List of contemporary ethnic groups
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The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.
By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, which may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.
Ethnic groups[edit]
The groups commonly identified as "ethnic groups" (as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar). Smaller groups (i.e. less than 100,000) are often indigenous peoples and are not usually listed.
Lists of ethnic groups[edit]
- by status
- regional lists
- List of ethnic groups in Russia
- List of ethnic groups in East Asia
- List of ethnic groups in China
- List of ethnic groups in Japan
- List of ethnic groups in South Korea
- List of ethnic groups in North Korea
- List of ethnic groups in Taiwan
- List of ethnic groups in Laos
- Demographics of Sindh
- South Asian ethnic groups
- List of aboriginal ethnic groups in Taiwan
- List of ethnic groups in Vietnam
- List of ethnic groups in Burma
- African people
- European people
- Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- List of Indigenous Australian group names
See also[edit]
- Uncontacted peoples
- Ethnic flag
- List of language families
- Lists of people by nationality
- Lists of active separatist movements
- Race (human categorization)
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- List of indigenous peoples
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
- ^ a b c d e f Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of their history (if not their entire history), this ethnic group have lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
- ^ a b c Assamese ethnic group; the vast majority only speak Assamese.
- ^ As the Akan language has only recently been standardized, the majority of them still speak their local dialects, which are usually considered by linguists to be separate languages altogether.
- ^ Due to historical migrations, about half of the Akan population reside in Ivory Coast.
- ^ Some time around 1860s, many Akha have been migrating to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Today, the majority reside outside of China.
- ^ With the exception of Navajo, all Apachean speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
- ^ Between 632 and 861, the Arabs controlled most of West Asia and North Africa, with Bedouin tribes forming in what is now Algeria, Sudan, and Iraq. Today, the majority of the Arab world is outside of Arabia.
- ^ The Argobba have typically been a merchant community and usually trades with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in the majority only speaking Amharic or Oromo.
- ^ During the Armenian Genocide that occurred in the Turkish part of Greater Armenia (usually called Western Armenia), many Armenians fled to Russia, France, and the United States. Today, the majority reside outside of Greater Armenia, and Western Armenia no longer has an openly Armenian population (the Hemshin largely avoid identifying themselves as being Armenian, while the vast majority of people that are openly Armenian in Turkey reside in Istanbul, which is not a part of Western Armenia).
- ^ The Aramaic language morphed into the Neo-Aramaic languages around 1200 AD. Whether the majority of the Assyrians are still speaking these languages is unclear, however.
- ^ Modern Assyria have seen long periods of violence throughout the region, some of which (such as the Assyrian genocide and the Persecution of Christians by ISIL) have been directed against the Assyrians themselves. This has caused many to flee to places such as the United States and Sweden; it is believed that the majority now reside outside of the Middle East.
- ^ Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.
- ^ Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russianization during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.
- ^ The Beti and the Fang form the Beti-Pahuin peoples. While the term Beti is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the Beti-Pahuin people, the Beti ethnicity is specifically limited to Ewondo and Eton speakers.
- ^ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Bengali.
- ^ a b c d Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.
- ^ a b c Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the American government, the vast majority only speak English.
- ^ a b c Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, and the Muscogee were all forced to relocate their entire population to Oklahoma.
- ^ The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Arabic.
- ^ a b c d Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.
- ^ a b Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the Canadian government, the vast majority can only either speak English.
- ^ a b c d e Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
- ^ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Gujarati.
- ^ Between 1583 and 1997, the English, via being the dominant ethnic group in the United Kingdom, created the largest empire in the world, setting up settler colonies in areas such as what is now the United States, Canada, and Australia. Today, the majority of the Anglosphere is outside of the United Kingdom.
- ^ a b c This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
- ^ Like its speakers, the Garfuna language is the only remnant of the Island Carib language.
- ^ Following the Second Carib War, the majority of the Garifuna were deported to Honduras, where they later spread to Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua. Since then, Honduras have seen high murder rates, causing many to flee to United States.
- ^ Many of the Gelao dialects are mutually unintelligible from each other and are known to intermarry with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in most of the populations speaking only Chinese.
- ^ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Hindi.
- ^ Since Hawaii's annexation into the United States, English has almost completely supplanted Hawaiian.
- ^ Following the suppression of Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873, the majority of the Hmong fled further south to Guangxi, Yunnan, Vietnam, and Laos.
