List of animals by number of neurons
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
.png)
.png)
Brief comparisons of number of whole brain neurons (top) and cerebral cortex neurons (bottom) among six mammals.
These are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system, indicating their overall neural complexity. The second list shows the number of neurons in their forebrain, a measure which has been found to be representative of animal intelligence.[1] In mammals, the forebrain is represented by the cerebrum, while in birds and reptiles it is represented by the pallium.
The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebrum.[2][1]
Overview[edit]
Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.
Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects.
The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.
Whole nervous system[edit]
All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.
| Name | Neurons in the brain/whole nervous system | Synapses | Details | Image | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sponge | 0 |  |
[3] | ||
| Trichoplax | 0 | Despite no nerve system, it exhibite a coordinated feeding and response behaviors. [4] |  |
[5] | |
| Asplanchna brightwellii (rotifer) | about 200 | Brain only |  |
[6] | |
| Ciona intestinalis larva (sea squirt) | 231 | 8,617 (central nervous system only) |  |
[7] | |
| Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm) | 302 | ~7,500 | is the only organism to have its whole connectome (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed.[9][10][11] |  |
[12] |
| Jellyfish | 5,600 | Hydra vulgaris (H. attenuate) |  |
[13] | |
| Megaphragma mymaripenne | 7,400 |  |
[14] | ||
| Box jellyfish | 8,700–17,500 | adult Tripedalia cystophora (8 mm diameter) – does not include 1000 neurons in each of the four rhopalia |  |
[15] | |
| Medicinal leech | 10,000 |  |
[16] | ||
| Pond snail | 11,000 |  |
[17] | ||
| Sea slug | 18,000 |  |
[18] | ||
| Amphioxus | 20,000 | central nervous system only |  |
[19] | |
| Larval zebrafish | 100,000 |  |
[21] | ||
| Lobster | 100,000 |  |
[22] | ||
| Fruit fly | 250,000 | < 10,000,000 | In 2020 a research group announced the most sophisticated connectome [23] | .jpg) |
[24] |
| Ant | 250,000 | Varies per species |  |
[26] | |
| Honey bee | 960,000 | ~1×109 |  |
[28] | |
| Cockroach | 1,000,000 |  |
[29] | ||
| Guppy | 4,300,000 |  |
[30] | ||
| Adult zebrafish | ~10,000,000 | cells (neurons + other) |  |
[31] | |
| Frog | 16,000,000 | _crop.jpg) |
[32] | ||
| Naked mole-rat | 26,880,000 |  |
[33] | ||
| Smoky shrew | 36,000,000 |  |
[34] | ||
| Short-tailed shrew | 52,000,000 | 
|
[34] | ||
| Hottentot golden mole | 65,000,000 | _(8557402518).jpg) |
[35] | ||
| House mouse | 71,000,000 | ~1×1012 |  |
[36] | |
| Nile crocodile | 80,500,000 | .jpg) |
[37] | ||
| Golden hamster | 90,000,000 |  |
[36] | ||
| Ansell's mole-rat | 103,000,000 |  |
[38] | ||
| Mashona mole-rat | 113,000,000 | [38] | |||
| Hairy-tailed mole | 124,000,000 | _(7748318398).jpg) |
[35] | ||
| Eastern rock elephant shrew | 129,000,000 |  |
[35] | ||
| Star-nosed mole | 131,000,000 |  |
[34] | ||
| Zebra finch | 131,000,000 | Brain only | .jpg)
|
[39] | |
| Silvery mole-rat | 148,000,000 |  |
[38] | ||
| Four-toed elephant shrew | 157,000,000 |  |
[35] | ||
| Eurasian blackcap | 157,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Goldcrest | 164,000,000 | .jpg) |
[39] | ||
| Cape mole-rat | 170,000,000 |  |
[38] | ||
| Mechow's mole-rat | 174,000,000 |  |
[38] | ||
| Damaraland mole-rat | 178,000,000 |  |
[38] | ||
| Brown rat | 200,000,000 | ~4.48×1011 |  |
[40] | |
| Guyenne spiny rat | 202,000,000 | [35] | |||
| Eastern mole | 204,000,000 |  |
[34] | ||
| Red junglefowl | 221,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Great tit | 226,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Green-rumped parrotlet | 227,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Guinea pig | 240,000,000 | .jpg) |
