List of Charadriiformes by population

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The population of birds
Lists

Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites)
Anseriformes (waterfowl)
Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds)
Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and relatives)
Charadriiformes (gulls and relatives)
Ciconiiformes (storks and relatives)
Columbiformes (doves and pigeons)
Coraciiformes (kingfishers and relatives)
Cuculiformes (cuckoos and relatives)
Falconiformes (falcons and relatives)
Galliformes (gamebirds)
Gaviiformes (loons or divers)
Gruiformes (cranes and relatives)
Passeriformes (perching birds)
Pelecaniformes (pelicans and relatives)
Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)
Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)
Podicipediformes (grebes)
Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels)
Psittaciformes (parrots)
Sphenisciformes (penguins)
Strigiformes (owls)
Struthioniformes (ratites)
Tinamiformes (tinamous)
Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals)
Key

Conservation status

  Extinct in the wild (EW)
  Critically endangered (CR)
  Endangered (EN)
  Vulnerable (VU)
  Near threatened (NT)
  Least concern (LC)
  Data deficient (DD)
Related
Lists of organisms by population
Lists of mammals by population
List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species
List of extinct birds
Lists of birds by region

This is a list of Charadriiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields.

Charadriiformes (Charadrius being Latin for "plover") is the taxonomic order to which the waders, gulls, and auks belong. BirdLife International has assessed 352 species; 181 (51% of total species) have had their population estimated. Bird taxonomy is currently in a state of flux, much wider in scope than the complications arising from the realization that birds are dinosaurs, and a full scientific consensus on the division of orders has yet to be settled upon.[1] The Charadriiformes, for example, are grouped with the Ciconiiformes in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.[2] In the interest of standardization this article, along with the rest of the Wikipedia Bird Population lists, is split along the taxonomic system used by BirdLife, which is both the Earth's largest partnership of conservation organizations, and the assessment team for birds on the IUCN Red List.[3][4] This is not an endorsement of any one taxonomic system, and it may change in the future as new relationships are brought to light.

A variety of methods are used for counting Charadriiformes. For example, the piping plover is subject to the quinquennial Piping Plover International Census, which is carried out in 9 Canadian provinces, 32 US states, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. In the 2006 survey, Saskatchewan alone had 159 volunteers scour 294 waterbodies.[5][6] The mountain plover has had its nests counted through the drive transect method. Once density has been calculated, the numbers are extrapolated over a bird's range.[7] For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

Species which can no longer be included in a list of this nature include the Tahiti sandpiper, which was only recorded in 1777, and is suspected to have fallen prey to introduced egg-eating rats.[8] The same fate awaited the white-winged sandpiper.[9] The Canarian oystercatcher was reported vanished by 1940, believed to have been the result of overfishing of its sustenance.[10] The feathers of the great auk made excellent pillows, and egg collectors were so successful in their hobby that the last specimen in Britain was seen in 1840 on Stac an Armin, Scotland. This was beaten to death by three men believing it to be a witch.[11][12]

The continued existence of some species has yet to be confirmed either way. The Javan lapwing, for example, has not had a confirmed sighting since 1940, but unconfirmed reports continue to give hope that the last individual has yet to die.[13] The last confirmed sightings of the Eskimo curlew were in the early 1980s, but scientists would rather not issue a former declaration of extinction until surveying of all potential breeding locations is completed.[14] The slender-billed curlew (included in the list below) was considered "very common" in the early 1800s, rare by the early 1900s. The bird was recorded 103 times between 1980 and 1990, and 74 times between 1990 and 1999. The last confirmed recording of the slender-billed curlew was in April 2001.[15]

Critically Endangered means a species has experienced a decline of at least 80% in the past ten years or three generations, or is projected to decline that much over the same period of time.[16] A species's continued existence does not necessarily mean the bird can be salvaged, as it may have already passed the minimum viable population.