- ^ a b Refers specifically to the Kinyarwanda and Kirundi dialects. The other speakers of the dialects within the Rwanda-Rundi continuum are considered to be separate from the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa peoples.
- ^ During the Great Famine, many Irish people fled to places like Argentina, Mexico, and the United States. Today, the majority of people claiming Irish ethnicity resides outside of Ireland.
- ^ With the exception of Cherokee, all Iroquoian speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
- ^ The majority of the Japanese practiced a syncretised form of Shinto and Buddhism called Shinbutsu-shūgō.
- ^ Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.
- ^ Until 1948, the Jews were largely a diaspora ethnicity, with the Jewish identity being claimed mostly by descendants of those that left Israel following the First Jewish–Roman War. Despite some entire Jewish communities migrating back to Israel, the Israelis only make up a plurality of the worldwide Jewish population.
- ^ The Wapan language have largely replaced Jukun Takum as the main language.
- ^ Due to both Turkification and the tendency among Georgia-residing Laz to see themselves as being a Georgian subgroup, the majority of Laz either speak Turkish or Georgian.
- ^ Due to poor soil condition in Madura, the majority now live on Java.
- ^ The majority of the Magars have recently switched to Nepali.
- ^ a b The majority of the Tungusic languages are endangered, and many Tungusic ethnic groups now mostly speak only Russian or Chinese depending on the location of their homeland.
- ^ Although the Māori have been able to halt the extinction of their language, the majority still only speak English fluently.
- ^ Due to gradual Hispanicization following the Occupation of Araucanía, the majority of Mapuche can only speak Spanish.
- ^ a b The Kuki-Chin–Naga language grouping (it is unclear whether the Kuki-Chin–Naga form an actual language family) consists of five to eight branches. Except for Karbi and Meitei, the Kuki-Chin–Naga is divided between the Chin and the Naga. The Mruic and most of the Kuki-Chin speakers are seen as Chin, while speakers of the remaining Kuki-Chin–Naga branches (Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme) and the speakers Northwestern Kuki-Chin are seen as Naga.
- ^ Due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
- ^ Portuguese ethnicity is more clear-cut than Spanish ethnicity, but here also, the case is complicated by the Portuguese ancestry of populations in the former colonial empire. Portugal has 11 million nationals. The 42 million figure is due to a study estimating a total of an additional 31 million descendants from Portuguese grandparents; these people would be eligible for Portuguese citizenship under Portuguese nationality law (which grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals).
- ^ All Ryukyuan speakers are seen as one ethnicity; however, due to a history of forced assimilation by the Japanese government, the majority can only speak Japanese.
- ^ The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.
- ^ The Siddi now speak the dominant language of their region.
- ^ Due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
- ^ Between 1492 and 1833, the Spaniards controlled most of the Americas, with Mestizo communities forming in areas such as what is now Mexico, Argentina, and Colombia. Today, the majority of the Hispanosphere is outside of Spain.
- ^ Due to the widespread presence of Chinese, the majority of Tujia only have a passive knowledge of their language.
- ^ Prior to the mid-twentieth century, the lingua franca of Belgium was French; this, paired with the fact that the Walloons are usually considered to be a French subgroup, have now resulted in the majority of them speaking only standard French.
References[edit]
- ^ "Abkhaz". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Total Abkhaz users in all countries.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Statistics Indonesia. 2011. ISBN 978-979-064-417-5. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Indonesian population only.
- ^ "Acholi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Afar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 December 2018. Figure taken by adding the ethnic populations of Ethiopia and Djibouti with the Eritrean population.
- ^ "Afrikaners constitute nearly three million out of approximately 53 million inhabitants of the Republic of South Africa, plus as many as half a million in diaspora." Afrikaner – Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
- ^ "Ahom". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 January 2019. Possible number of Assamese speakers claiming to be of Ahom descent.
- ^ "Aimaq". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 December 2018. Total Aimaq users in all countries.
- ^ "Aja". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 December 2018. Total Adja users in all countries.
- ^ Cote D'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations. Akan residing outside these countries not included.
- ^ "Akha". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 January 2019. Total users of Akha in all countries.
- ^ Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, Routledge, 2013 ISBN 1135193886, p. 65.
- ^ Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues:, Routledge, 2015, ISBN 1317463994, p. 260.
- ^ Mary Rose Bonk. Worldmark Yearbook, Band 1. Gale Group, 2000. p. 37.