[36] | ||
| Gray mouse lemur | 254,710,000 |  |
[41] | ||
| Common treeshrew | 261,000,000 |  |
[42] | ||
| Pigeon | 310,000,000 | Brain only | ,_Palacio_de_Nymphenburg,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania01.JPG) |
[39] | |
| Budgerigar | 322,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Cape dune mole-rat | 361,000,000 |  |
[38] | ||
| Common blackbird | 379,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Ferret | 404,000,000 |  |
[43] | ||
| Cockatiel | 453,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Gray squirrel | 453,660,000 | _02.jpg) |
[33] | ||
| Banded mongoose | 454,000,000 |  |
[43] | ||
| Prairie dog | 473,940,000 |  |
[33] | ||
| Common starling | 483,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| European rabbit | 494,200,000 |  |
[33] | ||
| Octopus | 500,000,000 |  |
[44] | ||
| Western tree hyrax | 505,000,000 |  |
[35] | ||
| Common marmoset | 636,000,000 |  |
[42] | ||
| Eastern rosella | 642,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Barn owl | 690,000,000 | .jpg) |
[39] | ||
| Monk parakeet | 697,000,000 | .jpg) |
[39] | ||
| Azure-winged magpie | 741,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Rock hyrax | 756,000,000 | _(7042223567).jpg) |
[35] | ||
| Cat | 760,000,000 | ~1×1013 |  |
[45] | |
| Black-rumped agouti | 857,000,000 | .jpg) |
[36] | ||
| Magpie | 897,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Common hill myna | 906,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Northern greater galago | 936,000,000 | [42] | |||
| Western jackdaw | 968,000,000 |  |
[39] | ||
| Eurasian jay | 1.085×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Alexandrine parakeet | 1.096×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Tanimbar corella | 1.161×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Emu | 1.335×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Three-striped night monkey | 1.468×109 | [42] | |||
| Rook | 1.509×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Grey parrot | 1.566×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Capybara | 1.6×109 |  |
[36] | ||
| Sulphur-crested cockatoo | 2.122×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Raccoon | 2.148×109 | .jpg) |
[43] | ||
| Kea | 2.149×109 |  |
[39] | ||
| Raven | 2.171×109 | Brain only | _(8).jpg) |
[39] | |
| Domestic pig | 2.22×109 |  |
[46] | ||
| Dog | 2.253×109 |  |
[43] | ||
| Springbok | 2.72×109 |  |
[46] | ||
| Blesbok | 3.06×109 |  |
[46] | ||
| Blue-and-yellow macaw | 3.136×109 | Brain only |  |
[39] | |
| Common squirrel monkey | 3.246×109 |  |
[42] | ||
| Crab-eating macaque | 3.44×109 |  |
[41] | ||
| Tufted capuchin | 3.691×109 | _4.jpg) |
[42] | ||
| Bonnet macaque | 3.78×109 |  |
[41] | ||
| Striped hyena | 3.885×109 |  |
[43] | ||
| Lion | 4.667×109 |  |
[43] | ||
| Greater kudu | 4.91×109 |  |
[46] | ||
| Rhesus macaque | 6.376×109 |  |
[42] | ||
| Brown bear | 9.586×109 |  |
[43] | ||
| Giraffe | 1.075×1010 |  |
[46] | ||
| Yellow baboon | 1.095×1010 |  |
[41] | ||
| Chimpanzee | 2.8×1010 |  |
[47] | ||
| Orangutan | 3.26×1010 |  |
[48] | ||
| Gorilla | 3.34×1010 |  |
[48] | ||
| Human | 8.6×1010 | ~1.5×1014 | Neurons for average adult |  |
[49][50][51] |
| African elephant | 2.57×1011 |  |
[52][53] |
Forebrain (cerebrum or pallium)[edit]
The question of what physical characteristic of an animal makes an animal intelligent has varied over the centuries. One early speculation was brain size (or weight, which provides the same ordering.) A second proposal was brain-to-body-mass ratio, and a third was encephalization quotient, sometimes referred to as EQ. The current best predictor is number of neurons in the forebrain, based on Herculano-Houzel's improved neuron counts.[1] It accounts most accurately for variations in dependence on the cerebellum. The elephant depends on its exceptionally large cerebellum, while birds make do with a much smaller one.
