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List of Prime Ministers of Canada

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Canada's Prime Ministers during its first century.

The Prime Minister of Canada is an official who serves as the primary Minister of the Crown, chair of the Cabinet, and thus Head of Government of Canada. Officially, the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, but by constitutional convention the Prime Minister must have the confidence of the House of Commons. Normally, this is the leader of the party caucus with the greatest number of seats in the House, but if that leader lacks support of the majority in the House, the Governor General can appoint another leader who has the support of a majority, or may dissolve parliament and call a new election. By constitutional convention, a prime minister holds a seat in parliament, and since the early 20th century this has more specifically meant the elected House of Commons.[1]

The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the Constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the Governor General. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was initially modelled after the job as it existed in Britain at the time. Sir John A. Macdonald was formally commissioned by Lord Monck on 24 May 1867 to form the first Canadian Government under Confederation. On 1 July 1867 the First Ministry assumed office.[2]

The date for which a Prime Minister begins his or her term has been determined by the date that he or she is sworn into his or her portfolio, as an oath of office as Prime Minister is not required.[3] However, starting in 1957 the incoming Prime Minister has sworn an oath as Prime Minister; as of 2006, this tradition has continued.[3] Before 1920, the Prime Ministers' resignations were accepted immediately by the Governor General, and the last day of the ministries were the date he died, or the date of resignation.[3] Since 1920, the outgoing Prime Minister has only formally resigned when the new government is ready to be formed.[3] The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day."[3] Although, traditionally, the outgoing Prime Minister formally resigns only hours before the incoming ministry swears their oaths, both during the day, the ministries are effectively changed at midnight, the night before. Some sources, including the Parliament of Canada, apply this convention as far back as 1917.[4]

