical World, p.55
^ Rankin, p. 55
^ Rankin, p.78
^ ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40
^ "Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc". Galva108.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
^ Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.
^ Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.
^ Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities, pp. 67–68.
^ Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.
^ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
^ Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
^ Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.
^ As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.
^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
^ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
^ Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.
^ Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.
^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.
^ Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292.
^ Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.
^ Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.
^ Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.
^ Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.
^ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (December, 1970). Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist, New Series, 72(6), 1428–1434.
^ Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5.
^ Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0.
^ Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 0-520-08096-3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh ^hi ^hj ^hk ^hl ^hm ^hn ^ho ^hp ^hq ^hr ^hs ^ht ^hu ^hv ^hw ^hx ^hy ^hz ^ia ^ib ^ic ^id ^ie ^if ^ig ^ih ⁱⁱ ^ij ^ik ^il ^im ⁱⁿ ^io ^ip ^iq ^ir State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2014
^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/EGYPT/Law
^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/LIBYAN%20ARAB%20JAMAHIRIYA/Law
^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/MOROCCO/Law
^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/TUNISIA/Law
^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/BENIN/Law
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/gambia-passes-bill-life-imprisonment-homosexual-acts
^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/GHANA/Law
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ http://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/NIGERIA/Law
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ http://http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204368.pdf/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality 27 April 2009.
^ Kenya Constitution
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ The Sexual Offences Bill 2007
^ ^a ^b Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity
^ EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ACT 2008
^ STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA
^ Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal
^ Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections
^ Homosexuality Decriminalized in Mozambique
^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
^ http://www.lgbtnet.dk/countries/africa/namibia
^ LGBT Rights in Western Sahara
^ Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
- Mary C. Hurley (31 May 2007). "Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). "Opinion on Common-Law Relationships". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- "Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son". Edmonton Journal. 19 February 2007.
- "Legal Information for Same Sex Couples" (PDF). Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- "Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues". Adoptiveparents.ca. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
^ "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
^ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
^ "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
^ http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4
^ http://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/change_of_sex_designation.html
^ (Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad". La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ (Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
^ ^a ^b David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
^ (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ (Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
^ "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.
^ (Spanish) Milenio Semanal (17 October 2010). "Homosexualidad y Ejército". Retrieved 31 October 2010.
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009.
^ Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. August 2014. ISBN 978-607-96207-3-8. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
^ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
^ http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html
^ Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions
^ http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/el-salvador-approves-measures-banning-same-sex-marriage-gay-couple-adoption/
^ http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/news/latest-news/5093-wetsvoorstel-geregistreerd-partnerschap-op-aruba-ook-voor-gelijke-seksen
^ "Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1)". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ "The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009" (PDF). Cayman Constitution. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
^ (Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
^ (Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
^ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
^ "The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay marriage
^ "The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011" (PDF). Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ Argentina grants gay couples partner pensions
^ Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Bill
^ AG magazine (2 March 2009). "A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban". Queerty. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación
^ Página12, 10 May 2012
^ http://eju.tv/2013/12/ffaa-de-bolivia-darn-cupos-a-gais-para-que-ingresen-a-sus-filas/
^ http://www.confluenciafm.com.ar/vernota.asp?id_noticia=14939
^ Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia
^ [1]
^ http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931
^ CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays
^ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
^ http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php?contcod=29208
^ (Portuguese) Patricia Silva Gadelha (March 2006). "A prática da pederastia é crime militar". Jus Navigandi. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ (Portuguese) Iara Bernardi (December 2010). "Projeto de Lei 122/2006". Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (Portuguese)
^ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (Portuguese)
^ (Portuguese)Expresso da Notícia (13 January 2006). "Justiça autoriza alteração no registro de transexual que trocou de sexo". Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ (Portuguese) Expresso da Notícia (25 December 2005). "Justica autoriza mudança de sexo em documentos". Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
^ Changing name and sex in documentation – Brazilian Association of Trans Men (Portuguese)
^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/01/28/chilean-civil-unions-bill-receives-final-approval/
^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-2930343/Socially-conservative-Chile-approves-civil-unions.html
^ http://www.cascaraamarga.es/politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/10299-el-proyecto-de-ley-de-matrimonio-igualitario-llega-al-parlamento-de-chile.html El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al parlamento de Chile]
^ El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al parlamento de Chile
^ (Spanish) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. "Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas". Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ "Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law". Jurist.org. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
^ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
^ [2]
^ Proyecto de matrimonio y adopción gay divide a la Unidad Nacional
^ "Histórico fallo: Corte aprueba adopción de niña a compañera lesbiana de su madre biológica". (Spanish)
^ (Spanish) N° Senado: 141/15
^ "Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación". ElTiempo.com. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011. (Spanish)
^ http://www.elespectador.com/entrevista-de-cecilia-orozco/cambio-de-genero-cedula-sera-agil-y-simple-minjusticia-articulo-564988
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External links