- ^ National Geographic, Band 197 (University of Michigan ed.). National Geographic Society, 2000. 2000. p. 59.
- ^ Over 20 Peace Corps Language Training Publications – Country Pre-departure Materials. Jeffrey Frank Jones.
- ^ "Alur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 April 2019. Total Alur users in all countries.
- ^ "Malay, Ambonese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 February 2019. Total first-language Ambonese Malay users in all countries.
- ^ "Mbundu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Census 2007" Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Ethiopian population only. Figures taken from Urban + Rural population in Table 5. The Surma population is combined with the Me’enite and the Mursi populations.
- ^ Chia-chen, Hsieh; Wu, Jeffrey (15 February 2015). "Amis remains Taiwan's biggest aboriginal tribe at 37.1% of total". FocusTaiwan.tw. The Central News Agency. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- ^ "Anaang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Anywa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). census.gov. Retrieved 7 March 2017. American population only. Figure taken using the American Indian and Alaska Native tribal grouping alone population from Table 7. The Muscogee figure is taken by combining the Creek and Seminole population.
- ^ Margaret Kleffner Nydell Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times, Intercultural Press, 2005, ISBN 1931930252, page xxiii, 14.
- ^ Dennis J.D. Sandole (24 January 2007). Peace and Security in the Postmodern World: The OSCE and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 9781134145713.
The nearly 3 million Armenians in Armenia (and 3–4 million in the Armenian Diaspora worldwide) 'perceive' the nearly 8 million Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan as 'Turks.'
- ^ Von Voss, Huberta (2007). Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World. New York: Berghahn Books. p. xxv. ISBN 9781845452575.
...there are some 8 million Armenians in the world...
- ^ Puig, Lluis Maria de (17 January 1997). "Report: Aromanians". Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Doc. 7728. Aromanian speaking population. The idea that the Aromanians are a separate ethnicity is a minority opinion within the Aromanian community; they are much more likely to either see themselves as being a Romanian subgroup or belonging to the same ethnicity as the majority ethnic group of their residing country.
- ^ Ronald Roberson. "The Eastern Catholic Churches 2016" (PDF). Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016. Information sourced from Annuario Pontificio 2016 edition
- ^ "Assyria". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. unpo.org.
- ^ "The Atayal people numbered around 90,000, approximately 15.9% of Taiwan's total indigenous population, making them the third-largest indigenous group". Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ "Atoni". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Bavarian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 29 January 2019. Figure taken by adding the Austrian and Italian population.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2013. Russian population only.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v 2011 Indian census, Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues. Indian population only. Figure taken using the language grouping population or the specific mother tongue population.
- ^ "Aymara". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ Sela, Avraham (2002). The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Continuum. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-8264-1413-7.
30–35 million
- ^ a b c d e "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results". General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. June 2010. p. 134. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013. Vietnamese population only.
- ^ "The Bai ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 30 January 2019. Chinese population only.
- ^ S. N. Ejedepang-Koge. "BAKOSSI: INFORMATION NOTE". THE ALL BAKOSSI CONFERENCE. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "Balanta-Kentohe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 January 2018. "Balanta-Ganja". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 January 2018. Figure taken by combining the total users of Balanta-Kentohe in all countries with the Balanta-Ganja population.
- ^ "Baluchi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 June 2019. Population total of all languages of the Baluchi macrolanguage.
- ^ "Balti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Total Balti users in all countries.
- ^ "Burmese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 December 2018. Total first-language Burmese users in all countries.
- ^ "Bamanankan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 December 2018. Total first-language Bamanankan users in all countries.
- ^ "Bamileke". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Bamun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ Kevin Shillington (2013). Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
- ^ "Bari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 February 2019. "Kakwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 February 2019. "Mandari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the total number of first-language Bari users in all countries, the total number of Kakwa users in all countries, and the Mandari population.
- ^ Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Beninese population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
- ^ Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Liberian population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
- ^ "Basque". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 850,000 in Spain, 130,000 in France, and 170,000 possibly living in South America and the United States.
- ^ "Bejah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Bembe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ "Bengali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 September 2019. Total first-language Bengali users in all countries.
- ^ "North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring". Fox News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
- ^ Tej K. Bhatia; William C. Ritchie (2006). The Handbook of Bilingualism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. ISBN 978-0631227359. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ "Berom". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Berta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Total first-language Berta users in all countries.
