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Lavo Kingdom

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Lavo Kingdom
648–1388
Map of mainland Southeast Asian polities c. 1000–1100 CE
Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in Menam and Mekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, and others.
Proposed locations of ancient kingdoms in Menam and Mekong Valleys in the 7th century based on the details provided in the Chinese leishu, Cefu Yuangui, and others.
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Buddhism (Mahayana, Theravada)
GovernmentMandala kingdom
Monarch 
• 648–700 CE (first)
Kalavarnadisharaja
• 1052–1069
Chandrachota
• 1319–1351
Ramathibodi I
• 1351–1388 (last)
Ramesuan
Historical eraPost-classical era
• Fall of Tou Yuan
647
• Establishment
648
• Tambralinga vassal
927–946
• Fall of Ayodhyapura
946
• Destroyed by Angkor
1001
• Angkor vassal
946–1052
• Reclaimed by Suphannabhum/ Haripuñjaya
1052
• Ayodhya as capital (Xiān)
1082–1351
• Lavapura of Chaliang
1106–1181
• Lavapura of Angkor
1181–1218
• Lavapura of Phraek Si Racha
1218–1351
• Formation of Ayutthaya
1351
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Syamapura
Dvaravati
Tou Yuan
Duō Miè
Sukhothai
Ayutthaya
Angkor
Hariphunchai
Chaliang
Asadvarapura

The Lavo Kingdom (Thai: อาณาจักรละโว้) was a political entity (mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo was Lavapura and was shifted to Ayodhya (Xiān) in the 1080s. However, since both Ayodhya or Xiān and Lavo separately sent embassies to the Chinese court in the late 1200s, these two polities were potentially individual states.

Before the 9th century, Lavo, together with other supra-regional settlements, such as Si Thep, Sema [th], Phimai, Nakhon Pathom, and others were the centers of the mandala-style polities of Dvaravati.[1] Due to several circumstances, including climate changes and the invasions of the surrounding polities, several Dvaravati centers lost their prosperity, and the mandalas in the Menam Valley was then split into three groups:[2]: 8  Lavo (modern Lopburi) to the east, which was more often in touch with the Angkorean and pre-Angkorean worlds,[2]: 8  Suphannaphum (modern Suphanburi) to the west, which had more contact with the Mon and Malay worlds[2]: 8 [3]: 30  and the northern polities, which had more complexity in culture, ethnic, and linguistic than the aforementioned two polities.[2]: 9  Meanwhile, the Mun–Chi mandalas allied with Kambudesha in the Tonlé Sap basin.[4]: 93 

History

[edit]

Early Dvaravati period: 7th–9th centuries

[edit]
Map of settlements of Dvaravati culture from the 6th to 9th centuries
Main article: Dvaravati

The area of Dvaravati (what is now Thailand) was first inhabited by Mon people who had arrived and appeared centuries earlier. The foundations of Buddhism in central Southeast Asia were laid between the 6th and 9th centuries when a Theravada Buddhist culture linked to the Mon people developed in central and northeastern Thailand. The Mon Buddhist kingdoms that rose in what are now parts of Laos and Central Plain of Thailand were collectively called Dvaravati.[5]: 27 

The Mon people of Lavo

[edit]
Prang Khaek, a Chalukya style complex, built around the 9-10th century.
A plan of Narai's new capital complex of Lopburi ("Louvo" in French sources).
Further information: Mon people

According to the Northern Thai Chronicles, Lavo was founded by Kalavarnadisharaja, who came from Takkasila in 648 CE,[6][7] a year after Dvaravati made Tou Yuan its vassal. Kalavarnadisharaja was a son of Kakabhadra, king of Takkasila (it is assumed that the city was Nakhon Chai Si of Kamalanka)[8][9]: 29 [10] who set the new era, Chula Sakarat in 638 CE. The era was used by the Siamese and the Burmese until the 19th century. His son, Phraya Kalavarnadisharaja founded the city a decade later.

