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List of African American newspapers and media outlets

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2600:1700:60d0:35f0:c1d5:68fc:2da7:719c (talk) at 16:34, 1 November 2020 (Updated article to include black own online newspaper). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is a list of African-American newspapers and media outlets.

Print

Extant

Listed chronologically by founding date

19th century

1901-1950

1951-2000

Date unknown

Defunct

  • The Advance, Wilmington, Delaware, 1899-19?[5]
  • Advocate, Charleston, West Virginia[6]
  • The Advocate, Portland, Oregon, 1903
  • African Expositor, Raleigh, North Carolina, 18??-18?[7]
  • Africo-American Presbyterian, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1879-1938[8]
  • The Afro-American Citizen, Charleston, South Carolina, 1899-1902[9]
  • Afro-American Courier, Yazoo City, Mississippi, 1926-19?[10]
  • The Aliened American, Cleveland Ohio, 1852-1856[11]
  • The Anti-Slavery Bugle, New Lisbon, Ohio, 1845-1861
  • The Appeal, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1889-19?[12]
  • The Arizona Gleam, Phoenix, Arizona, 1929-193?[13]
  • Arizona Sun, Phoenix, Arizona, 1942-196?[14]
  • Arizona Tribune, Phoenix, Arizona, 1958-197?[15]
  • The Banner-Enterprise, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1883-18?[16]
  • Beacon Journal (later Beacon Digest and West Virginia Beacon Digest), Charleston, West Virginia, 1957-[6]
  • The Bee, Washington, D.C., 1882-1884[17]
  • The Black Panther, 1967-?
  • Boston Guardian, Boston, Massachusetts, 1901-1950s
  • Breeze, Huntington, West Virginia[6]
  • The Broad Ax, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1895-19?[18]
  • The Bystander, Des Moines, Iowa, 1916-1922[19]
  • California Eagle, Los Angeles, California, 1879-1964[20]
  • Cayton's Monthly, Seattle, Washington, 1921-1921[21]
  • Cayton's Weekly, Seattle, Washington, 1916-1921[22]
  • The Century Voice, Yazoo City, Mississippi, 194?-19?[23]
  • The Charleston Advocate, Charleston, South Carolina, 1867-1868[24]
  • The Chicago Whip, Chicago, Illinois, 1919-19?[25]
  • Chicago World, Chicago, Illinois, 1918-19?[26]
  • Christian Banner, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[27]
  • The Christian Recorder, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1861-[28]
  • The Cleveland Gazette, Cleveland, Ohio, 1883-1945
  • The Colored American, Washington, D.C., 1893-1904
  • The Colored American, New York City, 1837-1842
  • The Colored Citizen, Helena, Montana, 1894-1894[29]
  • The Community Citizen, New Albany, Mississippi, 19??-19?[30]
  • The Concordia Eagle, Vidalia, Louisiana, 1873-1890[31]
  • Connecticut Chronicle, Hartford, Connecticut, 194?-194?[32]
  • The Daily Express, Dayton, Ohio, 1950-1955[33]
  • Daily National Era, Washington, D.C., 1854-1854[34]
  • Daily Record, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1895-1898[35][36]
  • Dallas Express, Dallas, Texas, 1892-1970
  • The Dayton Forum, Dayton, Ohio, 1913-1949[37]
  • The Delta Leader, Greenville, Mississippi, 1939-19?[38]
  • The Denver Star, Denver, Colorado, 1913-1963[39]
  • Detroit Tribune, Detroit, Michigan, 1933-1933[40]
  • The Detroit Tribune, Detroit, Michigan, 1935-1966[41]
  • The Echo, Meridian, Mississippi, 1942-1960[42]
  • Franklin's Paper the Denver Star, Denver, Colorado, 1912-1913[43]
  • Franklin's Paper the Statesman, Denver, Colorado, 1906-1912[44]
  • The Free Citizen, Orangeburg, South Carolina,1874-1876[45]
  • The Free Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 1868-186?[46]
  • Freedom's Journal, New York City, 1827-1829
  • The Forum, Springfield, Illinois, 1904-192?[47]
  • Frost Illustrated, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1968
  • The Future Outlook, Greensboro, North Carolina, 1941-1972[48][49]
  • The Gazette, Raleigh, North Carolina, 18??-1???[50]
  • The Georgetown Planet, Georgetown, South Carolina, 1873-1875[51]
  • The Golden Rule, Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1898-19?[52]
  • Harambee News, Los Angeles, California, 1966-1969[53]
  • Hartford Chronicle, Hartford, Connecticut, 194?-1947[54]
  • Hartford-Springfield Chronicle, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1940-194?[55]
  • Huntington Enterprise, Huntington, West Virginia[6]
  • Huntington Times, Huntington, West Virginia[6]
  • The Illinois Times, Champaign, Illinois, 19??-19?[56]
  • Indianapolis Freeman, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1888-1926