- ^ a b c d e Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates Jr., eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India (PDF). New Delhi: Ministry of Tribal Affairs. 2013. Indian population only. Figures taken either directly from Table 1.23 or by combining related total populations of Table 1.24.
- ^ "Bicol". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ a b "State statistics: Malays edge past Chinese in Sarawak". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ "Naba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 March 2019. 137,000 Bilala.
- ^ "Bishnupriya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Total Bishnupriya users in all countries.
- ^ "Bisa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Total Bissa users in all countries.
- ^ "Blaan, Koronadal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2019. "Blaan, Sarangani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
- ^ "Bwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ "Bosnian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. Total Bosnian users in all countries.
- ^ "The Bouyei ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Chinese population only.
- ^ "Bozo, Jenaama". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Includes only speakers of Jenaama dialect.
- ^ "Brahui". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Populations légales 2013 - Insee". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Retrieved 31 December 2016. "Populations légales 2013 - Insee". Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques. Retrieved 31 December 2016. Figure taken by combining the legal population of the administrative region of Brittany with the legal population of the Loire-Atlantique Department in 2013.
- ^ "Bru, Eastern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 February 2019. "Bru, Western". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the total users of Eastern Bru and Western Bru in all countries.
- ^ a b Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). Native Peoples of the World. google.bg. ISBN 9781317464006.
- ^ "Burushaski". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ^ "Bwa People". Art and Life in Africa Online. University of Iowa. 3 November 1998. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
- ^ a b "The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010" (PDF). census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 August 2017. American population only.
- ^ "Cham, Western". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 October 2017. Both figures taken by combining the ethnic population of Cambodia with the Vietnamese population, the former using the 2009 census and the latter using the Bradley estimate. (Both sources include speakers of Eastern Cham).
- ^ "Chechnya 'has no troops in Ukraine'". BBC News. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ^ "Chowke". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ "Chutias to shun Cong". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- ^ "Chuukese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Total Chuukese users in all countries.
- ^ "Circassian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 165,000 Adyghians, 345,000 Kabardians, 150,000 in Turkey, and 35,000 in Syria.
- ^ "Chakma". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Chichewa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 December 2018. Total Chichewa users in all countries.
- ^ "Coptic Orthodox Christmas to be low-key – Tight security: On alert after bombing in Egypt". Montreal Gazette. 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
- ^ "The Cornish Transnational Communities Project". University of Exeter. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011.
- ^ "Corsican". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2019. Ethnic population.
- ^ a b "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Canadian population only. Figure taken using total population of Aboriginal ancestry responses.
- ^ "Croatian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 March 2019. Total first-language Croatian users in all countries.
- ^ "Cuyonon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ "Tab. 6.2 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů: výsledky podle trvalého bydliště" [Tab. 6.2 Population by nationality by regions: results for permanent residence] (PDF). Czech Statistical Office (CZSO) (in Czech). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Includes only those residing in the Czech Republic.
- ^ "Dagara, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. "Dagaare, Southern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
- ^ "Dagbani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ^ a b Namibia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Namibian population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
- ^ "Danish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ "Dinka". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ a b c John A. Shoup III (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-363-7.
- ^ Autochtone population at 1 January 2006, Central Statistics Bureau, Integratiekaart 2006', (external link) Archived 16 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch)
- ^ "Jula". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 November 2018. Total first-language Dyula users in all countries.
- ^ "Ebira". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
- ^ "edo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Total Edo users in all countries.
- ^ "Emberá, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 31 January 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic population of Colombia (which includes speakers of Southern Emberá) with the Panamanian population.
- ^ "Subnational population projections for England: 2016-based". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 20 February 2020.England only - no estimate of English in diaspora.
- ^ Rolle, Nicholas. [1], University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, 17 October 2012. Retrieved on 1 November 2014. Population of Esanland.
- ^ "Estonian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 November 2018. Population total of all languages of the Estonian macrolanguage.
- ^ a b Minahan, James (2002a). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. II (D–K). Greenwood. ISBN 9780313321108.
- ^ Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Finnish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 March 2019. Total first-language Finnish users in all countries.
- ^ "Dutch". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. Belgian population.
- ^ "Fon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "French". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Total first-language French users in all countries, including Walloons and minorities residing in France.
- ^ "Frisian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. "Frisian, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. Figure taken by combining the total West Frisian users in all countries with the Northern Frisian ethnic population.