Evidence from stone inscriptions found in ancient Mon script in Northern and Central Thailand confirms that the main population of Lavo and Haripuñjaya mandalas is likely to be the same ethnic group, the "Mon people", or any ethnic group that uses the Austroasiatic languages. Due to the royal blood relations, these two states maintained a good relationship for the first 300 years.[11]

The only native language found during early Lavo times is the Mon language. However, there is debate whether Mon was the sole ethnicity of Lavo. Some historians point out that Lavo was composed of mixed Mon and Lawa people (a Palaungic-speaking people),[12][13] with the Mons forming the ruling class. It is also hypothesized that the migration of Tai peoples into Chao Phraya valley occurred during the time of the Lavo kingdom.

Theravada Buddhism remained a major belief in Lavo although Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism from the Khmer Empire wielded considerable influence.[14] Around the late 7th century, Lavo expanded to the north. In the Northern Thai Chronicles, including the Cāmadevivaṃsa, Camadevi, the first ruler of the Mon kingdom of Haripuñjaya, was said to be a daughter of a Lavo king.

Few records are found concerning the nature of the Lavo kingdom. Most of what we know about Lavo is from archaeological evidence. Tang dynasty chronicles records that the Lavo kingdom sent tributes to Tang as Tou-ho-lo (堕和罗国). In his diary, the monk Xuanzang referred to Dvaravati-Lavo as Tou-lo-po-ti, which seems to echo the name Dvaravati, as a state between Chenla and the Pagan kingdom. By the Song dynasty, Lavo was known as Luówō (羅渦).[15]

Chenla influence and warfare

[edit]
Prang Sam Yot, showing considerable Khmer influences on the architecture in late 11th century
Main article: Chenla

Via royal relations, Isanavarman I (r. 616–637) of the Chenla kingdom expanded Khmer influence to the Menam valley during the Mon dominance through his campaigns around the 7th century, but did not exercise political control over the region.

During the Sui period (581–618), two sister kingdoms, Zhū Jiāng, which has been identified as one of the Dvaravati-influenced polity,[16] and Cān Bàn, made royal intermarriages with Zhenla. They then fought several wars against Dvaravati Tou Yuan to the northwest.[17] Tou Yuan later became a vassal of Dvaravati in 647,[18]: 269 [19]: 15–16  and known as Lavo in 648. The warfare between Chenla and Dvaravati continued into the Tang period with the involvement of several kingdoms, including the three brother states of Qiān Zhī Fú, Xiū Luó Fēn, and Gān Bì, who collectively fielded over 50,000 elite soldiers.[20]: 54–5  Certain battles may have been associated with the wars between Lavo and its northern sister Monic kingdom, Haripuñjaya, occurring in the early 10th century.[20]: 36–7 

In addition to Lavo, Zhenla also encountered Línyì to the northeast.[17] Through royal connections, Cān Bàn thereafter became a complete vassal of Chenla,[21]: 27, 35  until the disintegration in the late 7th century,[18]: 123 [20]: 40  when it instead was under Wen Dan.[20]: 40  The Chenla power struggle that led to the kingdom's dissolution also diminished its power in the Menam Valley.[22]

Some scholar suggests that the son of Si Thep king named Bhavavarman mentioned in the Ban Wang Pai Inscription (K. 978) founded in the Phetchabun Province of Thailand was probably Bhavavarman II instead of Bhavavarman I (r.580–598) due to the inscription styles that potentially inscribed after 627.[23]: 20 

Late Dvaravati period: 10th–11th centuries

[edit]

Fall of Ayodhyapura

[edit]

In the early Dvaravati period, the western Chao Phraya Valley was probably centered in Ayodhyapura (Si Thep) as mentioned in the Pali chronicles, Ratanabimbavamsa [th] and Jinakalamali.[24][25] Lavo at that time was speculated to be the southern fortress of Ayodhyapura.[24] After Ayodhyapura declined in the mid 10th century, the city-states in central Thailand then merged into two mandalas – Lavo (modern Lopburi) to the east and Suphannabhum (modern Suphan Buri) to the west.[3]