The numbers in this list for cetacean species are questionable because they were obtained using a previous counting methodology called the optical fractionator, an application of stereology. Most other numbers are the result of studies using the newer isotropic fractionator.[1][33][35][36][37][39][40][41][42][46][47][48][49][50][52][54] A variation of the optical fractionator was responsible for the previous human brain neuron count of 100,000,000,000 neurons, which has been revised down to 86,000,000,000 by the use of the isotropic fractionator.
| Name | Forebrain neurons | Details | Image | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naked mole-rat | 6,150,000 | H. glaber | |
[33] |
| Ansell's mole-rat | 10,000,000 | Fukomys anselli | |
[38] |
| Smoky shrew | 10,000,000 | Sorex fumeus | |
[35] |
| Mashona mole-rat | 12,000,000 | Fukomys darlingi | [38] | |
| Northern short-tailed shrew | 12,000,000 | Blarina brevicauda |  |
[35] |
| House mouse | 14,000,000 | Mus musculus |  |
[35] |
| Hairy-tailed mole | 16,000,000 | Parascalops breweri | |
[35] |
| Star-nosed mole | 17,000,000 | Condylura cristata | |
[35] |
| Golden hamster | 17,000,000 | Mesocricetus auratus |  |
[35] |
| Damaraland mole-rat | 21,000,000 | Fukomys damarensis | |
[38] |
| Hottentot golden mole | 22,000,000 | Amblysomus hottentotus | |
[35] |
| Gray mouse lemur | 22,310,000 | Microcebus murinus |  |
[41] |
| Mechow's mole-rat | 23,000,000 | Fukomys mechowii | |
[38] |
| Hedgehog | 24,000,000 | Subfamily Erinaceinae, various species |  |
[55] |
| Silvery mole-rat | 25,000,000 | Heliophobius argenteocinereus | |
[38] |
| Cape mole-rat | 26,000,000 | Georychus capensis | |
[38] |
| Guyenne spiny rat | 26,000,000 | Proechimys cayennensis | [35] | |
| Eastern rock elephant shrew | 26,000,000 | Elephantulus myurus | |
[35] |
| Eastern mole | 27,000,000 | Scalopus aquaticus | |
[35] |
| Opossum | 27,000,000 | Didelphis virginiana |  |
[55] |
| Brown Rat | 31,000,000 | Rattus norvegicus |  |
[35] |
| Four-toed elephant shrew | 34,000,000 | Petrodromus tetradactylus | |
[35] |
| Ferret | 38,950,000 | Mustela putorius furo |  |
[43] |
| Cape dune mole-rat | 43,000,000 | Bathyergus suillus | |
[38] |
| Guinea pig | 43,510,000 | Cavia porcellus |  |
[33] |
| Eurasian blackcap | 52,000,000 | Sylvia atricapilla | |
[39] |
| Prairie dog | 53,770,000 | Cynomys sp. |  |
[33] |
| Zebra finch | 55,000,000 | Taeniopygia guttata |  |
[39] |
| Common treeshrew | 60,000,000 | Tupaia glis | |
[35] |
| Red junglefowl | 61,000,000 | Gallus gallus |  |
[39] |
| Goldcrest | 64,000,000 | Regulus regulus |  |
[39] |
| European rabbit | 71,450,000 | O. cuniculus | |
[33] |
| Rock dove | 72,000,000 | Columba livia |  |
[39] |
| Eastern gray squirrel | 77,330,000 | S. carolinensis |  |
[33] |
| Great tit | 83,000,000 | Parus major | |
[39] |
| Western tree hyrax | 99,000,000 | Dendrohyrax dorsalis | |
[35] |
| Green-rumped parrotlet | 103,000,000 | Forpus passerinus |  |
[39] |
| Black-rumped agouti | 113,000,000 | Dasyprocta prymnolopha | |
[1] |
| Banded mongoose | 115,770,000 | Mungos mungo |  |
[43] |
| Common blackbird | 136,000,000 | Turdus merula | |
[39] |
| Budgerigar | 149,000,000 | Melopsittacus undulatus |  |
[39] |