International Lesbian and Gay Association
- State-sponsored Homophobia report (2012 edition)
- Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map (2012 edition)
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at DMOZ
Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world — interactive map
GayLawNet: Laws — information by country
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
- Resource links — for researching legal information
International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice - A Comparative Law Casebook
United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report

[3] Excluding the Faroe Islands

[4] Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten

[5] Excluding Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands

[6] Exlcuding Northern Ireland, the Crown dependencies and most British Overseas Territories. (Same-sex marriage is legal in the Pitcairn Islands).

[7] Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.

[8] Countries with same-sex marriage recognized nationwide are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark,^[a] France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,^[b] New Zealand,^[c] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,^[d] the United States ^[e] and Uruguay.

[11] Countries with laws criminalizing homosexuality are: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuada, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Dominica, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, India, Iran, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

[12] These five sub-national jurisdictions are: the provinces of Aceh and South Sumatra (Indonesia), the Cook Islands (New Zealand), Gaza (Palestine) and Marawi City (the Philippines).

[AI-1] "About LGBT Human Rights". Amnesty International. Retrieved 29 March 2013.

[Becker-2] Becker, John (23 March 2012). "LGBT Rights Are Civil Rights". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2013.

[9] Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). "U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'". Associated Press.

[10] "UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people". United Nations. 15 December 2011.

[13] Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18. ; Rankin, H.D. Celts and the Classical World, p.55

[14] Rankin, p. 55

[15] Rankin, p.78

[16] ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40

[17] "Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc". Galva108.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.

[18] Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Roman Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11.

[19] Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326.

[20] Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in Roman Sexualities, pp. 67–68.

[21] Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225, and "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993), p. 525.

[22] Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.

[23] Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122.

[24] Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.

[25] Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64.

[26] As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561.

[27] Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.

[28] Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.

[29] McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.

[30] Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93.

[31] Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).

[32] Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285.

[33] Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3.

[34] Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim.

[35] Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292.

[36] Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28.

[37] Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 279ff.

[38] Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193.

[39] Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.

[40] Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.

[evanspritchard-41] Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (December, 1970). Sexual Inversion among the Azande. American Anthropologist, New Series, 72(6), 1428–1434.

[42] Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5.

[murrayroscoe-43] Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0.

[melanesia-44] Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, ISBN 0-520-08096-3

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[46] ttp://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/EGYPT/Law

[47] ttp://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/LIBYAN%20ARAB%20JAMAHIRIYA/Law

[48] ttp://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/MOROCCO/Law

[49] ttp://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/TUNISIA/Law

[50] ttp://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/BENIN/Law

[51] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[52] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[53] ttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/gambia-passes-bill-life-imprisonment-homosexual-acts

[54] ttp://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/GHANA/Law

[55] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[56] ttp://ilga.org/ilga/en/countries/NIGERIA/Law

[57] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[58] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[59] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[60] ttp://http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/204368.pdf/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[61] Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality 27 April 2009.