Ayodhyapura potentially began to decline in the mid-10th century as the Khmer inscription dating to 946 mentioned the Angkorian king Rajendravarman II won over Rāmaññadesa (country of the Mon) and Champa.[26] He later assigned his lineage, Vap Upendra, as the governor of Rāmaññadesa in 949.[27]: 3546  Moreover, the Ratanabimbavamsa [th] mentions a battle between Ayodhyapura led by Adītaraj and Yaśodharapura over the Emerald Buddha in the late 9th or early 10th centuries.[28]: 51  But the conflict between these two polities may exist long before, as Woodward stated Jayavarman II, who established Kambujadesa and relocated the capital northward to Yaśodharapura in the mid 9th century,[4]: 87  formed an ally with the city-states in the Mun–Chi river basin, including Wen Dan, to counter Ayodhyapura's strength in the Pa Sak River basin to the west.[4]: 93 

Ayodhyapura was left abandoned around the 13th century.[29] Many Thai scholars believe that climatic change and epidemics contributed to Ayodhyapura's downfall.[1] The inhabitants subsequently sought refuge in Lavapura and Ayodhya (Xiān),[24] both of which later merged into the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century.[30]

Lower Chao Phraya Valley's political turmoil

[edit]

During the 10th–11th centuries, Lavo was overrun by neighbors from all directions; several battles with the northern neighbor Haripuñjaya happened in the early 900s, which caused the kingdom to be annexed by Tambralinga from the south in 928. Then, it was devastated by the Angkor from the east in 946 and 1001, raided by the Chola in 1030,[31]: 143  and later invaded by Pagan from the west in 1058 and 1087, as detailed below.

In the early 10th century, several battles between two sister mandalas—Lavo and Haripuñjaya—from 925 to 927 were recorded.[11] According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (Thai: อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ) of Haripuñjaya moved south, aiming to seize Lavo. The Lavo king, Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Tambralinga, King Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took this advantage to occupy Lavo.[32] After losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to hold Haripuñjaya city, but King Rathasatkara defeated and lost the hometown to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day Sankhaburi district).[11] The battle is mentioned in several chronicles such as the Jinakalamali and Cāmadevivaṃsa.[32]

After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapura (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort.[33] Following the conquering of Lavo, Javaka also seized Suphannabhum in the next few years. Princes of Suphannabhum—Thamikaraj and Chandrachota—fled to Haripuñjaya.[34]: 191  Tambralinga's prince King Kampoch, unsuccessfully annexed Haripuñjaya the following year.[33] He attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between Haripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then.[33]

Following Angkorian 9-year civil wars, Tambralinga lost Lavo to Angkor's Suryavarman I, who marched the troops to destroy several polities in upper Mun Valley and Lavo, where his predecessor Jayavarman V fled.[35] It is expected that following the capture of Lavapura, the populace was subjected to exorbitant taxes, perhaps prompting their exodus from the city and Lavapura was then left abandoned.[36] It was retrieved by Sri Lakshmi Pativarman, who was appointed by Suryavarman I as Lavo governor in 1006.[37][32] This marked Lavo officially merging with the Angkor. Lavo at that time was governed by a Cambodian prince, as a part of Angkor's vassal state.[5]: 29  Angkor attempted to exercise political power over Dvaravati's Lavo since the reign of Rajendravarman II, who once won the battle against Rāmaññadesa in 946, as mentioned in the K.872 Prasat Boeng Vien Inscription.[36]

To the north, Suphannabhum prince Thamikaraj enthroned the King of Haripuñjaya. He, with the assistance of Suphannabhum, marched to the south and successfully took over Lavo in 1052;[34]: 532  his younger brother Chandrachota was appointed Lavo king.[34]: 532 [38]

Only six years after Chandrachota acceded to the throne, Lavo faced another challenge in 1058 when Pagan led by Anawrahta invaded the Menam Valley and aimed to annex Lavo,[39] to avoid the second devastation Chandrachota instead established royal relations with Pagan by having his queen consort's older sister married to the king of Pagan. Two polities then became allies. Chandrachota's son, Narai I, became his successor who then moved Lavo capital to Ayodhya in the 1080s.[40] During Narai's reign, Lavo experienced another invasion by Pagan in 1087 but the conflict ended with the negotiation.[41]: 40–42  Narai died with no heir in 1087. This caused a 2-year Ayodhya civil war among the nobles, in which Phra Chao Luang won.[42]