| Rock hyrax | 198,000,000 | Procavia capensis | |
[35] |
| Northern greater galago | 226,000,000 | Otolemur garnettii | .jpg) |
[35] |
| Common starling | 226,000,000 | Sturnus vulgaris |  |
[39] |
| Common marmoset | 245,000,000 | Callithrix jacchus | |
[35] |
| Cat | 249,830,000 | Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus | |
[43] |
| Brown bear | 250,970,000 | Ursus arctos | _running.jpg) |
[43] |
| Cockatiel | 258,000,000 | Nymphicus hollandicus |  |
[39] |
| Capybara | 306,500,000 | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris |  |
[33] |
| Tarsius | 310,000,000 | Genus Tarsius, unknown species |  |
[56] |
| Eastern rosella | 333,000,000 | Platycercus eximius |  |
[39] |
| Goeldi's marmoset | 357,130,000 | Callimico goeldii |  |
[41] |
| Western grey kangaroo | 370,170,000 | Macropus fuliginosus |  |
[57] |
| Monk parakeet | 396,000,000 | Myiopsitta monachus |  |
[39] |
| Springbok | 396,900,000 | Antidorcas marsupialis | |
[46] |
| Azure-winged magpie | 400,000,000 | Cyanopica cyanus |  |
[39] |
| Common hill myna | 410,000,000 | Gracula religiosa |  |
[39] |
| Domesticated pig | 425,000,000 | Sus scrofa |  |
[58] |
| Barn owl | 437,000,000 | Tyto alba |  |
[39] |
| Emu | 439,000,000 | Dromaius novaehollandiae |  |
[39] |
| Three-striped night monkey | 442,000,000 | Aotus trivirgatus |  |
[1] |
| Eurasian magpie | 443,000,000 | Pica pica |  |
[39] |
| Raccoon | 453,000,000 | Procyon lotor | .jpg) |
[54] |
| Western jackdaw | 492,000,000 | Coloeus monedula |  |
[39] |
| Striped hyena | 495,280,000 | Hyaena hyaena |  |
[43] |
| Eurasian jay | 529,000,000 | Garrulus glandarius |  |
[39] |
| Dog | 527,910,000 | Canis lupus familiaris |  |
[43] |
| Lion | 545,240,000 | Panthera leo |  |
[43] |
| Blesbok | 570,670,000 | Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi |  |
[46] |
| Alexandrine parakeet | 575,000,000 | Psittacula eupatria | ,_Jurong_Bird_Park,_Singapore_-_20090613.jpg) |
[39] |
| Tanimbar corella | 599,000,000 | Cacatua goffiniana |  |
[39] |
| Gracile capuchin monkey | 650,000,000 | Genus Cebus, unknown species |  |
[59] |
| Greater kudu | 762,570,000 | Tragelaphus strepsiceros | |
[46] |
| Crab-eating macaque | 800,960,000 | Macaca fascicularis |  |
[41] |
| Rook | 820,000,000 | Corvus frugilegus |  |
[39] |
| Grey parrot | 850,000,000 | Psittacus erithacus |  |
[39] |
| Tufted capuchin | 1,100,000,000 | Sapajus apella | |
[1] |
| Sulphur-crested cockatoo | 1,135,000,000 | Cacatua galerita | |
[39] |
| Horse | 1,200,000,000 | Equus ferus caballus |  |
[34] |
| Raven | 1,200,000,000 | Corvus corax |  |
[39] |
| Kea | 1,281,000,000 | Nestor notabilis |  |
[39] |
| Common squirrel monkey | 1,340,000,000 | Saimiri sciureus |  |
[35] |
| Bonnet macaque | 1,660,000,000 | Macaca radiata | .jpg) |
[41] |
| Rhesus macaque | 1,710,000,000 | Macaca mulatta | |
[35] |
| Giraffe | 1,730,000,000 | Giraffa camelopardalis |  |
[46] |
| Blue and yellow macaw | 1,900,000,000 | Ara ararauna | _Weltvogelpark_Walsrode_2010.jpg) |
[39] |
| Pygmy sperm whale | 2,020,000,000* | Kogia breviceps | [60] | |
| Guenon | 2,500,000,000 | Genus Cercopithecus, unknown species |  |
[56] |
| Yellow baboon | 2,880,000,000 | Papio cynocephalus |  |
[41] |
| African elephant | 5,600,000,000 | Loxodonta africana |  |