Species by global population

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Black stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae 40[17] CR[17] Increase[17]
Chinese crested tern Sterna bernsteini 50[18] CR[18] Decrease[18] Maximum estimate.[18]
Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris 50[15] CR[15] Decrease[15]
Jerdon's courser Rhinoptilus bitorquatus 70 – 400[19] CR[19] Decrease[19]
Saint Helena plover Charadrius sanctaehelenae 70 – 400[20] CR[20] Increase[20]
Shore dotterel Thinornis novaeseelandiae 250[21] EN[21] Increase[21]
Chatham oystercatcher Haematopus chathamensis 310 – 360[22] EN[22] Increase[22]
Spoon-billed sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus 360 – 600[23] CR[23] Decrease[23] Estimate is considered "optimistic".[23]
Nordmann's greenshank Tringa guttifer 500 – 1000[24] EN[24] Decrease[24] "Optimistic."[24]
Peruvian tern Sterna lorata 600 – 1700[25] EN[25] Decrease[25]
Lava gull Larus fuliginosus 900 – 1200[26] VU[26] Increase[26] Possibly overestimated.[26]
Australian painted-snipe Rostratula australis 1000 – 1500[27] EN[27] Decrease[27]
Andean lapwing Vanellus resplendens 1000 – 10 000[28] LC[28] Steady[28]
Belcher's gull Larus belcheri 1000 – 10 000[29] LC[29] Increase[29]
Collared plover Charadrius collaris 1000 – 10 000[30] LC[30] Decrease[30]
Madagascar jacana Actophilornis albinucha 1000 – 10 000[31] NT[31] Decrease[31]
Snowy-crowned tern Sterna trudeaui 1000 – 10 000[32] LC[32] Steady[32]
Spot-breasted lapwing Vanellus melanocephalus 1000 – 10 000[33] LC[33] Unknown[33]
Tawny-throated dotterel Oreopholus ruficollis 1000 – 10 000[34] LC[34] Decrease[34]
Tuamotu sandpiper Prosobonia cancellata 1300[35] EN[35] Decrease[35] Minimum estimate.[35]
Hawaiian stilt Himantopus knudnesi 1350 EN Decrease May be subspecies of black-necked stilt or black-winged stilt.
New Zealand plover Charadrius obscurus 2000[36] EN[36] Increase[36] Divided into two subspecies: C. obscurus obscurus (~1701 individuals) & C. obscurus aquilonius (~270 individuals).[36]
Large-billed tern Phaetusa simplex 2000 – 7000[37] LC[37] Steady[37]
Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus 2000 – 7000[38] EN[38] Decrease[38]
Diademed plover Phegornis mitchellii 2500 – 9999[39] NT[39] Decrease[39]
Fuegian snipe Gallinago stricklandii 2500 – 9999[40] NT[40] Decrease[40]
Magellanic plover Pluvianellus socialis 2500 – 9999[41] NT[41] Steady[41]
Chatham snipe Coenocorypha pusilla 2700 – 3300[42] VU[42] Steady[42]
Madagascar plover Charadrius thoracicus 2700 – 3500[43] VU[43] Decrease[43]
Kerguelen tern Sterna virgata 3500 – 6500[44] NT[44] Steady[44]
Amami woodcock Scolopax mira 3500 – 15 000[45] VU[45] Steady[45]
Japanese murrelet Synthliboramphus wumizusume 3500 – 15 000[46] VU[46] Decrease[46]
Madagascar snipe Gallinago macrodactyla 3500 – 15 000[47] VU[47] Decrease[47]
Moluccan woodcock Scolopax rochussenii 3500 – 15 000[48] EN[48] Decrease[48]
Wood snipe Gallinago nemoricola 3500 – 15 000[49] VU[49] Decrease[49]
Wrybill Anarhynchus frontalis 4500 – 5000[50] VU[50] Decrease[50]
African oystercatcher Haematopus moquini 5000 – 6000[51] NT[51] Increase[51]
Madagascar pratincole Glareola ocularis 5000 – 10 000[52] VU[52] Decrease[52]
Yellow-wattled lapwing Vanellus malarbaricus 5000 – 10 000[53] VU[53] Steady[53]
Beach stone-curlew Esacus giganteus 6000[54] NT[54] Decrease[54]
Indian skimmer Rynchops albicollis 6000 – 10 000[55] VU[55] Decrease[55]
Black-fronted tern Sterna albostriata 7000 – 10 000[56] EN[56] Decrease[56]
Black oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani 8900 – 11 000[57] LC[57] Steady[57]
Craveri's murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri 9000 – 15 000[58] VU[58] Decrease[58]
Bristle-thighed curlew Numenius tahitiensis 10 000[59] VU[59] Decrease[59]
Imperial snipe Gallinago imperialis 10 000[60] NT[60] Decrease[60] Preliminary minimum estimate.[60]