Arrival of the Tai peoples

[edit]
Image of Siamese mercenaries in Angkor Wat. The Siamese would later form their own kingdom and become a major rival of Angkor.
Main article: Tai peoples

Modern Thai historians think the Tai peoples originated in northern Vietnam and Guangxi province in China.[43] The origin of the Tai peoples were living in northern Southeast Asia by the 8th century.[44] Five linguistic groups emerged: the northern Tai in China (ancestors of Zhuang); the upland Tai people in northern Vietnam (ancestors of the Black, White and Red Tai); the Tais in northeastern Laos and bordering Vietnam (ancestors of the Tai of Siang Khwang and the Siamese in Ayutthaya); the Tai in northern Laos; and the Tai west of Luang Prabang, northern Thailand and in the adjoining parts of Laos, Yunnan and Burma.[5]: 26 

The Tai were anticipated to commence their settlement in the present day Thailand as early as the 7th to 8th century along the trans-Mekong trade route, migrating from northern Champa to the west, where they encountered Dvaravati in the Menam Valley.[20]: 38, 49–50  Several petty kingdoms were formed, such as Gān Bì in Mukdahan–Savannakhet area,[20]: 53–4  Wen Dan in the Chi River basin,[20]: 38–9, 53  Cān Bàn in the upper Pa Sak valley,[20]: 41, 45  and Xiū Luó Fēn to the west of Chenla.[20]: 40  Their existence were also in the inland Champa kingdom of Zhān Bó as well as Wen Yang (文陽) district, Changzhou Prefecture [zh] (長州 or 裳州) of the Tang dynasty in modern Sakon Nakhon, Nakhon Phanom, Bueng Kan provinces of Thailand, and Khammouane province of modern Laos.[20]: 49–51  The Wen Yang district is identified as the present-day Thakhek in Laos.[20]: 50  Given their substantial troop strength—30,000 for Xiū Luó Fēn, 20,000 for Gē Luó Shě Fēn, 5,000 for Gān Bì—they likely participated in the conflicts between Chenla and Dvaravati in the early 7th century, aligning with the faction that offered the greatest advantage.[20]: 54–5  Following the decline in power of the Mon Dvaravati at Kamalanka in the 8th century,[45]: 60  the Daic-speaking people at Qiān Zhī Fú leisurely assimilated the remaining Dvaravati principalities in the western Menam Valley, and this polity was referred to by the Chinese as Gē Luó Shě Fēn, which is the corrupted term of Jiā Luó Shě Fú or Canasapura centered at Si Thep.[20]: 38–9  Meanwhile, the eastern valley at Lavo remained under the Dvaravati monarchs until they fell under Tambralinga and Angkor in the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively.

Another group, Tai Yuan or Tai Chiang Sean (ไทเชียงแสน) from the north, which later evolved into Lan Na, began to settle in the lower Menam Valley around 861, increased in influence in Lavo,[46]: 39  and began to resist the Angkorian control in the mid-11th century.[5]: 28  Lavo was said to be seized by Siamese from the western Menam Valley in the early 11th century[47] and by Tai's king Phrom of Yonok in 1106, according to the local chronicles.[48] Sending tribute to China in 1115 during the reign of Sri Thammasokkarat signified that Lavo was an independent polity at that time.[46]: 39 

