Wikipedia list article
The following is a list of adjectival and demonymic forms of countries and nations in English and their demonymic equivalents . A country adjective describes something as being from that country, for example, "Italian cuisine " is "cuisine of Italy". A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there, for example, "Germans " are people of or from Germany.
Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final s or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms.
The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (i.e. Irishman , Scotswoman ). The French terminations -ois / -ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding e (-oise / -aise ) makes them singular feminine; es (-oises / -aises ) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish and Portuguese terminations -o usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the -o and adding -a . The plural forms are usually -os and -as respectively.
Adjectives ending in -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish ). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify).
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cuisines , cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . (See List of words derived from toponyms .)
In cases where two or more adjectival forms are given, there is often a subtle difference in usage between the two. This is particularly the case with Central Asian countries, where one form tends to relate to the nation and the other tends to relate to the predominant ethnic group (e.g. Uzbek is primarily an ethnicity, Uzbekistani relates to citizens of Uzbekistan).
In addition, several countries have a large number of sub-names for their citizens in the form of nicknames for people of certain different areas; these are usually related to something typical of the area. In Puerto Rico for example, people who come from the town of Bayamón are referred to as "Cowboy(s)" or "Cowgirl(s)"; those from Caguas are referred to as "Criollo(s)" or "Criolla(s)". Except in cases such as Spain, in which sub-names have been used interchangeably by others, sub-names belonging to some areas in a country are not listed here.
Country/entity name
Adjectivals
Demonyms
Abkhazia
Abkhaz , Abkhazian
Abkhazians
Afghanistan
Afghan
Afghans
Åland Islands
Åland Island
Åland Islanders
Albania
Albanian
Albanians
Algeria
Algerian
Algerians
American Samoa
American Samoan
American Samoans
Andorra
Andorran
Andorrans
Angola
Angolan
Angolans
Anguilla
Anguillan
Anguillans
Antarctica [a]
Antarctic
Antarctic residents
Antigua and Barbuda
Antiguan or Barbudan
Antiguans or Barbudans
Argentina
Argentine ,[1] Argentinian [2]
Argentines , Argentinians
Armenia
Armenian
Armenians
Aruba
Aruban
Arubans
Australia
Australian
Australians
Austria
Austrian
Austrians
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani , Azeri
Azerbaijanis , Azeris
Bahamas, The
Bahamian
Bahamians
Bahrain
Bahraini
Bahrainis
Bangladesh
Bangladeshi
Bangladeshis
Barbados
Barbadian
Barbadians
Belarus
Belarusian
Belarusians
Belgium
Belgian
Belgians
Belize
Belizean
Belizeans
Benin
Beninese , Beninois
Beninese , Beninois
Bermuda
Bermudian , Bermudan
Bermudians , Bermudans
Bhutan
Bhutanese
Bhutanese
Bolivia, Plurinational State of
Bolivian
Bolivians
Bonaire
Bonaire , Bonairean
Bonaire Dutch
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian or Herzegovinian
Bosnians or Herzegovinians
Botswana
Motswana , Botswanan
Batswana (singular Motswana )
Bouvet Island
Bouvet Island
Bouvet Islanders
Brazil
Brazilian
Brazilians
British Indian Ocean Territory
BIOT
British
Brunei
Bruneian
Bruneians
Bulgaria
Bulgarian
Bulgarians
Burkina Faso
Burkinabé
Burkinabè/Burkinabé
Burma [b]
Burmese
Burmese , Burman
Burundi
Burundian
Burundians , Barundi
Cabo Verde [c]
Cabo Verdean
Cabo Verdeans
Cambodia
Cambodian
Cambodians
Cameroon
Cameroonian
Cameroonians
Canada
Canadian
Canadians
Cayman Islands
Caymanian
Caymanians
Central African Republic
Central African
Central Africans
Chad
Chadian
Chadians
Chile
Chilean
Chileans
China, People's Republic of
Chinese
Chinese