[62] Kenya Constitution

[63] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[64] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[65] The Sexual Offences Bill 2007

[Africa:_Outspoken_activists_defend_continent.27s_sexual_diversity-66] Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent's sexual diversity

[67] EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES ACT 2008

[68] STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA

[69] Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal

[70] Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Constitutional Protections

[71] Homosexuality Decriminalized in Mozambique

[72] Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

[73] ttp://www.lgbtnet.dk/countries/africa/namibia

[74] LGBT Rights in Western Sahara

[75] Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). "MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013.

[76] "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.

[77] Status differs in provinces and territories:

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Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). "Opinion on Common-Law Relationships". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

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[78] Mary C. Hurley (31 May 2007). "Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[79] Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). "Opinion on Common-Law Relationships". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[80] "Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son". Edmonton Journal. 19 February 2007.

[81] "Legal Information for Same Sex Couples" (PDF). Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. Retrieved 3 September 2010.

[82] "Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues". Adoptiveparents.ca. Retrieved 2013-03-16.

[78] "Canadian Armed Forces". The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.

[79] Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.

[80] "Ontario passes law to protect transgender people". CBC News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.

[81] ttp://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4

[82] ttp://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/change_of_sex_designation.html

[83] (Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). "Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad". La Jornada. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[84] (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). "Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo". Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[85] (Spanish) "Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo". CNN México. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[86] ttp://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche

[Gay_marriage_recognition-87] David Agren (10 August 2010). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.

[88] (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[89] (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). "Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México". CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[90] (Spanish) "Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual". Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[91] Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). "Mexico's Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". Retrieved 15 June 2015.

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[standardizing_injunction_procedure-93] "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[Gay_marriage_effective-94] Associated Press (4 March 2010). "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010.

[95] (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). "Ya pueden parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra". Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014.

[adoption_mx-96] "Intercountry Adoption: Mexico". Office of Children Issues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009.

[97] (Spanish) Milenio Semanal (17 October 2010). "Homosexualidad y Ejército". Retrieved 31 October 2010.

[Federal_Law-98] International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). "Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law". Retrieved 27 November 2009.

[99] International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans (29 August 2008). "Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals". Retrieved 27 November 2009.

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[101] Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012.

[102] HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care

[103] ttp://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html

[104] Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions

[105] ttp://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/el-salvador-approves-measures-banning-same-sex-marriage-gay-couple-adoption/

[106] ttp://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/news/latest-news/5093-wetsvoorstel-geregistreerd-partnerschap-op-aruba-ook-voor-gelijke-seksen

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[109] "The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009" (PDF). Cayman Constitution. Retrieved September 15, 2012.

[110] (Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014

[111] (Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo

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[118] Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Bill

[119] AG magazine (2 March 2009). "A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban". Queerty. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[120] Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación

[121] Página12, 10 May 2012

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[146] "Histórico fallo: Corte aprueba adopción de niña a compañera lesbiana de su madre biológica". (Spanish)

[147] (Spanish) N° Senado: 141/15

[148] "Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación". ElTiempo.com. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011. (Spanish)

[149] ttp://www.elespectador.com/entrevista-de-cecilia-orozco/cambio-de-genero-cedula-sera-agil-y-simple-minjusticia-articulo-564988

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[151] ttp://sartma.com/art.php?artid=12244&yr=2015&mo=01&os=10

[152] The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008

[153] ttp://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/33563-army-wont-discriminate-against-its-gay-soldiers-.html

[154] La unión solidaria fue aprobada por la Comisión de Justicia

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[158] Reuters (9 September 2009). "Lawmakers in Uruguay Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt". New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[159] Rachel Weiner (15 May 2009). "Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

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[161] Free Speech Radio News (11 December 2009). "Uruguay passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity". Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[162] "Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-03-10.

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[164] "Kazakhstan Says No to Gays in Military". Eurasianet. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

[165] Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013

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[173] Russian Gay History

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[177] Iraq: Sexual Orientation, Human Rights and the Law

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[180] "El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich" (in Hebrew). Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 2013-05-09.

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[Part-183] Aeyal Gross, Human rights are part of the fight for gay rights, Haaretz (via Aguda website), December 17, 2013

[184] Hila Weissberg, Homophobia in the workplace? Fear of transgender people is even worse, Haaretz, August 29, 2014

[185] Aeyal Gross, Israel should drop binary view of gender, Haaretz, 16.09.13

[186] Kuwait Law

[187] Lebanon Just Did a Whole Lot More Than Legalize Being Gay

[188] Syria, Middle East

[189] Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option

[indiaref02-190] "CIVIL APPEAL NO.10972 OF 2013 (Arising out of SLP (C) No.15436 of 2009)". , Supreme Court of India, retrieved on 7 March 2015

[India_1861-191] "India’s Supreme Court Restores an 1861 Law Banning Gay Sex". The New York Times. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

[indiaref01-192] "Lesbian marriages, born of a legal loophole, stir debate in India".

[193] "Being gay still a crime in the military". StratPost. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010.

[194] Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender', The Times of India, retrieved 15 April 2014

[195] "Sexual Orientation / Gender Identity References" (PDF). U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2010.

[196] ttp://ksmu.org/post/first-place-east-asia-welcome-same-sex-marriage

[197] "Aceh passes stoning law". The Straits Times. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009.

[198] Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition. Rough Guides Ltd. August 2005. p. 74. ISBN 1843534371.

[199] "Sacking Sergeant SNF, Court: Homosex a Threat to Army". Detik. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.

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[201] Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation Movements

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[205] "Gay Filipinos and Rainbow - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Lifestyle.inquirer.net. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010.

[206] Same-sex marriage may come true under Thai junta

[207] Gay Thailand News & Reports 2007

[208] LAW On Marriage and Family

[kaos_gl1-209] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech

[kaos_gl2-210] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f (Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!

[211] Taiwan

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[213] ttp://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/local/kaohsiung/2015/05/14/435974/Gay-groups.htm

[214] Gender reassignment rule to be changed

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[217] (German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz

[218] (German) Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung

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[220] "Entschliessungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle" (PDF). parlament.gv.at.

[221] (Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola

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[227] (German) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft

[228] (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts

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[231] (Hungarian) T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. módosítása

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[248] "სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”". სსიპ ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”.

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[250] "MSN New Zealand - Latest News, Weather, Entertainment, Business, Sport, Technology". msn.co.nz.

[251] (Estonian) "Kooseluseadus". Riigikogu. 9 October 2014.

[252] "Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne". Information.

[253] (Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap

[254] "Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will have to wait to get married until 2017". Gay Star News.

[255] (Finnish) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille

[256] (Icelandic)Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða réttarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifrjóvgun)

[257] (Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu?

[258] "9 MPs register bill on same-sex partnership". DELFI. 25 March 2015.

[259] (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania

[260] Criminal Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2000 (PDF)

[261] Criminal Code (consolidated)

[262] Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF)

[263] (Catalan) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella

[auto-264] (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995

[265] "Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d’unions civils amb el procés d’adopció dels matrimonis". diariandorra.ad.

[266] (Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or'

[267] "Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrimination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people". The Sofia Globe. 25 March 2015.

[268] "Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments". Novinite.com. 25 March 2015.

[269] "Cabinet approves bill on civil partnerships (Updated)". Cyprus Mail.

[270] "ILGA-Europe". ilga-europe.org.

[271] CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014

[272] "Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar". PinkNews.

[273] "Μόλις ανακοινώθηκε το Σύμφωνο Συμβίωσης και για ομόφυλα ζευγάρια". LiFO. 10 June 2015.

