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List of active separatist movements in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019
Scottish independence supporters in Glasgow. Scotland held an independence referendum on 18 September 2014

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession.[1][2][3]

Belgium

[edit]
LocationPeopleProposed statePolitical parties
Flanders Flemings Independent Republic of Flanders or a Confederal Belgium (gradual independence)[4] New Flemish Alliance, Vlaams Belang[citation needed]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]
LocationPeopleProposed statePolitical organisationPolitical parties
Republika Srpska Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska or unification with Serbia Republika Srpska Alliance of Independent Social Democrats[5][6][7][8][9], United Srpska[10], Democratic People's Alliance[10], Serb Democratic Party[9]

Denmark

[edit]
LocationRelated pagesPeopleProposed statePolitical parties
Faroe Islands Faroese independence movement Faroese Faroe Islands[11][12] or autonomy[13] Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party

Finland

[edit]
LocationPeopleProposed statePolitical parties
Aland Swedish-speaking population of Finland Aland Future of Åland[14][15]

France

[edit]
LocationRelated pagesPeopleProposed statePolitical partiesTrade unionsYouth groupsOther groups
French Basque Country Basque Unification with the Basque Country and Navarre – Euskal Herria[16][17][18] as an independent state or autonomy.[19] Euskal Herria Bai, Abertzaleen Batasuna, Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
Brittany (including Loire-Atlantique) Bretons Brittany[20] Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Brittany Movement and Progress, Young Bretons Movement Advocacy group: Celtic League[21]
Corsica Corsicans Corsica[22][20] Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA) Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica

Georgia

[edit]
LocationRelated pagesPeopleDe facto stateProposed statePolitical organisationsMilitant organisation
Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Abkhazians Abkhazia[23] (recognized by 5 UN members) Government of Abkhazia Abkhazian Armed Forces
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast Ossetians South Ossetia[24] (recognized by 5 UN members) Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[25][26][27][28] or unification with North Ossetia to form a united independent Ossetia Government of South Ossetia Armed Forces of South Ossetia
Javakheti Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti Autonomy for the region Javakhk (Javakheti) or unification with Armenia[citation needed] Parties: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[29][30][31]

Germany

[edit]
LocationPeopleProposed statePolitical partiesOther groups
Saxony Upper Saxons Saxony Free Saxony[32][33][34]

Italy

[edit]
LocationRelated pagesPeopleProposed stateSecessionist partiesAutonomist partiesOther groups
Friuli-Venezia Giulia Friulians Friuli Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[35] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[36] Pact for Autonomy[36]
Lombardy Republic of Lombardy or autonomy. Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[37][38] Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda[39]
Northern Italy Padania[40] Lega Nord (formerly),[41] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union Lega Nord, Great North[41][42]
Sicily Sicilians Sicily[43][40] Free Sicilians[44][45] Sicilian Socialist Party, Great Sicily,[46] Party of the Sicilians, Movement for Autonomy Advocacy groups: Sicilian National Front,[47] Sicilia Nazione,[48] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[citation needed][49]
South Tyrol Greater autonomy or independence for South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria[50][51] Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
Veneto Republic of Venice or autonomy[52][53][54] Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left Liga Veneta, Resist Veneto,[55] Veneto for Autonomy[56] Youth organization: Independentist Youth
National Liberation Movement (Self-determination): Venetian National Liberation Movement[citation needed]
Sardinia Sardinian people Greater autonomy or independence for Sardinia.[57][58] Political parties: Sardinian Action Party (regionalist)

Moldova

[edit]
LocationRelated pagesPeopleDe facto statePropositionPolitical organisationMilitary forces
Transnistria Russians, Ukrainians, and Moldovans Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic International recognition as a sovereign state or unification with Russia[citation needed] Government of Transnistria Army of Transnistria
Gagauzia Gagauz people Gagauz Republic Peoples of Union of Gagauzia[59][60]

Netherlands

[edit]
LocationPeopleProposed statePolitical organisation
Frisia Frisians, West Frisians Greater autonomy or independence for West Frisia Frisian National Party (Greater autonomy; EFA member),[61][62] Groep fan Auwerk

