List of contemporary ethnic groups

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The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared cultural heritage, ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect, the term culture specifically including aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, etc.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into ethnic subgroups, which may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted. Multiracial groups (such as Métis and Coloureds) should be listed as subgroups of the ethnic groups they are descended from.

Ethnic groups[edit]

See also: List of languages by number of native speakers

The groups commonly identified as "ethnic groups" (as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar). Smaller groups are often indigenous peoples.

Name Native language (primary language) Primary homeland Population (millions; estimate) Subgroups Majority (plurality) religion and sect
Abkhaz Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abkhaz Georgia (Abkhazia) 0.2 million Bzyb, Abzhui, Zamurzakan Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Sunni Islam
Acholi Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Luo → Acholi Uganda, South Sudan 1.2 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Afar Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Lowland East Cushitic → Afar Afar Region (Ethiopia), Djibouti, Eritrea 2.3–4.2 million Sunni Islam
Agbagyi Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Volta–Niger → Nupoid → Gwari Nigeria 0.4 million Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions
Akan Niger-Congo → Kwa → Potou-Tano → Akan Ghana, Ivory Coast 20 million Asante, Akuapem, Akyem, Wassa, Abron, Anyi, Baoulé, Sefwi, Nzema, Ahanta, Tchaman, Abbé, numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Antiguans, Afro-Barbudans, Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Grenadians, Afro-Vincentians, Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Jamaicans, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Costa Ricans, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, and Afro-Surinamese) Christianity, Traditional African religions → Akan religion → Winti, Islam → Sunni Islam, Rastafari, Obeah, Kélé
Albanians Indo-European → Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Ulcinj and Gusinje (Montenegro), Preševo Valley (Serbia) 7–8 million Ghegs, Tosks, Arbëreshë, Kosovans Sunni Islam, Christianity, Agnosticism
Ambundu Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kimbundu Angola 4 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Amhara Afroasiatic → Semitic → Amharic Ethiopia 30 million Christianity → Ethiopian Orthodoxy
Islam
Arabs Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic Arab world more than 360 million[1] Arab-Berbers (including Algerians, Libyans, Mauritanians, Moroccans, Sahrawi, Tunisians), Bahrainis, Egyptians, Emiratis, Iraqis, Jordanians, Kuwaitis, Lebanese, Omanis, Palestinians, Qataris, Saudis, Sudanese Arabs, Syrians, Yemenis, Afro-Arabs Islam, Christianity
Armenians Indo-European → Armenian Armenia 7 million Hemshin peoples, Cherkesogai Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Assamese Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Assamese India (Assam) 15 million[2] Hinduism → Ekasarana Dharma
Assyrians Afroasiatic → Semitic → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey 2–3.3 million significant populations in the United States and Sweden Christianity → Syriac Christianity
Avars Northeast Caucasian→Avar–Andic→Avar Russia (Dagestan) 1.5 million Avar–Andi–Dido peoples Islam→Sunni Islam
Aymara Aymaran → Aymara Bolivia, Peru, Chile 1.75 million Christianity
Azerbaijanis Turkic → Oghuz → Azerbaijani Iran, Azerbaijan 28–35 million Karapapaks, Bayat, Shahsevan, Qaradaghis, Ayrums, Iranian Azerbaijanis, Georgian Azerbaijanis, Russian Azerbaijanis Islam → Shia Islam
Balochis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Balochi Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan
(Balochistan Province, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Nimruz Province) 		10 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Bamars Sino-Tibetan → Lolo-Burmese → Burmish → Burmese Myanmar, Thailand 30 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Bambara Niger-Congo → Mande → Manding → Bambara Mali 2.7 million Haratin Islam
Banda Ubangian languages → Banda languages Central African Republic, South Sudan Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.3 million Christianity
Bariba Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Savannas → Bariba Borgu (Benin, Nigeria) 1.4 million Islam
Bashkirs Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir Bashkortostan (Russia) 2 million Islam
Basques Basque Basque Country (Spain, France) 2.4 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Belarusians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Belarusian Belarus 9.5–10 million significant populations in the United States, Ukraine, and Russia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Bemba Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Sabi → Bemba Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique 0.7[3]–3.3 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Bengalis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Bengali Bangladesh, India (West Bengal, Tripura Barak Valley) 300 million[4] Bengali Muslims, Bengali Hindus, Chittagonian people, Sylhetis Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
Berbers Afroasiatic → Berber North Africa 25–30 million[5]–50 million[6][7][8][9] Tuaregs, Kabyle, Chaoui, Canary Islanders, Arab-Berbers (including Algerians, Libyans, Mauritanians, Moroccans, Sahrawi, Tunisians) Islam → Sunni Islam
Beti Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Beti Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea 3 million Fang, Ewondo, Eton, Bulu, Bebil, Bebele Christianity → Bwiti
Bissa Niger-Congo → Mande → Bissa Burkina Faso 0.7 million Islam
Bosniaks Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Bosnian Bosnia and Herzegovina 3–4.5 million Significant population in Serbia Islam → Sunni Islam
Brahui Dravidian → Brahui Pakistan 2.4 million[10] Islam
Bretons Indo-European → Celtic → Brittonic → Breton
Indo-European → Romance → Gallo 		Brittany 6–8 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Bulgarians Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Bulgarian Bulgaria, Western Outlands, