List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
A number of armed groups have involved themselves in the ongoing Syrian Civil War.
Generic list[edit]
Overall conflict (2011–present)[edit]
(For a more detailed map, see Cities and towns during the Syrian Civil War)
Notes[edit]
- The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant was formerly part of al-Qaeda, but was disavowed by al-Qaeda General Command, which stated: "It is not affiliated with al-Qaeda and has no relationship with it... al-Qaeda is not responsible for ISIS's actions."[158]
- The United States alleges that Belarus has provided or attempted to provide direct military support to the Syrian government. Belarus denies this.[159] There are also unconfirmed rumours that Algeria is providing military support to Syria.[160]
- The Christian militia Sutoro opposes the government, while its offshoot Sootoro supports the government. Both are allied with the YPG.
- There is regular conflict between various rebel groups. However, members of the People's Protection Units have coordinated with the Free Syrian Army.[161] In the Rebel–ISIS conflict, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has been fighting the Free Syrian Army, the Syria Revolutionaries Front, the Army of Mujahedeen, the Islamic Front and the al-Nusra Front. Jund al-Aqsa has declared its neutrality in the conflict.[136] Ghuraba al-Sham has clashed with the al-Nusra Front and the al-Tawhid Brigade.[162]
- Members of the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria[163] as well as the Kurdish Freedom Party have on occasion clashed with the People's Protection Units, the armed wing of the Democratic Union Party.[164]
- The Kurdish National Council has joined the Syrian National Coalition—though without officially committing any military forces to the opposition—while simultaneously retaining its membership in the Kurdish Supreme Council alongside the PYD.[165]
- Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar was subordinate to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, but withdrew due to its oath of allegiance to the Caucasus Emirate leadership to become independent. It is now a member of Jabhat Ansar al-Din.[130]
- Egypt changed its position on this conflict from support for the opposition to neutrality after the 2013 Egyptian coup.[166]
- Jordan and the United Arab Emirates ended armament support for the opposition in 2014 due of concerns about radical Islamist presence among the opposition fighters.[167]
Spillover[edit]
Lebanon (2011–present)[edit]
Turkey (2012–present)[edit]
Israel (2012-present)[edit]
and allies |
||
|---|---|---|
Jordan (2012-present)[edit]
Iraq (2013–present)[edit]
and allies |
|
|---|---|
Detailed list[edit]
Syrian government and allies[edit]
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syrian Armed Forces | Bashar al-Assad | March 2011 | Approximately 178,000(army without air and naval forces)[170] | Government's primary military force. | Ba'athism Secularism |
| National Defense Force | Bashar al-Assad | 2013[171] | 80,000[172] | Government counter-insurgency force. | Secularism |
| Syrian Resistance | Mihraç Ural | 2011 | 2,000 | Pro-government Marxist militia. | Socialism Marxism-Leninism |
| Ba'ath Brigades | Bashar al-Assad | 2012 | 7,000[173] | Pro-government counter-insurgency militia. | Ba'athism Secularism |
| Arab Nationalist Guard | 2013 | 1,000+[174] | Pan-Arabic group from various Arab Countries. | Secularism Pan-Arabism |
|
| Shia Militias: | |||||
| Hezbollah | Hassan Nasrallah | 2012[171] | 2,000[175] | Militant group based in Lebanon, designated by the US as a terrorist group. | Shia Islamism |
| Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas | Abu Ajeeb | 2012 | 10,000[8] | Shia Syrian militant group formed due to desecration of shrines, heritage sites and place of worship by the rebels. It is Active around Damascus. | Shia Islamism |
| Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq | Akram al-Kaabi | 2012 | An offshoot of Iraqi Shia insurgent group. It is active around Aleppo. | Shia Islamism | |
| Kata'ib Hezbollah | 2012 | An Iraqi Shia militia | Shia Islamism | ||
| Badr Organization | 2012 | An Iraqi Shia militia | Shia Islamism | ||
| Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada | 2013 | An Iraqi Shia militia | Shia Islamism | ||
Syrian Opposition and allies[edit]
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free Syrian Army | Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir | July 2011 | 40,000[176] | Main opposition group. Initially an umbrella term for defected Syrian soldiers, later became more organized. | Secularism[citation needed] |
| Sunni Militias: | |||||
| Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union | Muhammad Abu al-Fatih | December 2013 | 15,000[177] | Merger of Damascus area rebel groups[177] | Sunni Islamism |