Prime Ministers

Further information: Historical rankings of Canadian prime ministers and List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office
Abbreviation key: No.: Incumbent No., Min.: Ministry
Colour key:
  Liberal Party of Canada
  Historical Conservative Party (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative (historical), Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative)
  Conservative Party of Canada
Provinces key: AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan
No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)
District		 Term of office Electoral mandates (Parliaments) Political party Min. Refs
1
(1 of 2)
Sir John A Macdonald circa 1878 retouched.jpg
 Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Kingston, ON		 1 July 1867
–
5 November 1873		 Liberal-Conservative Party 1st [2] [5]
Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal
2
Alexander McKenzie3.jpg
 Alexander Mackenzie
(1822–1892)
MP for Lambton, ON		 7 November 1873
–
8 October 1878		 Liberal Party 2nd [6] [7]
Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General
1
(2 of 2)
Sir John A Macdonald circa 1878 retouched.jpg
 Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Victoria, BC until 1882
MP for Carleton, ON until 1887
MP for Kingston, ON		 17 October 1878
–
6 June 1891		 Liberal-Conservative Party 3rd [8] [9]
National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).
3
Johnabbott.jpg
 Sir John Abbott
(1821–1893)
Senator for Quebec		 16 June 1891
–
24 November 1892		 Liberal-Conservative Party 4th [10] [11]
Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired.
4
John Thompson.jpg
 Sir John Thompson
(1845–1894)
MP for Antigonish, NS		 5 December 1892
–
12 December 1894		 Liberal-Conservative Party 5th [12] [13]
Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).
5
SirMackenzieBowell.jpg
 Sir Mackenzie Bowell
(1823–1917)
Senator for Ontario		 21 December 1894
–
27 April 1896		 Conservative Party (historical) 6th [14] [15]
Manitoba Schools Question.
6
Chas Tupper - GG Bain.jpg
 Sir Charles Tupper
(1821–1915)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister		 1 May 1896
–
8 July 1896
  • Appointment (no parl't)
 Conservative Party (historical) 7th [16] [17]
Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
7
Laurier-sm.jpg
 Sir Wilfrid Laurier
(1841–1919)
MP for Quebec East, QC		 11 July 1896
–
6 October 1911		 Liberal Party 8th [18] [19]
Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote.
8
Sir Robert Laird Borden, 1915.png
 Sir Robert Borden
(1854–1937)
MP for Halifax, NS until 1917
MP for Kings, NS		 10 October 1911
–
11 October 1917		 Conservative Party (historical) 9th [19] [20] [21]
12 October1917
–
10 July 1920		 Unionist Party 10th
First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Creation of Union government; Creation of the National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Winnipeg General Strike; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada demands and is granted a seat at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.
9
(1 of 2)
Arthur Meighen-.jpg
 Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB		 10 July 1920
–
29 December 1921		 National Liberal and Conservative Party 11th [22] [23]
Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.
10
(1 of 3)
Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg
 William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for York North, ON until 1925
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 29 December 1921
–
28 June 1926		 Liberal Party 12th [24] [25]
Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Meighen had won a plurality of seats in the 1925 election, but King continued in office with the unofficial support of the third party Progressives until corruption scandal in the Department of Customs and Excise led to his government's defeat on a confidence vote. The King-Byng Affair saw the Governor General refuse King's request for a new election causing him to resign and Meighen to be invited to form a government.
9
(2 of 2)
Arthur Meighen-.jpg
 Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB		 29 June 1926
–
25 September 1926		 Conservative Party (historical) 13th [22] [26]
Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.
10
(2 of 3)
Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg
 William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 25 September 1926
–
7 August 1930		 Liberal Party 14th [24] [27]
Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.
11
Richard Bedford Bennett.jpg
 R. B. Bennett
(1870–1947)
MP for Calgary West, AB		 7 August 1930
–
23 October 1935		 Conservative Party (historical) 15th [28] [29]
Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.
10
(3 of 3)
Wm Lyon Mackenzie King.jpg
 William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945
MP for Glengarry, ON		 23 October 1935
–
15 November 1948		 Liberal Party 16th [24] [30]
Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.
12
Louisstlaurent.jpg
 Louis St. Laurent
(1882–1973)
MP for Quebec East, QC		 15 November 1948
–
21 June 1957		 Liberal Party 17th [31] [32]
Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.
13
John G. Diefenbaker.jpg
 John Diefenbaker
(1895–1979)
MP for Prince Albert, SK		 21 June 1957
–
22 April 1963		 Progressive Conservative Party 18th [33] [34]
Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.
14
Lester B. Pearson 1957.jpg
 Lester B. Pearson
(1897–1972)
MP for Algoma East, ON		 22 April 1963
–
20 April 1968		 Liberal Party 19th [35] [36]
Bomarc missile program; Introduction of Canadian universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces; 1967 Canadian Centennial celebrations.
15
(1 of 2)
Pierre Elliot Trudeau-2.jpg
 Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC		 20 April 1968
–
3/4 June[*] 1979		 Liberal Party 20th [37]
Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission.
16
Joe Clark 1976.jpg
 Joe Clark
(b. 1939)
MP for Yellowhead, AB		 4 June 1979
–
2/3 March[*] 1980		 Progressive Conservative Party 21st [38]
Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.
15
(2 of 2)
Pierre Elliot Trudeau-2.jpg
 Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC		 3 March 1980
–
29/30 June[*] 1984		 Liberal Party 22nd [37]
Quebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.
17
John Tuner Cropped.jpeg
 John Turner
(b. 1929)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister		 30 June 1984
–
16/17 September[*] 1984		 Liberal Party 23rd [39]
Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.
18
Mulroney.jpg
 Brian Mulroney
(b. 1939)
MP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988
MP for Charlevoix, QC		 17 September 1984
–
24/25 June[*] 1993		 Progressive Conservative Party 24th [40]
Cancellation of the NEP; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the GST; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; NAFTA; Airbus affair.
19
KimCampbell.jpg
 Kim Campbell
(b. 1947)
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC		 25 June 1993
–
3/4 November[*] 1993		 Progressive Conservative Party 25th [41]
First female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.
20
Jean Chretien 2010.jpg
 Jean Chrétien
(b. 1934)
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC		 4 November 1993
–
11/12 December[*] 2003		 Liberal Party 26th [42]
Red Book; HST; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.
21
Paul martin 2004.jpg
 Paul Martin
(b. 1938)
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC		 12 December 2003
–
5/6 February[*] 2006		 Liberal Party 27th [40]
Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord.
22
Stephen Harper by Remy Steinegger.jpg
 Stephen Harper
(b. 1959)
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB		 6 February 2006
–
Incumbent		 Conservative Party
Named leader in 2004		 28th [43]
Accountability Act; Afghanistan Mission; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Afghan detainee issue; replacement of the long-form census; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal.
Desig-
nate
Justin Trudeau 2014-1.jpg
 Justin Trudeau
(b. 1971)
MP for Papineau, QC		 Taking office 2015
–
 Liberal Party
Named leader in 2013		 29th


Son of 15th Canadian Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau.
Min. Minority government
LS Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat
* The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[44] and 1984,[45] Clark,[46] Turner,[47] Mulroney,[48] Campbell,[49] Chrétien,[50] and Martin.[50]

Timeline

Stephen Harper Paul Martin Jean Chrétien Kim Campbell Brian Mulroney John Turner Pierre Trudeau Joe Clark Pierre Trudeau Lester B. Pearson John Diefenbaker Louis St. Laurent William Lyon Mackenzie King R. B. Bennett William Lyon Mackenzie King Arthur Meighen William Lyon Mackenzie King Arthur Meighen Sir Robert Borden Sir Wilfrid Laurier Sir Charles Tupper Sir Mackenzie Bowell Sir John Sparrow David Thompson Sir John Abbott John A. Macdonald Alexander Mackenzie Sir John A. Macdonald

Living former Prime Ministers

As of October 2015, there are six living former Prime Ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984), on 28 September 2000. John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894) are the only serving Prime Ministers to die in office.

Name Term of office Date of birth
Joe Clark 1979–1980 (1939-06-05) 5 June 1939 (age 76)
John Turner 1984 (1929-06-07) 7 June 1929 (age 86)
Brian Mulroney 1984–1993 (1939-03-20) 20 March 1939 (age 76)
Kim Campbell 1993 (1947-03-10) 10 March 1947 (age 68)
Jean Chrétien 1993–2003 (1934-01-11) 11 January 1934 (age 81)
Paul Martin 2003–2006 (1938-08-28) 28 August 1938 (age 77)

See also

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References

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Further reading

Main article: List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Canada.
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