- ^ http://www.arlef.it/en/friulian-language/sociolinguistic-condition/5#/sociolinguistic-condition Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine - Study made by Arlef, Association of Region for the Friulian Language. Number of Friuilian speakers.
- ^ Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.
- ^ "A Closer Look: Sudan, The Peoples of Darfur". Cultural Survival. Cultural Survival. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
- ^ a b Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ghanaian population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
- ^ Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ugandan population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
- ^ Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; Agus Pramono (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 120. ISBN 978-981-4519-87-8.
- ^ "Gbagyi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. "Gbari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
- ^ a b c Olson, James Stuart (1996). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
- ^ "The Gelo ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 25 January 2019. Chinese population only.
- ^ "Georgian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 30 January 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic populations of Georgia and Turkey.
- ^ Jeffrey Cole (2011). Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 9781598843026. "Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined..."
- ^ "Gola". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 January 2019. Total Gola users in all countries.
- ^ Clogg, Richard (2013) [1992]. A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-65644-4.
- ^ "Guaraní". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Gourmanchéma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ Burkina Faso. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations. The CIA does not have percentages for the Togolese population.
- ^ a b James B. Minahan (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690188.
- ^ "The Hani ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
- ^ Lovise, Alean (22 June 2011). The Politics of Ethnicity in Ethiopia. BRILL. p. 154. ISBN 978-9004207295.
- ^ "Hausa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Total first-language Hausa users in all countries.
- ^ Lemoine, Jacques (2005). "What is the actual number of (H)mong in the world?" (PDF). Hmong Studies Journal. 6.
- ^ "Papua New Guinea National Population and Housing Census 2011: Final figures", Port Moresby PNG National Statistical Office 2014
- ^ "Hungarian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 December 2018. Total Hungarian users in all countries.
- ^ "Hutu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Iban". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 February 2019. Total first-language Iban users in all countries.
- ^ "Ibanag". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Nigeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Nigerian population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
- ^ "Idoma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^ "Igbo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Igorot". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- ^ "Ilocano". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ Greenland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. "Inuit population by residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat, 2016". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 12 November 2017. Figure taken by combining both sources. Inuit residing outside these countries not included.
- ^ ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk, Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400 (29 May 2009). "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland". www.scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ^ a b "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). census.gov. Retrieved 7 March 2017. "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Figure taken by combining the American Indian and Alaska Native tribal grouping alone from Table 7 or in any combination from the American Census with the total population of Aboriginal ancestry responses in the Canadian census. The American Census lists the Ojibwe as Chippewa. The Canadian Census spells the Ojibwe as Ojibwa and splits the Iroquois into four groups: Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, and Iroquois.
- ^ a b c Hattaway, Paul (ed.) (2004). Peoples of the Buddhist World. William Carey Library.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ^ "Eurobarometer – Europeans and their languages" (PDF)., February 2006. Number of native Italian speakers.
- ^ "Rapporto Italiani nel Mondo 2010" (PDF). Fondazione Migrantes (in Italian). December 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2018. Includes citizens of Brazil and the United States who identify as being of partial Italian ancestry.
- ^ "Japanese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 December 2018. Total first-language Japanese users in all countries.
- ^ Dashefsky, Arnold; DellaPergola, Sergio; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2017). World Jewish Population, 2016 (PDF) (Report). Berman Jewish DataBank. Retrieved 12 June 2017. Population with Jewish parents (including converts to Judaism, descendants of converts to Judaism, non-observant Jews and those with only Jewish fathers).
- ^ "Jingpho". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 December 2018. Figure taken by combining the Burmese population with the ethnic population of China.
- ^ Klein, Martin A. "Shrines of the Slave Trade: Diola Religion and Society in Precolonial Senegambia." The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31.2 (Autumn 2000): 315. Accessed through Gale (Cengage), 6 August 2009
- ^ "Wapan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 April 2019. Wapan population.
- ^ Saw Swee-Hock (2015). The Population of Malaysia (Second ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-98-146-2036-9.
- ^ "Language". Kalanga. Kalanga Language and Cultural Development Association (KLCDA). Retrieved 18 September 2018. Taken by combining the Zimbabwean and the Botswanan populations.
- ^ a b c d e f g "2009 Census". Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013. Kenyan population only.
- ^ "Population Structure and Trends". Institute de la Statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie (in French). Institute de la Statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ^ "Kanuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 November 2018. "Kanembu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the population total of all languages of the Kanuri macrolanguage with the Kanembu population.
- ^ "Kapampangan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Karakalpak". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 November 2018. Ethnic population.
- ^ "Karen people". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2018. Karen population.
- ^ "The Institute for European Studies, Ethnological institute of UW" (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ "Polen-Analysen. Die Kaschuben" (PDF). Länder-Analysen (in German). Polen NR. 95: 10–13. September 2011. Polish population only.
- ^ "Kazakhstan's population tops 18 million". 31 March 2018.
- ^ "Pahāṛī". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
- ^ "Nya Huba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
- ^ "Kisi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Kongo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Korean". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 December 2018. Total Korean users in all countries.
- ^ "Kpelle". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 December 2018. Population total of all languages of the Kpelle macrolanguage.
- ^ "Ikposo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2019. Total Kposo users in all countries.
- ^ Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Cote D'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population, including Grebo, Krahn, and Sapo. Kru residing outside these countries not included.
- ^ The Kurdish Population. Current Estimate.
- ^ "The Kuteb People". Geoffrey G. Gania. 2005. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "Kyrgyz". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Figure taken by combining the ethnic populations of Kyrgyzstan, China, and Tajikistan.
- ^ "Latvian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 January 2019. Population total of all languages of the Latvia macrolanguage.
- ^ Bülent Günal (20 December 2011). "67 milletten insanımız var!" (in Turkish). Retrieved 31 January 2015. Largest estimate of the Laz population in Turkey.
- ^ "Lega Information". University of Iowa. 3 November 1998. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Lezgins". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 January 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic populations of Russia and Azerbaijan.
- ^ "The Li ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 20 December 2018. Chinese population only.
- ^ Sierra Leone. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Sierra Leonean population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
- ^ "Lisu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Lietuviai Pasaulyje" (PDF). Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ^ Lietuviai Lietuvoje ir užsienyje: kur ir kiek mūsų yra Archived 2015-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopaedia Iranica". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.
- ^ "Luxembourgish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 November 2018. Total first-language Luxembourgish users in all countries.
- ^ "Maasai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 January 2019. Total Maasai users in all countries.
- ^ Nasevski, Boško; Angelova, Dora. Gerovska, Dragica (1995). Македонски Иселенички Алманах '95. Skopje: Матица на Иселениците на Македонија. pp. 52–53.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ "Mafa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 February 2019. Total Mafa users in all countries.
- ^ "Magar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Maguindanao". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Kirti Azad demands a separate Mithila state". m.indiatoday.in. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ John Ndembwike (October 2009). Tanzania: Profile of a Nation. Intercontinental Books. p. 149. ISBN 978-9987-9308-1-4.
- ^ Andrew Dalby (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. pp. 386–387. ISBN 978-0-231-11568-1.
- ^ "Malay". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 December 2018. Population total of all languages of the Malay macrolanguage.
- ^ "Maldivian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 December 2018. Total Maldivian users in all countries
- ^ "Maltese". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 December 2018. Total Maltese users in all countries.
- ^ "Mambila, Nigeria". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019. "Mambila, Cameroon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
- ^ 《中国2010年人口普查资料（上中下》 [Data of 2010 China Population Census]. China Statistics Press. 2012. ISBN 9787503765070.
- ^ "Mandar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
- ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile (2010). The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa. New Africa Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-9987-16-023-5.
- ^ "Mandjak". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Total Manjak users in all countries.
- ^ "Mapuche". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Maranao". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Masa People". Joshua Project. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "Masalit". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 September 2016. Total Masalit users in all countries.
- ^ Lorenzo Ochoa; Patricia Martel(dir.) (2002). Lengua y cultura mayas (in Spanish). UNAM. p. 170. ISBN 9703200893.
El "Pueblo Maya" lo constituyen actualmente algo menos de 6 millones de hablantes de 25 idiomas
- ^ "Iran". www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i México: Lenguas indígenas nacionales. Mexican population only. Number of indigenous language speakers. Figure taken using the 2010 figures of Table 1.
- ^ "Mehri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019. "Soqotri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Figure taken by the total Mehri users in all countries with the Soqotri population.
- ^ "The Yao ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
- ^ Robles, Frances (16 October 2016). "Nicaragua Dispute Over Indigenous Land Erupts in Wave of Killings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ a b Burma. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Myanma population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
- ^ "Mongo". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017. Number of speakers of all Mongo languages. Source dates backs to 1977; population most likely grown since then.
- ^ "Mongolian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 December 2018. "Daur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Buriat". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Kalmyk-Oirat". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Bonan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. "Tu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the total users of the Mongolian macrolanguage, the Buryat macrolanguage, and Oirat with the ethnic populations of Dagur, Bonan, and Monguor.
- ^ "Mongondow". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ "Mossi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Mumuye". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ "Musgu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 21 February 2019. Total Musgu users in all countries.
- ^ "Mwera". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ "Newar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Ngaju". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 December 2018. "Bakumpai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 February 2019. Figure taken by combining both sources.
- ^ Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Bhutanese population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
- ^ Ngbandi Art
- ^ "Norwegian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Total Norwegian users in all countries.
- ^ "Nubians". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 June 2019. Possible number of Nubians living in Egypt.
- ^ "Afghanistan - Nuristani". countrystudies.us.
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People". Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Total number of people with some knowledge of Occitan.
- ^ "Khana". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Baan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Eleme". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Gokana". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. "Tee". Ethnologue. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the Tẹẹ ethnic population with the other four sources.
- ^ "Ossetic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic population of Russia with the Georgian, Syrian, and Turkish populations.
- ^ "Ovimbundu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Pangasinan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Bissau-Guinean population only. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population.
- ^ "Pashai, Southeast". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 January 2019. Ethnic population; includes other Pashayi speakers.
- ^ "Pashto, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. Possible ethnic population; includes Southern and Central Pashto speakers.
- ^ "Pedi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ "Pende". Art & Life in Africa. University of Iowa. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ^ "Persian, Iranian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 December 2018. Total Iranian Persian users in all countries.
- ^ "Community | Pitcairn Island Immigration". www.immigration.gov.pn. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ^ "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Pitcairn Islander". Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ "Polmap. Rozmieszczenie ludności pochodzenia polskiego (w mln)". Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ^ Emigração: A diáspora dos portugueses Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine (2009)
- ^ "Punjabi, Eastern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. "Punjabi, Western". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. Figure taken by combining total users of Punjabi, Eastern and Punjabi, Western in all countries.
- ^ "Kashkay". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Ethnic population.
- ^ "The Qiang ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Chinese population only.
- ^ "Quechua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 23 December 2018. Population total of all languages of the Quechua macrolanguage.
- ^ "Rangpuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 February 2019. Total first-language Rangpuri users in all countries.
- ^ "Arakanese". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ Wurm, Stephen A. and Shiro Hattori, (eds.) (1981) Language Atlas of the Pacific Area Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy, Canberra, ISBN 0-85883-239-9
- ^ David Mathieson (2009). Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya Take to the Seas. Human Rights Watch. p. 3. ISBN 9781564324856.
- ^ "EU demands action to tackle Roma poverty". BBC News. 5 April 2011. Does not include those residing outside of Europe.
- ^ "Romanian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 November 2014. Total Romanian users in all countries.
- ^ "журнал "Демоскоп Weekly" № 571 - 572 14 - 31 октября 2013. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сжимающееся русскоязычие. Демографические изменения - не на пользу русскому языку".
- ^ Shimoji, Michinori; Pellard, Thomas, eds. (2010). An Introduction to Ryukyuan languages (PDF). Tokyo: ILCAA. p. 2. ISBN 9784863370722. Retrieved 10 June 2018. Total population of the Ryukyu Islands.
- ^ Paul Magocsi (1995). "The Rusyn Question". Political Thought. 2–3 (6). Estimate of people with Rusyn ancestry.
- ^ "Saho". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Salar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 February 2019. Ethnic population.
- ^ "Sama". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Zambales: Dependency Ratio Down by Five Persons (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO)". 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Sambal population within Zambales.
- ^ Sami people (14 December 2015). "Sami in Sweden". sweden.se.
- ^ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. 2003.
- ^ Chad. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population. Sara residing outside these countries not included.
- ^ "Sardinian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 January 2019. Population total of all languages of the Sardinian macrolanguage.
- ^ "Hawu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Diagram Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. San Francisco, CA: Routledge. ISBN 9781135963415.
- ^ "Svaki drugi Srbin živi izvan Srbije" (PDF). Novosti. May 2014. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ^ "Serbs around the World by region" (PDF). Serbian Unity Congress. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2013. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ "Serer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Shona". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 December 2018. Total first-language Shona users in all countries.