  • Indianapolis Leader, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1879-1891
  • Ink, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 2001-?
  • Iowa State Bystander, Des Moines, Iowa, 1894-1916[57]
  • The Journal of Industry, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1879-1???[58]
  • The Kansas City Sun, Kansas City, Missouri,1908-1924[59]
  • The Langston City Herald, Langston City, Oklahoma, 1891-1902[60]
  • The Lexington Standard, Lexington, Kentucky, 1892-1912[61]
  • The Liberator, Boston, Massachusetts, 1831-1865
  • The Louisianian, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1870-1871[62]
  • Maryville Republican, Maryville, Tennessee, 1867-187?[63]
  • McDowell Herald, Keystone, West Virginia[6]
  • The McDowell Times, Keystone, West Virginia, 1904-1941[64]
  • Metropolis Weekly Gazette, Metropolis, Illinois, 1???-19?[65]
  • Metropolitan News, Chicago, Illinois, 1935-19?[66]
  • Missionary Record, Charleston, South Carolina, 1868-1879[67]
  • Mojo, New York City, 1968-?
  • The Montana Plaindealer, Helena, Montana, 1906-1911[68]
  • The Muskogee Cimeter, Muskogee, Oklahoma, 1901-19?[69]
  • Nashville Globe, Nashville, Tennessee, 1906-1960[70]
  • National Enquirer and Pennsylvania Freeman, 1836-?
  • The National Era, Washington, D.C., 1847-1860[71]
  • The National Forum, Washington, D.C., 1910-19?[72]
  • National Savings Bank, Washington, D.C., 1868-18?[73]
  • The New Age, Butte, Montana, 1902-190?[74]
  • The New Age, Portland, Oregon, 1896
  • New England Bulletin, Hartford, Connecticut, 1949-19?[75]
  • New Era, Washington, D.C., 1870-1870[76]
  • New National Era, Washington, D.C., 1870-1874[77]
  • North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1885-18?[78]
  • North Carolina Republican, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1879-1880[79]
  • North Star, 1847-1851
  • The Northwestern Bulletin, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1922-1924[80]
  • The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1924-1925[81]
  • The Ohio Daily-Express, Dayton, Ohio, 1946-1950[82]
  • Ohio State News, Columbus, Ohio, 1944-1952[83]
  • The Philadelphia Independent, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1931-1971
  • The People's Recorder, Columbia, South Carolina, 1893-1925[84]
  • The Peoples' Advocate, New Bern, North Carolina, 1886-188?[85]
  • The Phoenix Index, Phoenix, Arizona, 193?-19?[86]
  • Phoenix Tribune, Phoenix, Arizona, 1918-193?[87]
  • Pioneer, Montgomery, West Virginia[6]
  • Pioneer Press, Martinsburg, West Virginia, 1882-19?[6][88]
  • Pittsburgh Courier, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1907-1966
  • The Professional World, Columbia, Missouri, 1901-192?[89]
  • The Republican, Maryville, Tennessee, 187?-187?[90]
  • The Rising Son, Kansas City, Mo, 1896-19?[91]
  • The Robbins Eagle, Robbins, Illinois, 1951-1963[92]
  • The Rock Hill Messenger, Rock Hill, South Carolina, 1896-1921[93]
  • The Seattle Republican, Seattle, Washington, 1???-1915[94]
  • Sedalia Weekly Conservator, Sedalia, Missouri, 1903-1909[95]
  • Semi-Weekly Louisianian, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1871-1872[96]
  • South Carolina Leader, Charleston, South Carolina, 1865-18?[97]
  • The Southern Advocate, Mound Bayou, Mississippi, 1933-19?[98]
  • The Southern Indicator, Columbia, South Carolina, 1903-1925[99]
  • The Southern News, Asheville, North Carolina, 1936-19?[100]
  • The Southland Advocate, Asheville, North Carolina, 19??-????[101]
  • St. Louis Palladium, 1884?-1911?
  • The St. Paul Echo, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1925-1927[102]
  • The statesman. [volume] : (Denver, Colo.) 1889-1906
  • The Topeka Plaindealer, Topeka, Kansas, 1900-1932[103]
  • The Tribune, Roanoke, Virginia, 1951-19?[104]
  • La Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orleans or New Orleans Tribune, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1864-1870
  • The Tribune Independent of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, 1933-1935[105]
  • The Tulsa Star, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1913-1921[106]
  • The Twin City Star, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1910-19?[107]
  • Voice of the People, Laurel, Mississippi, 19??-19?[108]
  • The Washington Bee, Washington, D.C., 1882-1922[109]
  • West Virginia Digest, Charleston, West Virginia[6]
  • West Virginia Eagle, Montgomery, West Virginia[6]
  • West Virginia Enterprise, Charleston, West Virginia[6]
  • West Virginia Spokesman, Huntington, West Virginia[6]
  • West Virginia Weekly, Charleston, West Virginia[6]