Hooded plover Thinornis rubricollis 10 000 – 11 000[61] VU[61] Decrease[61]
Brown skua Stercorarius lonnbergi 10 000 – 19 999[62] LC[62] Steady[62]
Guadalupe murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus 10 000 – 19 999[63] VU[63] Decrease[63]
South polar skua Stercorarius maccormicki 10 000 – 19 999[64] LC[64] Steady[64]
Black-bellied tern Sterna acuticauda 10 000 – 25 000[65] EN[65] Decrease[65]
Grey-breasted seedsnipe Thinocorus orbignyianus 10 000 – 25 000[66] LC[66] Steady[66]
Malaysian plover Charadrius peronii 10 000 – 25 000[67] NT[67] Decrease[67] "Probable."[67]
Wandering tattler Heteroscelus incanus 10 000 – 25 000[68] LC[68] Steady[68]
Dolphin gull Leucophaeus scoresbii 10 000 – 28 000[69] LC[69] Steady[69]
Olrog's gull Larus atlanticus 10 500[70] VU[70] Decrease[70]
Grey pratincole Glareola cinerea 11 000 – 35 000[71] LC[71] Unknown[71]
Solitary snipe Gallinago solitaria 11 000 – 110 000[72] LC[72] Steady[72]
Piping plover Charadrius melodus 12 000 – 13 000[73] NT[73] Increase[73]
Black-faced sheathbill Chionis minor 13 000 – 20 000[74] LC[74] Decrease[74]
Mountain plover Charadrius montanus 15 000 – 20 000[75] NT[75] Decrease[75]
African skimmer Rynchops flavirostris 15 000 – 25 000[76] NT[76] Decrease[76]
Relict gull Larus relictus 15 000 – 30 000[77] VU[77] Decrease[77]
Sociable lapwing Vanellus gregarius 16 000 – 17 000[78] CR[78] Decrease[78]
Little auk Alle alle 16 000 – 36 000[79] LC[79] Decrease[79]
Buff-breasted sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis 16 000 – 84 000[80] NT[80] Decrease[80]
Chestnut-banded plover Charadrius pallidus 16 200 – 17 500[81] NT[81] Steady[81]
Ivory gull Pagophila eburnea 19 000 – 27 000[82] NT[82] Decrease[82]
Kittlitz's murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris 20 000 – 40 000[83] CR[83] Decrease[83]
Saunders's gull Larus saundersi 21 000 – 22 000[84] VU[84] Decrease[84]
Asian dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus 23 000[85] NT[85] Decrease[85]
Long-toed stint Calidris subminuta 25 000[86] LC[86] Unknown[86] Minimum estimate.[86]
Grey-headed lapwing Vanellus cinereus 25 000 – 100 000[87] LC[87] Decrease[87]
Latham's snipe Gallinago hardwickii 25 000 – 100 000[88] LC[88] Decrease[88]
Pectoral sandpiper Calidris melanotos 25 000 – 100 000[89] LC[89] Steady[89]
Ross's gull Rhodostethia rosea 25 000 – 100 000[90] LC[90] Unknown[90]
Swinhoe's snipe Gallinago megala 25 000 – 100 000[91] LC[91] Unknown[91]
Blue noddy Procelsterna cerulea 27 000 – 120 000[92] LC[92] Steady[92]
Aleutian tern Sterna aleutica 30 000 – 35 000[93] LC[93] Steady[93]
White-eyed gull Larus leucophthalmus 37 000 – 44 000[94] NT[94] Steady[94]
Eastern curlew Numenius madagascariensis 38 000[95] VU[95] Decrease[95]
Grey-tailed tattler Heteroscelus brevipes 40 000[96] LC[96] Steady[96] Minimum estimate.[96]
Great skua Stercorarius skua 48 000[97] LC[97] Steady[97]
Damara tern Sterna balaenarum 50 000 – 100 000[98] NT[98] Steady[98]
River tern Sterna aurantia 50 000 – 100 000[99] NT[99] Decrease[99]
Long-billed curlew Numenius americanus 50 000 – 123 000[100] LC[100] Decrease[100]
Eurasian dotterel Eudromias morinellus 50 000 – 220 000[101] LC[101] Decrease[101]
Audouin's gull Larus audouinii 63 900 – 66 900[102] NT[102] Steady[102]
Roseate tern Sterna dougallii 70 000 – 82 000[103] LC[103] Unknown[103]
Broad-billed sandpiper Limicola falcinellus 71 000 – 160 000[104] LC[104] Decrease[104]
Little gull Larus minutus 97 000 – 270 000[105] LC[105] Increase[105]
Whiskered auklet Aethia pygmaea 100 000[106] LC[106] Decrease[106]
Pheasant-tailed jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 100 000[107] LC[107] Decrease[107] Minimum estimate.[107]
Spotted redshank Tringa erythropus 110 000 – 350 000[108] LC[108] Steady[108]
Spectacled guillemot Cepphus carbo 140 000 – 148 000[109] LC[109] Decrease[109]