After the Angkor lost Lavo to Suphannabhum princes in 1052, the younger prince Chandrachota claimed the throne. His son, Narai I, moved Lavo's seat to Ayodhya in the 1080s. This resulted in the throne of Lavo's Lavaburi being vacant from 1087 to 1106 (or ruled by unknown kings), Si Satchanalai king, Kesariraja who is of Mon's Chaliang and Tai's Chiang Saen lineages, took over the seat. An attempt to re-expand influence to Lavo by the Angkor occurred in 1181 when Jayavarman VII appointed his lineage Narupatidnavarman to govern Lavapura.[49] Due to this political pressure, a Tai ruler Sri Thammasokkarat (ศรีธรรมโศกราช), who was also from Si Satchanalai, fled to Nakhon Si Thammarat.[46]: 38–39  Sri Thammasokkarat married to princess of Dhanyapura (Dong Mae Nang Mueang in the present-day Nakhon Sawan province), and their descendants ruled Tambralinga until the late 13th century.[50]: 290–2  The Customs of Cambodia of Zhou Daguan, as an official delegation sent by the Yuan dynasty to Angkor from 1296 to 1297, says the Siamese people exerted significant influence over Lavo's Lavapura and appeared in huge numbers in the Angkorian capital of Yaśodharapura.[51][52]

Prang Sam Yot was built during this period.[53]: 170  However, Lavapura was probably taken back by a Tai royal from Phraek Si Racha (แพรกศรีราชา; present-day Sankhaburi) in the 13th century.[3]: 109  During this era, Angkor's power waned due to the weak rule and feuding began in the Angkor.[54]: 120 

All of the turmoil, as mentioned earlier, also led to the independence declaration of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.[55]

Ayodhya era: 1100s–1350s

[edit]

Foundation of Ayodhya

[edit]
Wat Phanan Choeng, founded in Ayodhya during the reign of Sai Nam Peung (r. 1111–1165)

Ayodhya, previously known as Mueang Wat Derm or Mueang Nong Son, was found in 934 by a monk from Mueang Bang Than (บางทาน) in present-day Kamphaeng Phet.[41]: 30 [a] The majority of Ayodhya's inhabitants are supposed to have migrated from Ayodhyapura following its fall in 946 as well as residents from Lavapura who fled after the city was destroyed by Angkor in 1001.[24] This large population, coupled with its location that controlled the trade routes of the Chao Phraya River basin, led to the city's rapid growth[56]: 5–7  and was later designated as the new capital of Lavo in the 1080s.[42] The term Xiān (暹; or Siam) mentioned in several Chinese and Đại Việt texts from 1149 until the official establishment of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1351 was potentially Ayodhya instead of Sukhothai Kingdom, Suphannabhum, and other initial Siamese polities.[57] There are many records of Xiān invasion of Champa,[58]:line 148 Dān mǎ xī (單馬錫, identified as far as Tumasik, or Singapore),[59]: 39  Xī lǐ (昔里),[59]: 39  Ma-li-yü-êrh (Melayu),[60]: 140  and Samudera Pasai Sultanate on Sumatra[61] before the formation of Ayutthaya Kingdom. From about the same period there is also a well-known bas relief panel of Angkor Wat showing mercenaries of the Khmer army, who are identified as syam-kuk, perhaps "of the land of Siam." One cannot be certain what ethnolinguistic group these mercenaries belonged to, but many scholars have thought them to be Siam people.[62]: 70 

After two centuries of being devastated, the region entered the conflict-free era in the 12th century, artifacts and ruins dating back to the 12th–13th centuries found in the area indicate that there was a migration of people from surrounding regions, such as the Khmer from the east, the Mon from the west, and the Tai–Mon from the north. Several modern mandalas then emerged, such as Suphannabhum, Phrip Phri, Sukhothai, and Ayutthaya.[63]: 272–3 

Siamese Lavo

[edit]
Lower Menam Valley in the 13th century, shows the key polities under Siamese Chen Li Fu (number 1 – 16) as well as its small settlements (grey pogs), as proposed by Walailak Songsiri.[64]: 22 

After Phra Chao Luang (พระเจ้าหลวง) won the 1087–1088 Ayodhya civil war, he was enthroned as the king. However, since he had no male heir, he had his only daughter marry Sai Nam Peung (สายน้ำผึ้ง),[3]: 103–4  son of Kesariraja who was of Mon's Chaliang and Tai's Chiang Saen lineages and served as the Lavapura king at that time.[41]: 21, 23  Their descendants, later known as the Uthong (Lavo) dynasty, continued to rule Ayodhya until the Ayutthaya Kingdom formation in 1351.[65] According to The Customs of Cambodia written by Zhou Daguan as an official delegation sent by the Yuan dynasty to Angkor from 1296 to 1297, the Siamese people exerted significant influence over Lavo's Lavapura and appeared in huge numbers in the Angkorian city of Yaśodharapura.[51][52]