[274] (Italian) Atto Senato n. 14

[275] (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15

[276] (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204

[277] (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393

[278] "Italy moves towards gay 'stepchild adoption'". thelocal.it.

[279] (Italian) "Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso". Archived from the original on 23 May 2007.

[280] "Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage". Balkan Insight. 1 July 2014.

[gov.mt-281] AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto

[282] MARRIAGE ACT

[283] Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill

[284] Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.

[285] ttp://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf

[286] First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years inprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)

[287] "Same-sex union legislation". wikipedia.org.

[288] (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas

[kaosgl.com-289] "Turkey’s main opposition proposed labor bill for LGBT people". kaosgl.com.

[290] (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusammenwohnens

[291] (French) (Dutch) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la transsexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transseksualiteit

[292] (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité

[293] "Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011". guernseylegalresources.gg.

[294] "JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey". jurist.org.

[guernseypress.com-295] "Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press". guernseypress.com.

[296] "Guernsey law change allows same-sex couples to adopt". BBC News.

[guernsey-297] "The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004". Guernsey Legal Resources. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

[298] "Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161". guernseylegalresources.gg.

[299] "Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010". irishstatutebook.ie.

[300] Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015

[301] "Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referendum". The Irish Times. 21 January 2015.

[302] "Employment Equality Act, 1998". Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010.

[303] "Equal Status Act, 2000". Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010.

[304] "Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989". irishstatutebook.ie.

[305] ttp://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/

[306] "Civil Partnership Act 2011" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.

[307] "Chief Minister looks to legalise same-sex marriage". energyfm.net.

[308] "Bishop in talks with Chief Minister on gay marriage". energyfm.net.

[309] "GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009" (PDF). legislation.gov.im.

[310] "Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents". PinkNews.

[311] "Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012" (PDF). jerseylaw.je.

[312] Equal Marriage and Partnership Options Paper Report

[313] ttp://www.statesassembly.gov.je/AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf

[314] GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010

[315] (French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats

[316] (French) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006

[317] "Civil Partnership Act 2004". legislation.gov.uk.

[318] Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)

[319] "FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32". childhub.org.

[320] "Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons". State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.

[321] "Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6". OSCE Mission in Kosovo.

[322] "Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination".

[323] ttp://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D

[324] "В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок". Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».

[325] Marriage Amendment Act 2004

[326] ttp://www.gaystarnews.com/article/australian-parliament-vote-same-sex-marriage-again-year040814

[aph.gov.au-327] Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013

[gaynz.com-328] Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law, GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013

[FijiTimes-329] Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010). "Same sex law decriminalised". Fiji Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

[330] Palau decriminalises sex between men

[331] "Sodomy Laws American Samoa". Sodomylaws.org. 28 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 21 December 2008.

[332] Sagapolutele, Fili. "gay marriage illegal in American Samoa". USNews. Retrieved July 10, 2015.

[333] Employment Relations Act 2012

[334] Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015

[335] [4]

[336] The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010

[337] Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013

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LGBT rights by country or territory

Contents

History of LGBT-related laws

Ancient Celts

Ancient India

Ancient Israel and West Asia

Ancient Persia

Ancient Rome

Congo

Feudal Japan

Lesotho

Papua New Guinea

LGBT-related laws by country or territory

Africa

Northern Africa

Western Africa

Central Africa

Southeast Africa

Horn of Africa

Indian Ocean States

Southern Africa

Partially recognized or unrecognized states

The Americas

North America

Central America

Caribbean

South America

Asia

Central Asia

Northern Asia

Western Asia

Southern Asia

Eastern Asia

Southeast Asia

Partially recognized or unrecognized states

Europe

European Union

Central Europe

Eastern Europe

Northern Europe

Southern Europe

Western Europe

Partially recognized or unrecognized states

Oceania

Australasia

Melanesia

Micronesia

Polynesia

See also

Notes

References

External links

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