Eurasian stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus 140 000 – 330 000[110] LC[110] Decrease[110]
Inca tern Larosterna inca 150 000[111] NT[111] Decrease[111] Minimum estimate.[111]
Semipalmated plover Charadrius semipalmatus 150 000[112] LC[112] Steady[112] Minimum estimate.[112]
Gull-billed tern Sterna nilotica 150 000 – 420 000[113] LC[113] Decrease[113]
Greater crested tern Sterna bergii 150 000 – 1 100 000[114] LC[114] Steady[114]
Oriental plover Charadrius veredus 160 000[115] LC[115] Unknown[115]
Sharp-tailed sandpiper Calidris acuminata 160 000[116] LC[116] Steady[116] Minimum estimate.[116]
Rock sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis 160 000 – 170 000[117] LC[117] Decrease[117]
Terek sandpiper Xenus cinereus 160 000 – 1 200 000[118] LC[118] Steady[118]
Temminck's stint Calidris temminckii 170 000 – 1 300 000[119] LC[119] Unknown[119]
Little curlew Numenius minutus 180 000[120] LC[120] Steady[120] Minimum estimate.[120]
Greater sand plover Charadrius leschenaultii 180 000 – 360 000[121] LC[121] Unknown[121]
Brown noddy Anous stolidus 180 000 – 1 100 000[122] LC[122] Steady[122]
Pacific golden plover Pluvialis fulva 190 000 – 250 000[123] LC[123] Decrease[123]
Little tern Sterna albifrons 190 000 – 410 000[124] LC[124] Decrease[124]
American golden plover Pluvialis dominica 200 000[125] LC[125] Decrease[125] Minimum estimate.[125]
Pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 210 000 – 460 000[126] LC[126] Unknown[126]
Black-winged pratincole Glareola nordmanni 220 000- 290 000[127] NT[127] Decrease[127]
Caspian tern Sterna caspia 240 000 – 420 000[128] LC[128] Increase[128]
Marsh sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 260 000 – 1 200 000[129] LC[129] Decrease[129]
Little ringed plover Charadrius dubius 280 000 – 530 000[130] LC[130] Steady[130]
Baird's sandpiper Calidris bairdii 300 000[131] LC[131] Steady[131] Minimum estimate.[131]
Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus 300 000 – 460 000[132] LC[132] Decrease[132]
Whiskered tern Chlidonias hybrida 300 000 – 1 500 000[133] LC[133] Steady[133]
Lesser sand plover Charadrius mongolus 310 000 – 390 000[134] LC[134] Unknown[134]
Red-necked stint Calidris ruficollis 320 000[135] LC[135] Unknown[135] Minimum estimate.[135]
Sabine's gull Xema sabini 330 000 – 700 000[136] LC[136] Steady[136]
Red-legged kittiwake Rissa brevirostris 337 000 – 377 000[137] VU[137] Decrease[137]
Glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus 340 000 – 2 400 000[138] LC[138] Steady[138]
Marbled murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus 350 000 – 420 000[139] EN[139] Decrease[139]
Common ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula 360 000 – 1 300 000[140] LC[140] Decrease[140]
Great knot Calidris tenuirostris 380 000[141] VU[141] Decrease[141]
Long-billed dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus 400 000[142] LC[142] Unknown[142] Minimum estimate.[142]
Common greenshank Tringa nebularia 440 000 – 1 500 000[143] LC[143] Steady[143]
Black guillemot Cepphus grylle 400 000 – 700 000[144] LC[144] Increase[144]
Black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus 450 000 – 780 000[145] LC[145] Increase[145]
Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres 460 000 – 800 000[146] LC[146] Decrease[146]
Pigeon guillemot Cepphus columba 470 000[147] LC[147] Steady[147] Minimum estimate.[147]
Double-striped thick-knee Burhinus bistriatus 500 000 – 4 999 999[148] LC[148] Steady[148]
Northern jacana Jacana spinosa 500 000 – 4 999 999[149] LC[149] Unknown[149]
Glaucous-winged gull Larus glaucescens 570 000[150] LC[150] Increase[150] Minimum estimate.[150]
Bridled tern Sterna anaethetus 610 000 – 1 500 000[151] LC[151] Unknown[151]
Sanderling Calidris alba 620 000 – 700 000[152] LC[152] Unknown[152]
Grey plover Pluvialis squatarola 692 000[153] LC[153] Decrease[153]
Common redshank Tringa totanus 960 000 – 2 600 000[154] LC[154] Unknown[154]