Russia

[edit]
LocationPeopleProposed stateMilitant organisationsAdvocacy groupsOther groups
Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia[63] Circassians Circassia International Circassian Association (former member of the UNPO), Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus, Free Nations League
Bashkortostan Bashkirs Bashkortostan[64] Committee of Bashkir Resistance,[65] Bashkir Company[66] Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center,[67] Free Nations League
Chechnya Chechens Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile) Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine, Dzhokhar Dudayev Battalion, Ichkerian Special Purpose Battalion, Khamzat Gelayev Detachment Adat People's Movement, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
Dagestan Dagestanis Dagestan Imam Shamil Dagestan Battalion Dagestani National Center,[68] Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
Ingushetia Ingush Ingushetia Ingush Liberation Army Ingush Independence Committee, Congress of the Peoples of the North Caucasus
Republic of Kalmykia Kalmyks Kalmykia with possible unification with Astrakhan Oblast[69] Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
Republic of Karelia[70] Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors Karelia Karelian Group Karelian National Movement
Krasnodar Krai[71] Cossacks,[72] Russians Kuban Kuban Cossack Army Community of the Don-Kuban-Terek Citizens, Klin-Yar, Kuban Cossack Host, Kuban Cossacks of the Kuban Host Autonomy Movement, Kuban Cossack Youth, New Kuban Cossack Association, Southern Regional Resource Center, Union of Cossack Republics of Southern Russia Political organizations: Cossack Congress, Cossacks of the Kuban Rada
Political parties: Free Cossack Movement, Lapin, Movement for the Federalizations of Kuban, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia, Union of the Cossack Hosts of Russia and Abroad, Committee for the Liberation of the Kuban
Kingiseppsky, Lomonosovsky, Volosovsky & Sosnovy Bor districts of Leningrad Oblast[73] Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes Ingria[74] Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders[75]
Mari El[76][77] Mari Mari El Free Idel-Ural
Mordovia[77] Erzyas Erzyan Mastor[78] Free Idel-Ural, Erzyan Mastor
Mokshas Mokshan state Free Idel-Ural, Moksha Committee,[79] Free Nations League
North Caucasian Federal District Peoples of the Caucasus Confederation of the Northern Caucasus, United Caucasia Chechen government in exile[80]
Tatarstan[73] Tatars Tatarstan All-Tatar Public Center Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural, All-Tatar Public Center, Free Nations League Tatarstan government in exile[81]
Rostov Oblast Cossacks, Russians Cossackia, Don Cossack Host Members of the Free Nations League[82]
Udmurtia[77] Udmurts Udmurtia Free Idel-Ural
Volga Federal District Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts Idel-Ural Republic Free Idel-Ural[83]
Kumykia[84] Kumyks Autonomy for the Kumyks in Dagestan
Astrakhan Oblast[85] Nogai, Astrakhan Tatars Nogai_flag Nogai_El_flag Nogai El or unification with Kalmykia Free Nogai El
Komi[86] Komi people Independence for Komi
Chuvashia[87] Chuvash people Independence for Chuvashia Irĕklĕ Chăvash En
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug[88] Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyak
Karachay-Cherkessia Karachays and Balkars Karachaia[89]

Spain

[edit]
LocationRelated pagesPeopleProposed statePolitical partiesTrade UnionsYouth groupsOther groups
Basque Country and Navarre Basques Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[16] Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (EDP), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Alternatiba Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Ikasle Abertzaleak
Catalonia[90] Catalans Catalan Republic
Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)[citation needed]		 Pro-independence: Republican Left of Catalonia, Together for Catalonia, Popular Unity Candidacy Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical, Intersindical Alternativa de Catalunya Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
Galicia (Spain) Galicia[91] Galicians Galicia (or right to self-determination within a confederal framework) Soverigntist: Galician Nationalist Bloc (EFA)
Independist: Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood		 Confederación Intersindical Galega Galiza Nova, Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza

United Kingdom

[edit]
LocationRelated pagesMovementPeopleProposed statePolitical partiesAdvocacy groupsOther groups
Northern Ireland Major Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists) Re-unification with Ireland or independence[92][93] Sinn Féin,[94] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[95][failed verification][96] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[97]
Scotland Major Scots Scotland Scottish National Party (EFA member),[98] Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alliance to Liberate Scotland Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party, Sovereignty, West Dunbartonshire Community Party[99] Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal, Celtic League[100]
Wales Major Welsh Wales Plaid Cymru (EFA member),[101] Wales Green Party,[102] Gwlad,[103] Propel YesCymru[104] , All Under One Banner Cymru[105], Celtic League[100]
Cornwall Minor Cornish Cornwall or Constituent Country known as: Duchy of Cornwall[106] Cornish Nationalist Party[107], Mebyon Kernow[108] Celtic League[100]
Northern England Minor Northumbrians Northumbria Northern Independence Party[109]
Isle of Man[110] Separatist movement of dependent territory Manx people Isle of Man (Sovereign Republic) Mec Vannin, Isle of Man First Manx Independence Movement, Celtic League[100]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Separatism". Free Dictionary.
  2. ↑ "Separatism". Merriam Webster Dictionary.
  3. ↑ "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
  4. ↑ <!-staff writer-->. "Nearly 40% of Flemish would vote for independence". The Brussels Times.
  5. ↑ "Defying Ban, Republika Srpska Proceeds With 'Statehood Day'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 January 2018.
  6. ↑ "U.S. imposes sanctions on Bosnian Serb nationalist leader Dodik". U.S. 17 January 2017 – via www.reuters.com.
  7. ↑ "The 2016 Local Elections in Bosnia: a Win for the Major Ethno-nationalist Parties - Bosnia". Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  8. ↑ "The Political System of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Institutions – Actors – Processes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  9. 1 2 Šedo, Jakub (2013). "The party system of Bosnia and Herzegovina". In Stojarová, Věra; Emerson, Peter (eds.). Party Politics in the Western Balkans. London-New York: Routledge. p. 94-95. ISBN 9781135235857.
  10. 1 2 Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Serbian Republic/Bosnia-Herzegovina". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  11. ↑ "The Faroe Islands: Independence dreams, globalist separatism and the Europeanization of postcolonial home rule".
  12. ↑ Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris (27 October 2017). "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  13. ↑ Sorens, Jason (13 February 2012). Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-8751-9.
  14. ↑ "Vår politik". Ålands Framtid. 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  15. ↑ Smeds, Nina (7 December 2025). "(+) Ålands framtid om självstyrelsen: "Åland har knappt styrfart"". www.alandstidningen.ax (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  16. 1 2 Zubiaga, M. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Nation-building and institutions, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-421-2.
  17. ↑ Mateos, T. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Citizenship and culture, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-422-9.
  18. ↑ Antiguedad, I. et al.: Towards a Basque State. Territory and socioeconomics, Bilbo: UEU, 2012 ISBN 978-84-8438-423-6.
  19. ↑ Haute, Emilie van; Close, Caroline (12 February 2019). Liberal Parties in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-24549-4.
  20. 1 2 Henley, Jon; Sheehy, Finbarr; Swann, Glenn; Fenn, Chris (27 October 2017). "Beyond Catalonia: pro-independence movements in Europe". TheGuardian.com.
  21. ↑ "Current Campaigns". Celtic League. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  22. ↑ "Territoriales : les résultats définitifs du second tour". France 3 Corse ViaStella (in French). 13 December 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  23. ↑ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
  24. ↑ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
  25. ↑ "Georgia's South Ossetia plans to take steps to join Russia". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  26. ↑ Узел, Кавказский. "Gagloev: not right time for referendum on joining Russia". Caucasian Knot. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  27. ↑ Fuller, Liz (30 May 2016). "South Ossetia Postpones Referendum On Accession To Russian Federation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  28. ↑ "President: South Ossetia plans to hold referendum on becoming part of Russia before August". TASS. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  29. ↑ Aghalaryan, Kristine (April 2011). "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  30. ↑ "Civil Georgia | Russia Claims Ethnic Armenians Demand Autonomy in Samtskhe-Javakheti". civil.ge. 13 July 2021.
  31. ↑ Peuch, Jean-Christophe (9 April 2008). "Georgia: Javakheti Armenians' Call For Autonomy Has Tbilisi On Guard (Part 1)". www.rferl.org.
  32. ↑ Kastner, Jens; Hewson, Jack (12 December 2024). "Why Does Eastern Germany Love Putin So Much?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
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  35. ↑ "Dopo il Veneto prova anche il Friuli Il "referendum" degli indipendentisti". Corriere della Sera. 27 July 2014.