[52] |
| Harp seal | 6,100,000,000 | Pagophilus groenlandicus |  |
[61] |
| Short-beaked common dolphin | 6,700,000,000* | Delphinus delphis | [60] | |
| Chimpanzee | 7,400,000,000 | Pan troglodytes | |
[62] |
| Orangutan | 8,900,000,000 | Genus Pongo, unknown species | |
[48] |
| Cuvier's beaked whale | 9,100,000,000* | Z. cavirostris | [60] | |
| Gorilla | 9,100,000,000 | Gorilla gorilla | |
[48] |
| False killer whale | 10,500,000,000* | Pseudorca crassidens |  |
[34] |
| Bottlenose dolphin | 12,700,000,000* | Tursiops truncatus | [60] | |
| Common minke whale | 12,800,000,000* | Balaenoptera acutorostrata |  |
[63] |
| Harbor porpoise | 14,900,000,000* | Phocoena phocoena |  |
[61] |
| Fin whale | 15,000,000,000* | Balaenoptera physalus |  |
[64] |
| Human | 16,000,000,000 (male) 13,440,000,000 (female) |
Homo sapiens | |
[49][1][65] |
| Long-finned pilot whale | 37,200,000,000* | Globicephala melas |  |
[66] |
| Killer whale | 43,100,000,000* | Orcinus orca | [60] |
_(14825276609).jpg)
.jpg)
See also[edit]
|
|
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (9 November 2009). "The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 3: 31. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.031.2009. PMC 2776484. PMID 19915731.
- ^ https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/feb/28/how-many-neurons-human-brain
- ^ Sherwood L, Klandorf H and Yancey P (2012) Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms Cengage Learning, p. 150. ISBN 9781133709510.
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4eqSl7Vups
- ^ Schierwater B (December 2005). "My favorite animal, Trichoplax adhaerens". BioEssays. 27 (12): 1294–1302. doi:10.1002/bies.20320. PMID 16299758.
- ^ Ware, Randle W.; LoPresti, Vincent (1975). "Three-dimensional reconstruction from serial sections". Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 40: 325–440. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60956-0. ISBN 9780123643407. PMID 1097356.
- ^ Ryan, Kerrianne; Lu, Zhiyuan; Meinertzhagen, Ian A. (2016). "The CNS connectome of a tadpole larva of Ciona intestinalis (L.) highlights sidedness in the brain of a chordate sibling". eLife. 2016;5:e16962: e16962. doi:10.7554/eLife.16962. PMC 5140270. PMID 27921996.
- ^ Ryan, Kerrianne; Lu, Zhiyuan; Meinertzhagen, Ian A. (2018). "The peripheral nervous system of the ascidian tadpole larva: Types of neurons and their synaptic networks". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 526 (4): 583–608. doi:10.1002/cne.24353. PMID 29124768.
- ^ White JG, Southgate E, Thomson JN, Brenner S (November 1986). "The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 314 (1165): 1–340. Bibcode:1986RSPTB.314....1W. doi:10.1098/rstb.1986.0056. PMID 22462104.
- ^ White JG (June 2013). "Getting into the mind of a worm--a personal view". WormBook: 1–10. doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.158.1. PMC 4781474. PMID 23801597.
- ^ Jabr F (2012-10-02). "The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
- ^ White, J. G; E. Southgate; J. N Thomson; S. Brenner (1986-11-12). "The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 314 (1165): 1–340. doi:10.1098/rstb.1986.0056. ISSN 0962-8436. PMID 22462104.