African jacana Actophilornis africanus 1 000 000[155] LC[155] Steady[155]
Killdeer Charadrius vociferus 1 000 000[156] LC[156] Decrease[156]
Jack snipe Lymnocryptes minimus 1 000 000[157] LC[157] Steady[157] Minimum estimate.[157]
Ancient murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus 1 000 000 – 2 000 000[158] LC[158] Decrease[158]
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 1 000 000 – 2 300 000[159] LC[159] Decrease[159]
Black-tailed gull Larus crassirostris 1 100 000[160] LC[160] Steady[160] Minimum estimate.[160]
Red knot Calidris canutus 1 100 000[161] LC[161] Decrease[161] Minimum estimate.[161]
Bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica 1 100 000 – 1 200 000[162] LC[162] Decrease[162]
Eurasian oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 1 100 000 – 1 200 000[163] LC[163] Decrease[163]
Red phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius 1 100 000 – 2 000 000[164] LC[164] Decrease[164]
Horned puffin Fratercula corniculata 1 200 000[165] LC[165] Decrease[165] Minimum estimate.[165]
Lesser noddy Anous tenuirostris 1 200 000[166] LC[166] Steady[166] Minimum estimate.[166]
Parakeet auklet Aethia psittacula 1 200 000[167] LC[167] Decrease[167] Minimum estimate.[167]
Green sandpiper Tringa ochropus 1 200 000 – 3 600 000[168] LC[168] Steady[168]
Rhinoceros auklet Cerorhinca monocerata 1 300 000[169] LC[169] Decrease[169] Minimum estimate.[169]
Little stint Calidris minuta 1 400 000 – 1 500 000[170] LC[170] Decrease[170]
Common tern Sterna hirundo 1 600 000 – 4 600 000[171] LC[171] Decrease[171]
Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 1 800 000 – 1 900 000[172] LC[172] Increase[172]
Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea 2 000 000[173] LC[173] Decrease[173] Minimum estimate.[173]
Southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis 2 000 000[174] LC[174] Increase[174]
Ruff Philomachus pugnax 2 000 000 – 2 600 000[175] LC[175] Decrease[175]
Semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla 2 200 000[176] NT[176] Decrease[176]
Common gull Larus canus 2 500 000 – 3 700 000[177] LC[177] Unknown[177]
White-winged tern Chlidonias leucopterus 2 500 000 – 4 500 000[178] LC[178] Steady[178]
Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 2 600 000 – 3 200 000[179] LC[179] Decrease[179]
European herring gull Larus argentatus 2 700 000 – 5 700 000[180] LC[180] Unknown[180]
Oriental pratincole Glareola maldivarum 2 900 000 – 3 000 000[181] LC[181] Decrease[181]
Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola 3 100 000 – 3 600 000[182] LC[182] Steady[182]
Kelp gull Larus dominicanus 3 300 000 – 4 300 000[183] LC[183] Increase[183]
Tufted puffin Fratercula cirrhata 3 500 000[184] LC[184] Decrease[184] Minimum estimate.[184]
Red-necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus 3 600 000 – 4 500 000[185] LC[185] Decrease[185]
Dunlin Calidris alpina 4 600 000 – 6 500 000[186] LC[186] Decrease[186]
Black-headed gull Larus ridibundus 4 800 000 – 8 900 000[187] LC[187] Decrease[187]
Northern lapwing Vanellus vanellus 5 200 000 – 10 000 000[188] LC[188] Decrease[188]
Common snipe Gallinago gallinago 6 300 000 – 8 100 000[189] LC[189] Decrease[189]
Crested auklet Aethia cristatella 8 200 000[190] LC[190] Decrease[190] Minimum estimate.[190]
Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola 10 000 000 – 26 000 000[191] LC[191] Steady[191]
Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla 17 000 000 – 18 000 000[192] LC[192] Decrease[192]
Common murre Uria aalge 18 000 000[193] LC[193] Increase[193] Minimum estimate.[193]
Sooty tern Sterna fuscata 21 000 000 – 22 000 000[194] LC[194] Unknown[194]
Thick-billed murre Uria lomvia 22 000 000[195] LC[195] Increase[195] Minimum estimate.[195]
Least auklet Aethia psittacula 24 000 000[196] LC[196] Decrease[196] Minimum estimate.[167]