- ^ "Xibe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 January 2019. Ethnic population.
- ^ "Sikanese". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Sindhi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 31 March 2019. Ethnic population.
- ^ "Sinhalese". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Ako žijú Slováci za hranicami? Slovensko mám rád, ale mojím domovom už nie je" [How do Slovaks live abroad? I like Slovakia but it is no longer my home.]. Sme.sk. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ "Somali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total first-language Somali users in all countries.
- ^ Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentage listed with the total population. Songhai residing outside these countries not included.
- ^ "Soninke". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total Soninke users in all countries.
- ^ "Sotho, Southern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 December 2018. Total first-language Southern Sotho users in all countries.
- ^ "Spain's population falls for first time since 1940s as immigrants flee crisis". Toronto. 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013.
- ^ "The Shui ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 25 February 2019. Chinese population only.
- ^ "Anakalangu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Kambera". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Kodi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Lamboya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Laura". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Mamboru". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Wanukaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. "Wejewa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 June 2019. Figure taken by combining the Anakalangu, Kambera, Kodi, Lamboya, Laura, Mamboru, and Wejewa populations.
- ^ Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Guinean population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
- ^ "Swahili facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Swahili". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
- ^ "Swazi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Befolkningsstatistik i sammandrag 1960-2015". 27 March 2016. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Swedish population only. Figure taken by subtracting the population with a foreign background with the total population.
- ^ "Tagalog". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Tajik". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 5.2 million in Tajikistan, 1 million in Uzbekistan, and 5 million in Afghanistan.
- ^ "Talysh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total Talysh users in all countries.
- ^ "Tamil". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Tarok". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Tatar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Tausug". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 900,000 in Philippines and 200,000 in Malaysia.
- ^ http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/210932/the-tboli-a-story-of-massive-land-grabbing-through-the-centuries/
- ^ "Temne". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Thai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 December 2018. "Thai, Northern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 December 2018. "Thai, Southern". Ethnologue. Retrieved 20 December 2018. Figure taken by combining the total number of first-language Thai speakers in all countries with the other two populations.
- ^ "The Tibetan ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
- ^ Tournadre, Nicolas (2014). "The Tibetic languages and their classification". In Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (eds.). Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area. De Gruyter. pp. 103–129. ISBN 978-3-11-031074-0. (preprint)
- ^ "Tigrigna". Ethnologue. Retrieved 27 February 2019. Figure taken by combining the ethnic population of Ethiopia with the Eritrean population.
- ^ Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Eritrean population only. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations.
- ^ "Tiv". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Tana Toraja official website" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 May 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2006. Figure taken by combining both local and diaspora populations.
- ^ "Tsonga". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Tswana". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "The Tujia ethnic minority". People's Daily. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^ "Tupuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 February 2019. Total Tupuri users in all countries.
- ^ "Turkish". Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 December 2018. Total first-language Turkish users in all countries, including a large number of minorities residing in Turkey.
- ^ "Turkmen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ Vic Satzewich (2003). The Ukrainian Diaspora. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-134-43495-4.
- ^ "Uighur". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 10 million in China, and 300,000 in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
- ^ "Uzbek". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 16 million in Uzbekistan, 2 million in Afghanistan, 1.38 million in Tajikistan, and 570,000 in Kyrgyzstan.
- ^ "Venda". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 December 2018. Total first-language Venda users in all countries.
- ^ "Visayan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019. 16.5 million Cebuano, 6.54 million Hiligaynon, and 4.2 million Waray-Waray.
- ^ "Walloon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 March 2019. "French". Ethnologue. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Figure taken by combining the Walloon population with the total first-language French users in Belgium (this latter number includes non-Walloon French speakers residing in Brussels.
- ^ "Waxianghua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
- ^ Richard Webber. "The Welsh diaspora : Analysis of the geography of Welsh names" (PDF). Welsh Assembly. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
- ^ Senegal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Gambia, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Figure taken using the percentages listed with the total populations. Wolof residing outside these countries not included.
- ^ "Xhosa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Yakan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Lokaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ^ "Yao". Ethnologue. Retrieved 25 December 2018. Total Yao users in all countries.
- ^ "The Yi ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
- ^ "Yoruba". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "Zande". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ "The Zhuang ethnic minority". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 16 December 2018. Chinese population only.
- ^ "The Zomi Population"
- ^ "Zulu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
