# Landau–Lifshitz model

In solid-state physics, the Landau–Lifshitz equation (LLE), named for Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, is a partial differential equation describing time evolution of magnetism in solids, depending on 1 time variable and 1, 2, or 3 space variables.

## Landau–Lifshitz equation

The LLE describes an anisotropic magnet. The equation is described in (Faddeev & Takhtajan 2007, chapter 8) as follows: It is an equation for a vector field S, in other words a function on R1+n taking values in R3. The equation depends on a fixed symmetric 3 by 3 matrix J, usually assumed to be diagonal; that is, ${\displaystyle J=\operatorname {diag} (J_{1},J_{2},J_{3})}$. It is given by Hamilton's equation of motion for the Hamiltonian

${\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{2}}\int \left[\sum _{i}\left({\frac {\partial \mathbf {S} }{\partial x_{i}}}\right)^{2}-J(\mathbf {S} )\right]\,dx\qquad (1)}$

(where J(S) is the quadratic form of J applied to the vector S) which is

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {S} }{\partial t}}=\mathbf {S} \wedge \sum _{i}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {S} }{\partial x_{i}^{2}}}+\mathbf {S} \wedge J\mathbf {S} .\qquad (2)}$

In 1+1 dimensions this equation is

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {S} }{\partial t}}=\mathbf {S} \wedge {\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {S} }{\partial x^{2}}}+\mathbf {S} \wedge J\mathbf {S} .\qquad (3)}$

In 2+1 dimensions this equation takes the form

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {S} }{\partial t}}=\mathbf {S} \wedge \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {S} }{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {S} }{\partial y^{2}}}\right)+\mathbf {S} \wedge J\mathbf {S} \qquad (4)}$

which is the (2+1)-dimensional LLE. For the (3+1)-dimensional case LLE looks like

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {S} }{\partial t}}=\mathbf {S} \wedge \left({\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {S} }{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {S} }{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}\mathbf {S} }{\partial z^{2}}}\right)+\mathbf {S} \wedge J\mathbf {S} .\qquad (5)}$

## Integrable reductions

In general case LLE (2) is nonintegrable. But it admits the two integrable reductions:

a) in the 1+1 dimensions, that is Eq. (3), it is integrable
b) when ${\displaystyle J=0}$. In this case the (1+1)-dimensional LLE (3) turns into the continuous classical Heisenberg ferromagnet equation (see e.g. Heisenberg model (classical)) which is already integrable.