Christmas Island
Christmas Island
Christmas Islanders
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos Island
Cocos Islanders
Colombia
Colombian
Colombians
Comoros
Comoran , Comorian
Comorans , Comorians
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese
Congolese
Congo, Republic of the
Congolese
Congolese
Cook Islands
Cook
Cook Islanders
Costa Rica
Costa Rican
Costa Ricans
Croatia
Croatian
Croatians , Croats
Cuba
Cuban
Cubans
Curaçao
Curaçaoan
Curaçaoans
Cyprus
Cypriot
Cypriots
Czech Republic
Czech
Czechs
Denmark
Danish
Danes
Djibouti
Djiboutian
Djiboutians
Dominica
Dominican [d]
Dominicans [d]
Dominican Republic
Dominican [e]
Dominicans [e]
East Timor [f]
Timorese
Timorese
Ecuador
Ecuadorian
Ecuadorians
Egypt
Egyptian
Egyptians
El Salvador
Salvadoran
Salvadorans , Salvadorians , Salvadoreans
England
English
English , Englishmen /Englishwomen
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinean , Equatoguinean
Equatorial Guineans , Equatoguineans
Eritrea
Eritrean
Eritreans
Estonia
Estonian
Estonians
Eswatini (Swaziland) [g]
Swazi , Swati
Swazis
Ethiopia
Ethiopian
Ethiopians , Habesha
European Union [h]
European [i]
Europeans [i]
Falkland Islands
Falkland Island
Falkland Islanders
Faroe Islands
Faroese
Faroese
Fiji
Fijian
Fijians
Finland
Finnish
Finns
France
French
French , Frenchmen /Frenchwomen
French Guiana
French Guianese
French Guianese
French Polynesia
French Polynesian
French Polynesians
French Southern Territories
French Southern Territories
French
Gabon
Gabonese
Gabonese , Gabonaise
Gambia, The
Gambian
Gambians
Georgia
Georgian
Georgians
Germany
German
Germans
Ghana
Ghanaian
Ghanaians
Gibraltar
Gibraltar
Gibraltarians
Greece
Greek , Hellenic
Greeks , Hellenes
Greenland
Greenlandic
Greenlanders
Grenada
Grenadian
Grenadians
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupians , Guadeloupeans
Guam
Guamanian
Guamanians
Guatemala
Guatemalan
Guatemalans
Guernsey
Channel Island
Channel Islanders
Guinea
Guinean
Guineans
Guinea-Bissau
Bissau-Guinean
Bissau-Guineans
Guyana
Guyanese
Guyanese
Haiti
Haitian
Haitians
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Heard Island or McDonald Islands
Heard Islanders or McDonald Islander
Honduras
Honduran
Hondurans
Hong Kong
Hong Kong , Cantonese , Hong Konger
Hongkongers , Hong Kongese
Hungary
Hungarian , Magyar
Hungarians , Magyars
Iceland
Icelandic
Icelanders
India
Indian
Indians
Indonesia
Indonesian
Indonesians
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iranian , Persian
Iranians , Persians
Iraq
Iraqi
Iraqis
Ireland [j]
Irish
Irish , Irishmen /Irishwomen
Isle of Man
Manx
Manx
Israel
Israeli , Israelite
Israelis
Italy
Italian
Italians
Ivory Coast [k]
Ivorian
Ivorians
Jamaica
Jamaican
Jamaicans
Jan Mayen
Jan Mayen
Jan Mayen residents
Japan
Japanese
Japanese
Jersey
Channel Island
Channel Islanders
Jordan
Jordanian
Jordanians
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstani , Kazakh
Kazakhstanis , Kazakhs
Kenya
Kenyan
Kenyans
Kiribati
Kiribati
I-Kiribati
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
North Korean
Koreans , North Koreans
Korea, Republic of
South Korean
Koreans , South Koreans
Kosovo
Kosovar , Kosovan
Kosovars
Kuwait
Kuwaiti
Kuwaitis
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstani , Kyrgyz , Kirgiz , Kirghiz
Kyrgyzstanis , Kyrgyz , Kirgiz , Kirghiz
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Lao , Laotian
Laos , Laotians
Latvia
Latvian , Lettish
Latvians , Letts
Lebanon
Lebanese
Lebanese
Lesotho
Basotho
Basotho (singular Mosotho )
Liberia
Liberian
Liberians
Libya
Libyan
Libyans
Liechtenstein
Liechtensteiner
Liechtensteiners
Lithuania
Lithuanian
Lithuanians
Luxembourg
Luxembourg , Luxembourgish
Luxembourgers
Macau
Macanese
Macanese , Chinese
Madagascar
Malagasy
Malagasy
Malawi
Malawian
Malawians
Malaysia
Malaysian
Malaysians
Maldives
Maldivian
Maldivians
Mali
Malian , Malinese
Malians
Malta
Maltese
Maltese
Marshall Islands
Marshallese
Marshallese
Martinique
Martiniquais , Martinican
Martiniquais/Martiniquaises
Mauritania
Mauritanian
Mauritanians
Mauritius
Mauritian
Mauritians
Mayotte
Mahoran
Mahorans