In the 12th century, wars between Haripuñjaya and Lavo's Lopburi, which was ruled by a Mon–Tai clan from Chaliang, still existed as Lavo marched north to attack Haripuñjaya several times but failed.[2]: 13  At the end of this century, Lavo's Lopburi was again fell under the Angkorian.[2]: 19–20 

The Kingdom of Lavo, Lo-hu, joined Ny Wang in sending embassy to China in 1289[60]: 144  then only from Lavo in 1299.[66]: 221–222  In 1349 Xiān people become united with the people of Lo-hu, the new kingdom named Xiānluó (暹羅) by the Chinese.[67]: 102  However, Xiān might refer to the Suphannaphum Kingdom of Suphanburi Province.[68]

Formation of Ayutthaya Kingdom

[edit]

In 1350, Uthong and Borommarachathirat I of Suphannabhum (modern Suphan Buri) co-founded Ayutthaya Kingdom on an island located on the intersection of three rivers; Chao Phraya River, Lopburi River and Pa Sak River, and Uthong became the king of the city. But Borommarachathirat I took Ayutthaya from Uthong's son Ramesuan in 1370, and then Ramesuan retreated to Lavo. In 1388, Ramesuan took revenge by taking Ayutthaya back from Borommarachathirat I's son, Thong Lan. Borommarachathirat I's nephew Intharachathirat took Ayutthaya back for the Suphannaphum dynasty in 1408. The Uthong dynasty was then purged and became a mere noble family of Ayutthaya until the 16th century.

There are many theories about Uthong's origin. According to HRH Prince Chula Chakrabongse, he was thought to have been a descendant of Mangrai.[69]: 28  Van Vliet's chronicles, a seventeenth-century work, stated that King Uthong was a Chinese merchant who established himself at Phetchaburi before moving to Ayutthaya. Tamnan Mulla Satsana, a sixteenth-century Lanna literature, stated that King Uthong was from the Lavo Kingdom.

After the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century, Lavo was incorporated into a major stronghold of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Following the merging, according to the Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal composed in 1684, Lavapuri or Lopburi was abandoned around the 15th century.[70]: 127–8  It was retrieved and became the kingdom's capital during the reign of King Narai in the mid-17th century, and the king resided there for about eight months a year.

List of rulers

[edit]