- ^ Bode, H.; Berking, S.; David, C. N.; Gierer, A.; Schaller, H.; Trenkner, E. (1973). "Quantitative analysis of cell types during growth and morphogenesis in Hydra". Wilhelm Roux Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen (Submitted manuscript). 171 (4): 269–285. doi:10.1007/BF00577725. ISSN 0949-944X. PMID 28304608.
- ^ Polilov, Alexey A. (2011). "The smallest insects evolve anucleate neurons". Arthropod Structure & Development. 41 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2011.09.001. PMID 22078364.
- ^ Garm, A.; Poussart, Y.; Parkefelt, L.; Ekström, P.; Nilsson, D-E. (2007). "The ring nerve of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora". Cell and Tissue Research. 329 (1): 147–157. doi:10.1007/s00441-007-0393-7. ISSN 0302-766X. PMID 17340150.
- ^ Kuffler SW, Potter DD (1964). "Glia in the leech central nervous system: physiological properties and neuron-glia relationship". J. Neurophysiol. 27 (2): 290–320. doi:10.1152/jn.1964.27.2.290. PMID 14129773.
- ^ Roth G, Dicke U (May 2005). "Evolution of the brain and intelligence". Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.). 9 (5): 250–7. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005. PMID 15866152. as PDF
- ^ Cash D, Carew TJ (1989). "A quantitative analysis of the development of the central nervous system in juvenile Aplysia californica". J Neurobiol. 20 (1): 25–47. doi:10.1002/neu.480200104. PMID 2921607.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ Roth, Gerhard (3 June 2013). The Long Evolution of Brains and Minds. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 121. ISBN 978-94-007-6259-6. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ Aniszewski, Tadeusz (25 April 2015). Alkaloids: Chemistry, Biology, Ecology, and Applications. Elsevier Science. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-444-59462-4. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ Scientists Capture All The Neurons Firing Across A Fish's Brain On Video Popular Science, 19 March 2013.
- ^ "Anatomy & Biology". The Lobster Institute. University of Maine. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
- ^ https://www.wired.com/story/most-complete-brain-map-ever-is-here-a-flys-connectome/
- ^ Lagercrantz, Hugo; Hanson, M. A.; Ment, Laura R.; Peebles, Donald M., eds. (7 January 2010). The Newborn Brain: Neuroscience and Clinical Applications. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-139-48558-6. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ Nass, Richard; Przedborski, Serge (28 April 2011). Parkinson's Disease: molecular and therapeutic insights from model systems. Academic Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-08-055958-2. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
- ^ John and Sarah Tefl. "Interesting Facts About Ants". Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ "Ant Fun Facts". Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ Menzel R, Giurfa M (February 2001). "Cognitive architecture of a mini-brain: the honeybee". Trends Cogn. Sci. 5 (2): 62–71. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01601-6. PMID 11166636.
- ^ "A Strange Approach to Social Interaction, and Butterflies". Anthropology.net. January 10, 2007. Archived from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
- ^ Marhounová, Lucie; Kotrschal, Alexander; Kverková, Kristina; Kolm, Niclas; Němec, Pavel (2019). "Artificial selection on brain size leads to matching changes in overall number of neurons". Evolution. 0 (9): 2003–2012. doi:10.1111/evo.13805. ISSN 1558-5646. PMC 6772110. PMID 31339177.
- ^ Hinsch, K. & Zupanc, G. K. H. (2007). "Generation and long-term persistence of new neurons in the adult zebrafish brain: A quantitative analysis". Neuroscience. 146 (2): 679–696. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.071. PMID 17395385.
- ^ "Frog Brain Neuron Number". Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Ribeiro, Pedro; Campos, Leandro; Silva, Alexandre Valotta da; Torres, Laila B.; Catania, Kenneth C.; Kaas, Jon H. (2011). "Updated Neuronal Scaling Rules for the Brains of Glires (Rodents/Lagomorphs)". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 78 (4): 302–314. doi:10.1159/000330825. ISSN 0006-8977. PMC 3237106. PMID 21985803.