Mexico
Mexican
Mexicans
Micronesia, Federated States of
Micronesian
Micronesians
Moldova
Moldovan
Moldovans
Monaco
Monégasque , Monacan
Monégasques , Monacans
Mongolia
Mongolian
Mongolians , Mongols
Montenegro
Montenegrin
Montenegrins
Montserrat
Montserratian
Montserratians
Morocco
Moroccan
Moroccans
Mozambique
Mozambican
Mozambicans
Myanmar [l]
Myanma or Burmese
Myanmars
Namibia
Namibian
Namibians
Nauru
Nauruan
Nauruans
Nepal
Nepali , Nepalese
Nepalis , Nepalese
Netherlands
Dutch
Dutch , Dutchmen /Dutchwomen , Netherlanders
New Caledonia
New Caledonian
New Caledonians
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan
Nicaraguans
Niger
Nigerien
Nigeriens
Nigeria
Nigerian
Nigerians
Niue
Niuean
Niueans
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Islanders
North Macedonia
Macedonian
Macedonians
Northern Ireland
Northern Irish
Northern Irish , Northern Irishmen /Northern Irishwomen
Northern Mariana Islands
Northern Marianan
Northern Marianans
Norway
Norwegian
Norwegians
Oman
Omani
Omanis
Pakistan
Pakistani
Pakistanis
Palau
Palauan
Palauans
Palestine
Palestinian
Palestinians
Panama
Panamanian
Panamanians
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinean , Papuan
Papua New Guineans , Papuans
Paraguay
Paraguayan
Paraguayans
Peru
Peruvian
Peruvians
Philippines
Filipino , Philippine
Filipinos/Filipinas
Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Island
Pitcairn Islanders
Poland
Polish
Poles
Portugal
Portuguese
Portuguese
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican
Puerto Ricans
Qatar
Qatari
Qataris
Réunion
Réunionese , Réunionnais
Réunionese , Réunionnais/Réunionnaises
Romania
Romanian
Romanians
Russia [m]
Russian
Russians
Rwanda
Rwandan
Rwandans , Banyarwanda
Saba
Saba , Saban
Saba Dutch
Saint Barthélemy
Barthélemois
Barthélemois/Barthélemoises
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Helenian
Saint Helenians
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Kittitian or Nevisian
Kittitians or Nevisians
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucian
Saint Lucians
Saint Martin
Saint-Martinoise
Saint-Martinois/Saint-Martinoises
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierrais , Miquelonnais
Saint-Pierrais/Saint-Pierraises or Miquelonnais/Miquelonnaises
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincentian , Vincentian
Saint Vincentians or Vincentians
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Sahrawi , Western Saharan , Sahrawian
Sahrawis , Western Saharans
Samoa
Samoan
Samoans
San Marino
Sammarinese
Sammarinese
São Tomé and Príncipe
São Toméan
São Toméans
Saudi Arabia
Saudi , Saudi Arabian
Saudis , Saudi Arabians
Scotland
Scottish
Scots , Scotsmen, Scotswomen
Senegal
Senegalese
Senegalese
Serbia
Serbian
Serbs , Serbians
Seychelles
Seychellois
Seychellois/Seychelloises
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leonean
Sierra Leoneans
Singapore
Singapore , Singaporean [3] [4]
Singaporeans [3] [4]
Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius , Statian
Statians
Sint Maarten
Sint Maarten
Sint Maartener
Slovakia
Slovak
Slovaks , Slovakians
Slovenia
Slovenian , Slovene
Slovenes , Slovenians
Solomon Islands
Solomon Island
Solomon Islanders
Somalia
Somali
Somalis
Somaliland
Somalilander
Somalilanders
South Africa
South African
South Africans
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Georgia Island , South Sandwich Island
South Georgia Islanders or South Sandwich Islanders
South Ossetia
South Ossetian
South Ossetians
South Sudan
South Sudanese
South Sudanese
Spain
Spanish
Spaniards
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan
Sri Lankans
Sudan
Sudanese
Sudanese
Suriname
Surinamese
Surinamers
Svalbard
Svalbard resident
Svalbard residents
Sweden
Swedish
Swedes
Switzerland
Swiss
Swiss
Syrian Arab Republic
Syrian
Syrians
Taiwan (Republic of China) [n]
Taiwanese , Formosan
Taiwanese , Formosan
Tajikistan
Tajikistani
Tajikistanis , Tajiks
Tanzania
Tanzanian
Tanzanians
Thailand
Thai
Thai
Timor-Leste [o]
Timorese
Timorese
Togo
Togolese
Togolese
Tokelau
Tokelauan
Tokelauans
Tonga
Tongan
Tongans