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  37. ↑ "Cos'è pro Lombardia". pro Lombardia Indipendenza.
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  39. ↑ "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. 21 October 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  40. 1 2 Balduzzi, Gianni (10 November 2014). "Sondaggi politici Demos, indipendenza regioni: quanti gli italiani favorevoli". Termometro Politico (in Italian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  41. 1 2 Maslova, Elena. "Analytics". Valdai Club. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
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  44. ↑ "Siciliani Liberi" (in Italian). Siciliani Liberi. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  45. ↑ ""Siciliani liberi", nasce nuovo movimento indipendentista". Giornale di Sicilia (in Italian). 4 January 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  46. ↑ "Nasce il movimento Grande Sicilia con Miccichè, Lombardo e Lagalla: "Siamo democratici"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 23 March 2025. Retrieved 27 May 2026.
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  50. ↑ "South Tyrol: from secessionist to European dreams". openDemocracy.
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  52. ↑ James Masters; Valentina Di Donato (21 October 2017). "Two Italian regions vote overwhelmingly for greater autonomy". CNN. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  53. ↑ "Italian forces arrest Veneto separatists over alleged plot to attack Venice". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 April 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  54. ↑ Pol, R. (2 April 2014). "Indipendentisti, blitz all'alba: 24 arresti Sequestrato 'tanko', in manette Rocchetta". Corriere del Veneto (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2023.
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  57. ↑ "Will Scottish Independence Create a Bandwagon Effect?". 17 September 2014.
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  83. ↑ Goble, Paul (24 March 2018). "Free Idel-Ural Movement takes shape in Kyiv". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  84. ↑ Узел, Кавказский. "Activist associates resumption of pickets with unresolved land problem in Dagestan". Caucasian Knot.
  85. ↑ "Калмыцкое государство, Ногайская республика или "Поволжский Евросоюз"?". 17 November 2022.
  86. ↑ "The Komi Republic DESIRES INDEPENDENCE! Citizens against the war. They require separation from the Russian Federation".[dead link]
  87. ↑ "Irĕklĕ Chăvash En – Free Chuvashia".[dead link]
  88. ↑ "Национал-сепаратизм". Archived from the original on 21 January 2023.
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  90. ↑ "Catalan independence: Five years on from referendum, is there any hope for separatists?". October 2022.
  91. ↑ "Galicia: Spain's forgotten stateless nation". openDemocracy.
  92. ↑ "Neither British nor Irish rule: arguments for Northern Ireland independence in Unionist political thought". 13 December 2021.
  93. ↑ "Northern Ireland and Scotland Are on a Long Road Out of the UK". The Washington Post.
  94. ↑ Fenton, Siobhan (24 June 2016). "Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  95. ↑ "SDLP councillor quits to join Aontú". News Letter. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  96. ↑ Kelly, Ben (11 February 2019). "The Irish parties reaching across the border towards a new era for nationalism". The Independent. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  97. ↑ Connla Young (26 January 2018). "Republican groups have no plans for ÓNH-style ceasefire". The Irish News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  98. ↑ "Scottish government renews call for extra powers on tax and welfare". The Guardian. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  99. ↑ "POLICIES | West Dunbartonshire Community Party". West Dunbartonshire. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  100. 1 2 3 4 "Independence 1st - Celtic League Supports Independence First". www.independence1st.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  101. ↑ "An Ambition for Wales". Party of Wales. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  102. ↑ Price, Emily (15 October 2025). "New Green Party leader backs Welsh independence and abolition of monarchy". Nation.Cymru. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  103. ↑ "Welsh election: Separate currency plan from Gwlad independence party". BBC News. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  104. ↑ Mansfield, Mark (20 February 2026). "A decade that changed the independence debate in Wales". Nation.Cymru. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  105. ↑ "'Tide is turning' in Welsh indy movement as AUOB holds first march". The National. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2026.
  106. ↑ "Memorandum by the National Executive Committee of Mebyon Kernow, the Party for Cornwall (RG 17)". publications.parliament.uk. 15 March 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  107. ↑ "Untitled Document". Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  108. ↑ "Political Handbook of the World 2014 - Google Books". books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  109. ↑ Hayward, Freddie (26 March 2021). "Can the Northern Independence Party succeed?". New Statesman. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  110. ↑ "Wha's Like Us: The independence movements of England". 28 August 2017.
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