Before 11th century: Lavapura as seat

[edit]
Following the annexation of Funan in 627, Chenla, Cān Bàn, and Zhū Jiāng allied via royal intermarriage. They then waged several wars against Tou Yuan to the northwest and Línyì to the northeast.[17] However, in 647, Tou Yuan instead became a vassal of Dvaravati,[18]: 269 [19]: 15–16  and was then re-established as the Lavo Kingdom the following year.[6][7]
Name Reign Notes
English Thai
Chá-shīlì Pó-mò-pó-nà 察失利 婆末婆那 c. 644 As king of Tou Yuan
The Tou Yuan Kingdom was annexed by Dvaravati's Kamalanka in 647 and was refounded as the Lavo Kingdom in 648.
Kalavarnadisharaja กาฬวรรดิษฐ์ 648–700 Founder. Son of Takkasila's king, Kakabhadra.
Balipatijaya[71]: 4–5 [b] ภาลีบดีชัย 700–757? Grandson of the previous. Son of Balidhiraja, king of Sukhothai
Under Qiān Zhī Fú[72]: 8  757–861? Golden period of Qiān or Gē Luó Shě Fēn at Si Thep to the north.
Vasudeva[46]: 39  วาสุเทพ 861–? Tai Yuan monarch from the north.
Uchitthaka Chakkawat อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ ?–927 Later became King of Haripuñjaya from 927 to 930.
During the wars against Haripuñjaya in 927, Lavo's capital Lavapura was captured by the King of Tambralinga.[32]
Sujita[73] สุชิตราช 927–930 Also King of Tambralinga. As a tributary state of Tambralinga.
Kampoch[73] กัมโพช 930–946? Son of the previous. As a tributary state of Tambralinga.[11][33]
In 946, the Angkorian king Rajendravarman II won over Rāmaññadesa (lit. 'country of the Mon', potentially Dvaravati's Lavapura/Si Thep).[26]
Vacant? 946–948
Vap Upendra? วาป อุเปนทร 949–960s? As the governor of Rāmaññadesa, appointed by Rajendravarman II.[27]: 3546 
Narapativiravarman? 960s?–970s? As the governor.
Ipoia Sanne Thora Thesma Teperat?[c] 980s?–1001
Two princes from Tambralinga, Udayadityavarman I and Jayavirahvarman of the Chrestapura–Bhavapura lineage in Lavo, ruled Angkor between 1001 and 1011. This decade is generally regarded as the period of a nine-year civil conflict between two Candravaṃśa factions: the Bhavapura brothers and Suryavarman I of the Śailendra line.[73]
Around 1005, Lavo was sacked by the Angkorian king, an usurper Suryavarman I, and it was then almost abandoned.[37]
Lakshmipativarman [32] ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน 1006–? As the governor, appointed by Suryavarman I[32]
Laparaja[34]: 208–10  ลพราช Period of constant wars against Haripuñjaya.
Unknown[34]: 211  ?–1052? Son of the previous.
Following the reign of Suryavarman I, Angkor experienced a series of attempted rebellions between 1050 and 1080.[66]: 138–139 [74]: 104  In 1052, Lavo asserted its independence after being conquered by Haripuñjaya.[47]
Chandrachota จันทรโชติ 1052–1069 Prince of Suphannabhum who fled to Haripuñjaya after Suphannabhum was seized by Tambralinga between the 920s to 940s.
Regent 1069–1082
Around the 1080s, the capital was shifted southward to Ayodhya by King Narai I, the old capital was then renamed Lopburi[39]