Online

See also

By state

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington (state) Washington, D. C. West Virginia Wisconsin

References

  1. ^ Family Business (2012-01-12). ""Recap: Alexis Scott Shares Atlanta Daily World History on Family Business Radio", Family Business Radio, January 12, 2012". Familybusinessradio.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-04. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ "The Wilmington Journal". Wilmingtonjournal.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  3. ^ "The AC Phoenix News (Winston-Salem, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  4. ^ "Gossip Depot is Free News Daily with Signup)".
  5. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Advance. [volume]". ISSN 2637-8205. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Powell Hart, Betty L. (1991). "The Black Press in West Virginia: A Brief History," in Honoring Our Past : Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History, ed. Joe William Trotter, Jr., and Ancella Radford Bickley. Charleston, WV: Alliance for the Collection, Preservation and Dissemination of West Virginia's Black History. pp. 156–179.
  7. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "African Expositor. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  8. ^ "Africo-American Presbyterian (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  9. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Afro-American Citizen. [volume]". The Afro-American Citizen. (Charleston, S.c.) 1899-1902. ISSN 2166-1669. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  10. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Afro-American Courier". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  11. ^ Gore, Jr., George William (1922). Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and the Present Condition of the Negro Press. Greencastle, IN: Journalism Press. p. 8.
  12. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Appeal. [volume]". ISSN 2163-7075. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  13. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Arizona Gleam. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  14. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Arizona Sun. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  15. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Arizona Tribune. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  16. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Banner-Enterprise. [volume]". ISSN 2576-6902. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  17. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Bee. [volume]". ISSN 2157-3298. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  18. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Broad Ax. [volume]". ISSN 2163-7202. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  19. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Bystander. [volume]". Bystander. ISSN 2332-4554. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  20. ^ "Charlotta Bass / California Eagle Photograph Collection, 1870-1960". digitallibrary.usc.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Cayton's Monthly". ISSN 2159-5569. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  22. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Cayton's Weekly". ISSN 2158-4699. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  23. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Century Voice". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  24. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Charleston Advocate. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1707. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Chicago Whip". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  26. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Chicago World". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  27. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2018-08-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ "The Christian Recorder collection: 1861–1902". Accessible Archives.
  29. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Colored Citizen. [volume]". ISSN 2326-9685. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  30. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Community Citizen". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  31. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Concordia Eagle. [volume]". ISSN 2163-7040. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  32. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Connecticut Chronicle". ISSN 2642-7109. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  33. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Daily Express". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  34. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Daily National Era. [volume]". ISSN 2471-5328. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  35. ^ "Wilmington Daily Record and the Wilmington Journal". African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington.
  36. ^ "The Daily Record (Wilmington, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  37. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Dayton Forum. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  38. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Delta Leader". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  39. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Denver Star. [volume]". ISSN 2577-2376. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  40. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Detroit Tribune [volume]". ISSN 2577-2538. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  41. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Detroit Tribune". ISSN 2577-350X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  42. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Echo". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  43. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Franklin's Paper the Denver Star". ISSN 2577-235X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  44. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Franklin's Paper the Statesman". ISSN 2577-2333. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  45. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Free Citizen". ISSN 2165-7742. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  46. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Free Press. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1715. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  47. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Forum. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  48. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Future Outlook. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  49. ^ "The Future Outlook (Greensboro, N.C.)". DigitalNC. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  50. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Gazette. [volume]". ISSN 2474-3143. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  51. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Georgetown Planet. [volume]". ISSN 2166-174X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  52. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Golden Rule. [volume]". ISSN 2576-4667. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  53. ^ Smith, Jessie; Bracks, Lean'tin; Wynn, Linda T. (2012). The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History. Visible Ink Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-1-57859-536-5.