See also

References

  1. ^ Boyd, John H. (25 November 2008). "Aves—A Taxonomy in Flux 2.11 : Modern Birds". Florida International University. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  2. ^ "Sibley's Sequence : Based on DNA hybridization comparisons by Charles Gald Sibley - Burt L. Monroe, Jr". Retrieved 2012-12-24.
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  4. ^ "Birds on the IUCN Red List". BirdLife International. 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  5. ^ Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center. "2011 International Piping Plover Census: Study Description". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  6. ^ "Positive Piping Plover Count". Government of Saskatchewan. 6 Nov 2006. Archived from the original on 2013-05-06. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  7. ^ "Mountain plover survey guidelines - Wyoming" (PDF). United States Fish and Wildlife Service. March 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  8. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Prosobonia leucoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  9. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Prosobonia ellisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  10. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Haematopus meadewaldoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  11. ^ Gaskell, Jeremy (2000). Who Killed the Great Auk?. Oxford UP. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-19-856478-2.
  12. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  13. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Vanellus macropterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  14. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Numenius borealis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  15. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2012). "Numenius tenuirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  16. ^ IUCN (2001). "V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE". Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  17. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Himantopus novaezelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Archived from the original on 2012-11-12. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  18. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2012). "Sterna bernsteini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  19. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Rhinoptilus bitorquatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  20. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Charadrius sanctaehelenae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  21. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Thinornis novaeseelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
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  180. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Larus argentatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  181. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Glareola maldivarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  182. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Tringa glareola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  183. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Larus dominicanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  184. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2012). "Fratercula cirrhata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  185. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Phalaropus lobatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  186. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Calidris alpina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  187. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Larus ridibundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  188. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Vanellus vanellus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  189. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Gallinago gallinago". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  190. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2012). "Aethia cristatella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  191. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Scolopax rusticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  192. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Rissa tridactyla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  193. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2012). "Uria aalge". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  194. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Sterna fuscata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  195. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2012). "Uria lomvia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  196. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Aethia pusilla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. IUCN. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
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