After 11th century: Ayodhya as seat

[edit]
Further information: Xiān
This epoch is recognized as the Pre-Ayutthaya period, also known as the Ayodhya period. The polity centered in Ayodhya was referred to as Xiān in Chinese and Đại Việt texts, whereas the polity located in Lopburi continued to be referred to as Lavo.
Xian rulers
Seat: Ayodhya		 Reign Lavo rulers
Seat: Lopburi		 Reign
English Thai English Thai
Narai I พระนารายณ์ 1082–1087 Narai I พระนารายณ์ 1082–mid 1080s
2-year power struggle following the invasion by Pagan Unknown[75] mid 1080s–1106?
Phra Chao Luang[d] พระเจ้าหลวง 1089–1111 King Phrom of Yonok's Wiang Chai Prakan seized Lopburi in 1106.[48]
Sai Nam Peung[e] สายน้ำผึ้ง 1111–1165 Kesariraja[48] ไกรศรราช 1106–1110s
Xiān – Đại Việt trade relations established in 1149.[77]:line 61 Sri Dhammasokaraja I[53]: 170  ศรีธรรมโศกราชที่ 1 1110s–1117[46]: 39 
Dhammikaraja[e] พระเจ้าธรรมิกราชา 1165–1205 Lavo sent tribute to China in 1115.[78]: 19  Then became under Angkor in 1117.[46]: 39 
Xiān sent tribut to Đại Việt in 1182.[77]:line 25 Sri Jayasinghavarman (Suryavarman II) กัมรเตง อัญ ศรีชัยสิงหวรมัน 1117–1150[74]: 118 
Uthong II พระเจ้าอู่ทอง 1205–1253 Lavo gained independence and sent tribute to China in 1155[2]: 12 [59]: 39 
Jayasena พระเจ้าชัยเสน 1253–1289 Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri?[c] พระพนมทะเลศรี 1150s–1155?[f]
Suvarnaraja พระเจ้าสุวรรณราชา 1289–1301 Sri Dhammasokaraja II[46]: 39  ศรีธรรมโศกราชที่ 2 1155?–1200s?[g][46]: 39 
Xiān began to invade Angkor and Melayu in the 1290s.[80]: 211 [81]: 90  During the reign of Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218),[h] Angkor regained Lavapura.
Xiān sent tributes to China five times during 1292 to 1299.[82][83] Nripendravarman (Indravarman II)[i][49] นฤปตีนทรวรมัน 1210s–1218[j]
Dhammaraja พระเจ้าธรรมราชา 1301–1310 Pha Mueang (Srindrapatindraditya)? ผาเมือง? 1218?–?
Baramaraja พระบรมราชา 1310–1344 Lavo gained independence following the weak rule at Angkor in the 1280s.[84]
1313–1315 Xiān invasion of Champa[58]:line 148 Phraek Si Racha king (unknown regnal title) 1283–1319
Xiān sent tributes to China in 1314, 1319 and 1323.[59]: 39  Lavo sent tributes to China in 1289[49] and 1299.[66]: 221–222 
Ramathibodi I (Uthong V)
(Also the first king of Ayutthaya Kingdom)		 พระรามาธิบดีที่ 1 1344–1369 Maternal grandfather of Ramesuan[2]: 61  1319?–1351
Ramesuan ราเมศวร 1351?[k]–1388
After Ayutthaya Kingdom was officially established in 1351, Lavo was annexed into Ayutthaya in 1388.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Calculated from the text given in the chronicle: "สิ้น 97 ปีสวรรคต ศักราชได้ 336 ปี พระยาโคดมได้ครองราชสมบัติอยู่ ณ วัดเดิม 30 ปี"[41]: 30  which is transcribed as "...at the age of 97, he passed away in the year 336 of the Chula Sakarat. Phraya Kodom reigned in the Mueang Wat Derm for 30 years...".
  2. ^ The sources say Balidhiraja overthrew the former ruler at Nakhon Chai Si and assigned his younger son, Sai Thong Som, as the new ruler and then enthroned his elder son, Balipatijaya, as the new king of Nakhon Luang. See the interpretation on Nakhon Luang at Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri.
  3. ^ a b In case of Tasoo Nacora Louang or Yassouttora Nacoora Louang mentioned in the Du Royaume de Siam and Instructions Given to the Siamese Envoys Sent to Portugal (1684) is identified with Lavo
  4. ^ Lavo noble with unknown origin
  5. ^ a b Disputed interpretation, according to the Ayutthaya Testimonies, Sai Nam Peung and his son, Dhammikaraja (or Sudhammaraja), were identified as the monarchs of the Xiān at Phraek Si Racha, who reigned from 905 to 935 and from 935 to 937, respectively.[76]: 35–7 
  6. ^ According to the Ayutthaya Testimonies, during his reign over Mueang Phraek's Singburi and Phrip Phri between 1169 and 1225, he undertook a week-long religious observance in Lavapura. This suggests that his authority extended over Lavapura until it was ultimately lost to Angkor during the reign of Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218).[79]: 46–7 
  7. ^ Possibly evacuated to Tambralinga.[46]: 39 
  8. ^ Potentially 1210s, during the late period of Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri.
  9. ^ Appointed by Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218)[49]
  10. ^ Succeeded his Angkorian father, Jayavarman VII, who die in 1218.
  11. ^ After his father, Ramathibodi I, was enthroned as the King of Ayutthaya.

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  76. ^ Fine Arts Department, ed. (1968) [First published in Thai in 1912.]. Khamhaikan Chao Krung Kao Khamhaikan Khun Luang Ha Wat Lae Phra Ratcha Pongsawadarn Krung Kao Chabab Luang Luang Prasoet Aksorn คำให้การชาวกรุงเก่า คำให้การขุนหลวงหาวัด และ พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐอักษรนิติ์ [Testimony of the King Who Entered a Wat, Testimony of the Inhabitants of the Old Capital, and Royal Chronicle of the Old Capital: Luang Prasoet Aksorn Version] (PDF) (in Thai). Bangkok: Rung Rueang Tham. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  77. ^ a b "大越史記全書 《卷之四》" [The Complete Historical Records of Đại Việt "Volume 4"]. 中國哲學書電子化計劃 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2024.
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