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidadian or Tobagonian
Trinidadians or Tobagonians
Tunisia
Tunisian
Tunisians
Turkey
Turkish
Turks
Turkmenistan
Turkmen
Turkmens
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Island
Turks and Caicos Islanders
Tuvalu
Tuvaluan
Tuvaluans
Uganda
Ugandan
Ugandans
Ukraine
Ukrainian
Ukrainians
United Arab Emirates
Emirati, Emirian , Emiri
Emiratis, Emirians , Emiri
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
British , United Kingdom , UK
Britons , British
United States of America
American ,[p] United States , U.S.
Americans [p]
Uruguay
Uruguayan
Uruguayans
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani , Uzbek
Uzbekistanis , Uzbeks
Vanuatu
Ni-Vanuatu , Vanuatuan
Ni-Vanuatu
Vatican City State
Vatican
Vatican citizens
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuelan
Venezuelans
Vietnam
Vietnamese
Vietnamese people
Virgin Islands, British
British Virgin Island
British Virgin Islanders
Virgin Islands, United States
U.S. Virgin Island
U.S. Virgin Islanders
Wales
Welsh
Welshmen/Welshwomen , Walian
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna , Wallisian , Futunan
Wallis and Futuna Islanders , Wallisians or Futunans
Western Sahara
Sahrawi , Sahrawian, Sahraouian
Sahrawis , Sahraouis
Yemen
Yemeni
Yemenis
Zambia
Zambian
Zambians
Zanzibar
Zanzibari
Zanzibaris
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean
Zimbabweans
See also [ edit ]
^ Antarctica is the southernmost continent and not a country . The Antarctic Treaty System governs Antarctica, the Southern Ocean , and all territory south of the 60th parallel south .
^ The official name of Burma is the Republic of the Union of Myanmar .
^ The Republic of Cabo Verde was formerly known as Cape Verde .
^ a b The third syllable of Dominican (from Dominica ) is stressed .
^ a b The second syllable of Dominican (from the Dominican Republic ) is stressed .
^ East Timor is now officially known as the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste .
^ Eswatini was formerly known as Swaziland .
^ The European Union is a politico -economic union of sovereign states .
^ a b The demonym European may be used to designate either a citizen of a member state of the European Union or a resident of the greater European subcontinent .
^ There is no adjective or demonym that distinguishes the Republic of Ireland from the entire island of Ireland . When distinction from Northern Ireland is necessary, the colloquial Southern Irish or Southerner is sometimes used; some people in the Republic of Ireland may find this offensive, though others in Northern Ireland may find it equally offensive in not distinguishing the Republic of Ireland from the island. As an alternative, an adjectival phrase may be used—for instance, "a law of the Republic of Ireland"—or, as a last resort, the name "Republic of Ireland" may be used as if it were an adjective (as in "a Republic of Ireland law").
^ The Ivory Coast is now officially known as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire .
^ The official name of Myanmar is the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , although the nation is still commonly known as Burma .
^ The official name of Russia is the Russian Federation .
^ The Republic of China , established in 1912, consists not only of the claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) but also of a small section of Fujian Province and referred to simply known as "Taiwan" after the 1970s. The People's Republic of China which is currently recognized by many countries and intergovernmental organizations (most prominently, the United Nations ) as the rightful (de jure ) sovereign state ruling over both Mainland China and the Taiwan region.
^ The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste was formerly known as East Timor .
^ a b Citizens of the United States of America are known as Americans , although any resident of the Americas may share this demonym . Many other names for United States citizens have been proposed to avoid confusion.
References [ edit ]
External links [ edit ]