- ^ a b c d e f Hofman, Michel A.; Falk, Dean (2 March 2012). Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior. Elsevier. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-444-53860-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa name="H-Houzel2015"Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Catania, Kenneth; Manger, Paul R.; Kaas, Jon H. (2015). "Mammalian Brains Are Made of These: A Dataset of the Numbers and Densities of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells in the Brain of Glires, Primates, Scandentia, Eulipotyphlans, Afrotherians and Artiodactyls, and Their Relationship with Body Mass" (PDF). Brain, Behavior and Evolution. S. Karger AG. 86 (3–4): 145–163. doi:10.1159/000437413. ISSN 0006-8977. PMID 26418466.
- ^ a b c d e f Herculano-Houzel S, Mota B, Lent R (2006). "Cellular scaling rules for rodent brains". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103 (32): 12138–12143. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604911103. PMC 1567708. PMID 16880386.
- ^ a b Ngwenya, Ayanda; Patzke, Nina; Manger, Paul R.; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2016). "Continued Growth of the Central Nervous System without Mandatory Addition of Neurons in the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 87 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1159/000443201. PMID 26914769.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kverková, Kristina; Bělíková, Tereza; Olkowicz, Seweryn; Pavelková, Zuzana; O’Riain, M. Justin; Šumbera, Radim; Burda, Hynek; Bennett, Nigel C.; Němec, Pavel (2018-06-15). "Sociality does not drive the evolution of large brains in eusocial African mole-rats". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9203. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26062-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6003933. PMID 29907782.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Olkowicz, Seweryn; Kocourek, Martin; Lučan, Radek K.; Porteš, Michal; Fitch, W. Tecumseh; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Němec, Pavel (2016). "Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (26): 7255–60. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517131113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4932926. PMID 27298365.
- ^ a b Herculano-Houzel, S. & Lent, R. (2005). "Isotropic fractionator: a simple, rapid method for the quantification of total cell and neuron numbers in the brain". J Neurosci. 25 (10): 2518–2521. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4526-04.2005. PMC 6725175. PMID 15758160.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gabi, Mariana; Collins, Christine E.; Wong, Peiyan; Torres, Laila B.; Kaas, Jon H.; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2010). "Cellular Scaling Rules for the Brains of an Extended Number of Primate Species". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 76 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1159/000319872. ISSN 0006-8977. PMC 2980814. PMID 20926854.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Herculano-Houzel S, Collins C, Wong P, Kaas J (2007). "Cellular scaling rules for primate brains". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104 (9): 3562–3567. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611396104. PMC 1805542. PMID 17360682.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jardim-Messeder, Débora; Lambert, Kelly; Noctor, Stephen; Pestana, Fernanda M.; Leal, de Castro; E, Maria; Bertelsen, Mads F.; Alagaili, Abdulaziz N.; Mohammad, Osama B. (2017). "Dogs Have the Most Neurons, Though Not the Largest Brain: Trade-Off between Body Mass and Number of Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex of Large Carnivoran Species". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 11: 118. doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00118. ISSN 1662-5129. PMC 5733047. PMID 29311850.
- ^ "Brain Facts and Figures". Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ Ananthanarayanan, Rajagopal; Esser, Steven K.; Simon, Horst D.; Modha, Dharmendra S. (2009). "The cat is out of the bag: cortical simulations with 109 neurons, 1013 synapses". Proceedings of the Conference on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis - SC '09. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1145/1654059.1654124. ISBN 978-1-60558-744-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kazu, Rodrigo S.; Maldonado, José; Mota, Bruno; Manger, Paul R.; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2015). "Corrigendum: Cellular scaling rules for the brain of Artiodactyla include a highly folded cortex with few neurons". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 9: 39. doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00039. ISSN 1662-5129. PMC 4374476. PMID 25859187.
- ^ a b Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (June 2012). "The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
- ^ a b c d e Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Kaas, Jon (2011). "Gorilla and Orangutan Brains Conform to the Primate Cellular Scaling Rules: Implications for Human Evolution". Brain Behav Evol. 77 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1159/000322729. PMC 3064932. PMID 21228547.