| Sham Legion | Mondher Saras[79] | 10 March 2014[79] | Alliance of 19 different groups[178] | Islamic democracy[79] | |
| Authenticity and Development Front | Khalid al-Hammad | November 2012 | 13,000[179] | Sunni Islamism | |
| Army of Mujahedeen | January 2014[180] | ≈5,000[181] | Coalition of Aleppo area Islamist rebels formed to fight ISIL. | Sunni Islamism[182] | |
Al-Qaeda network[edit]
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Nusra Front | Abu Mohammad al-Golani[183] | January 2012 | 7,000[184]–15,000[185] | Designated by the US as a terrorist group. Pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda. | Salafist jihadism Islamic fundamentalism |
| Jabhat Ansar al-Din[131] | 25 July 2014[131] | Alliance of independent jihadist groups[131][186] |
Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant[edit]
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | April 2013 | 80,000 (up to 50,000 in Syria and 30,000 in Iraq)[187][188] | Formerly Al-Qaeda's branch in Iraq, it has declared itself a Caliphate and is now in conflict with most other rebel groups, the Assad government and Kurdish militias. Designated or called a terrorist group by the United Nations Security Council, the US and other states. | Salafist Jihadism Caliphate |
Syrian Kurdistan and allies[edit]
| Name | Leader | Involved since | Strength | Description | Ideology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| People's Protection Units (YPG) / Women's Protection Units (YPJ) |
Sipan Hemo | 2012 | 50,000 [189][190][191] | YPG and YPJ are the armed forces of the People’s Council of West Kurdistan (MGRK), which is dominated by the Democratic Union Party (PYD). While the PYD wants it to be the armed forces of all Kurdish Supreme Committee, the Kurdish National Council (ENKS) member parties prefer their own parties' militias. | Democracy and Kurdish autonomy.[192][88][190][193] |
| Jabhat al-Akrad | Hajji Ahmed Kurdi | 2012 | 7,000[194] | Ex-Free Syrian Army brigade, close to YPG | Pro-Kurdish rights Anti-Assad government |
| Kurdish National Council (KNC) | Feysel Yusuf | 2012 | 1,500[144] Note: Figure claimed by the leader of one minor party within the bloc, but no known participation in any conflict. |
Opposition alliance of smaller Kurdish parties within the Supreme Committee Note: Largely dominated by the KDP-S, which also formed a separate caucus called the Syrian Kurdish Democratic Union. Most members are politically tied to either the KDP or the PUK in Iraqi Kurdistan. |
Kurdish nationalism Kurdish autonomy Liberal democracy |
Coalitions[edit]
Note:
- Groups that are part of multiple coalitions or sub-groups are listed twice, although their subsequent sub-groups will not necessarily be repeated.
- This section aims to include all sub-groups involved in the Syrian Civil War. It is incomplete.
Rebel coalitions[edit]
Active nationwide coalitions[edit]
Former members |
| Islamic Front |
|---|
|
Al-Tawhid Brigade |
| Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance[136][218] |
|---|
| Jund al-Aqsa Liwaa al-Umma |
|
| Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[239] Former members |
|---|
|
| Army of Mujahedeen[243] |
|---|
|
al-Noor Islamic Movement Liwaa al-Islam
Former members |
| Jabhat Ansar al-Din[252] |
|---|
|
Green Battalion (absorbed into Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar)[253] |
Active regional coalitions[edit]
| Syrian Democratic Forces |
|---|
| Syriac Military Council People's Protection Units |
| Levant Front (only in Aleppo Governorate) |
|---|
| Islamic Front (Aleppo only) Army of Mujahedeen |
| Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union [78] (only in Damascus Governorate) |
|---|
| al-Habib al-Mustafa Brigades
Sahaba Brigades |
| Unified Military Command of Eastern Ghouta (only in Ghouta region) |
|---|
|
Jaysh al-Islam |
| Army of Conquest (only in Idlib Governorate) |
|---|
|
al-Nusra Front |
Defunct coalitions[edit]
| Mujahideen Shura Council (only in Deir ez-Zor Governorate)[259] |
|---|
|
Al-Nusra Front |
| Hawks of the South[63] |
|---|
|
18 March Division |
| Ahl Al-Sham (only in Aleppo Governorate)[261] |
|---|
|
Islamic Front |
| Aleppo Liberation (only in Aleppo Governorate) |
|---|
|
16th Division |
| Jaysh al-Sham[218] |
|---|
| Liwa Suyuf al Haq Liwa Ansar Allah |
|
Suqour al-Sham Brigade
|
See also[edit]
- Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War
- List of active rebel groups in Syria
- Russia's role in the Syrian Civil War
- Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War
- Iranian support for Syria in the Syrian Civil War
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External links[edit]
- Interactive: Mapping Syria's rebellion - Al-Jazeera
- Syria interactive: The rebels, their weapons and funds - Channel 4 News
- Who are the pro-Assad militias in Syria?
- Institute for the Study of War: Syrian Opposition Guide