  54. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Hartford Chronicle". ISSN 2642-7125. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  55. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Hartford-Springfield Chronicle. [volume]". ISSN 2688-9102. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  56. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Illinois Times". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  57. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Iowa State Bystander. [volume]". ISSN 2332-452X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  58. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Journal of Industry. [volume]". ISSN 2475-0654. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  59. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Kansas City Sun". ISSN 2166-8329. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  60. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Langston City Herald. [volume]". ISSN 2158-8929. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  61. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Lexington Standard. [volume]". ISSN 2157-1384. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  62. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Louisianian. [volume]". ISSN 2326-6287. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  63. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Maryville Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2331-026X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  64. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The McDowell Times. [volume]". ISSN 2640-3471. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  65. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Metropolis Weekly Gazette". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  66. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Metropolitan News". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  67. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Missionary Record. [volume]". ISSN 2165-9419. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  68. ^ "The Montana Plaindealer". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  69. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Muskogee Cimeter. [volume]". ISSN 2158-8937. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  70. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Nashville Globe. [volume]". ISSN 2373-4892. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  71. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The National Era. [volume]". ISSN 2471-5301. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  72. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The National Forum. [volume]". ISSN 1940-7327. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  73. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "National Savings Bank. [online resource]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  74. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The New Age. [volume]". ISSN 2326-9650. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  75. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "New England Bulletin". ISSN 2643-5004. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  76. ^ "New Era. [volume]". National Endowment for the Humanities. ISSN 2471-6316. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: others (link)
  77. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "New National Era. [volume]". ISSN 2471-6340. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  78. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "North Carolina Gazette". ISSN 2475-0638. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  79. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "North Carolina Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2474-4492. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  80. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Northwestern Bulletin. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  81. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  82. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Ohio Daily-Express". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  83. ^ "Ohio State News Collection 1944-1952". Ohio History Connection.
  84. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The People's Recorder. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1731. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  85. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Peoples' Advocate. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  86. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Phoenix Index". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  87. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Phoenix Tribune. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  88. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Pioneer Press [volume]". ISSN 2640-3714. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  89. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Professional World". ISSN 2326-8530. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  90. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2331-3021. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  91. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Rising son. [volume]". ISSN 2165-929X. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  92. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Robbins Eagle". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  93. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Rock Hill Messenger. [volume]". ISSN 2166-1723. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  94. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Seattle Republican. [volume]". ISSN 2157-3271. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  95. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Sedalia weekly Conservator". ISSN 2166-8264. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  96. ^ Fortier, Alcee (July 1888). "Louisianian Nursery-Tales". The Journal of American Folklore. 1 (2): 140–145. doi:10.2307/533818. ISSN 0021-8715. JSTOR 533818.
  97. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "South Carolina Leader [volume]". ISSN 2166-1693. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  98. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southern Advocate". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  99. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southern Indicator [volume]". ISSN 2166-1758. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  100. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southern News. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  101. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Southland Advocate. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  102. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The St. Paul Echo. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  103. ^ "The Topeka Plaindealer. [volume]". Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  104. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Tribune. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  105. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Tribune Independent of Michigan. [volume]". ISSN 2577-2562. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  106. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Tulsa Star. [volume]". ISSN 2163-4866. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  107. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Twin City Star. [volume]". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  108. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "Voice of the People". Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  109. ^ National Endowment for the Humanities. "The Washington Bee. [volume]". The Washington Bee. ISSN 1940-7424. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  110. ^ "Black News". Black News. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  111. ^ The North Star
  112. ^ "Activist Shaun King On Why He's Reviving Frederick Douglass' 'North Star' Paper". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-07-11.
  113. ^ Black Report
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