- ^ a b c Azevedo, Frederico A.C.; Carvalho, Ludmila R.B.; Grinberg, Lea T.; Farfel, José Marcelo; Ferretti, Renata E.L.; Leite, Renata E.P.; Filho, Wilson Jacob; Lent, Roberto; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–541. doi:10.1002/cne.21974. PMID 19226510.
- ^ a b Herculano-Houzel, S. (20 June 2012). "The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (Supplement_1): 10661–10668. doi:10.1073/pnas.1201895109. PMC 3386878. PMID 22723358.
- ^ TOWER DB. (1954). "Structural and functional organization of mammalian cerebral cortex; the correlation of neurone density with brain size; cortical neurone density in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus L.) with a note on the cortical neurone density in the Indian elephant". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 101 (1): 19–51. doi:10.1002/cne.901010103. PMID 13211853.
- ^ a b c Herculano-Houzel, S; Avelino-de-Souza, K; Neves, K; Porfírio, J; Messeder, D; Mattos Feijó, L; Maldonado, J; Manger, PR (2014). "The Elephant Brain in Numbers". Front Neuroanat. 8: 46. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00046. PMC 4053853. PMID 24971054.
- ^ "Searching For The Elephant's Genius Inside the Largest Brain on Land". Scientificamerica. 26 February 2014.
- ^ a b Lambert KG, Bardi M, Landis T, Hyer MM, Rzucidlo A, Gehrt S, Anchor C, Jardim Messeder D, Herculano-Houzel S (2014). "Behind the Mask: Neurobiological indicants of emotional resilience and cognitive function in wild raccoons (Procyon lotor)". Society for Neuroscienc.
- ^ a b Fasolo, Aldo (30 November 2011). The Theory of Evolution and Its Impact. Springer. p. 182. ISBN 978-88-470-1973-7.
- ^ a b Quarton, Gardner C.; Melnechuk, Theodore; Schmitt, Francis O. (1967). The neurosciences. Rockefeller University Press. p. 732. GGKEY:DF21HXQKLNX.
- ^ Dos Santos, S.E., Porfirio, J., da Cunha, F.B., Manger, P.R., Tavares, W., Pessoa, L., Raghanti, M.A., Sherwood, C.C. and Herculano-Houzel, S., 2017. Cellular scaling rules for the brains of marsupials: Not as “primitive” as expected. Brain, behavior and evolution, 89(1), pp.48-63., Table S1: Cellular composition of the Marsupial brains.
- ^ "LEARNING FROM PIG BRAINS". Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ Hofman, Michel A.; Falk, Dean (2 March 2012). Evolution of the Primate Brain: From Neuron to Behavior. Elsevier. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-444-53867-3.
- ^ a b c d e Ridgway, Sam H.; Brownson, Robert H.; Alstyne, Kaitlin R. Van; Hauser, Robert A. (2019-12-16). "Higher neuron densities in the cerebral cortex and larger cerebellums may limit dive times of delphinids compared to deep-diving toothed whales". PLOS ONE. 14 (12): e0226206. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226206. ISSN 1932-6203.
- ^ a b Walløe, Solveig; Eriksen, Nina; Dabelsteen, Torben; Pakkenberg, Bente (2010-12-01). "A neurological comparative study of the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) brain". Anatomical Record. 293 (12): 2129–2135. doi:10.1002/ar.21295. ISSN 1932-8494. PMID 21077171.
- ^ Kaas, Jon (4 January 2015). "Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere". PNAS. 113 (3): 740–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.1524208113. PMC 4725503. PMID 26729880.
- ^ Eriksen, Nina; Pakkenberg, Bente (2007-01-01). "Total neocortical cell number in the mysticete brain". Anatomical Record. 290 (1): 83–95. doi:10.1002/ar.20404. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 17441201.
- ^ Mammals, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Working Party on Marine (1978-01-01). Mammals in the Seas: Report. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 9789251005132.
- ^ Steven M. Platek; Julian Paul Keenan & Todd K. Shackelford (2009). "Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience" (PDF): 139. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ Mortensen HS, et al. (2014). "Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex". Front Neuroanat. 8: 132. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00132. PMC 4244864. PMID 25505387.
| Cognition | |
|---|---|
| Intelligence | |
| Pain | |
| Relation to brain | |
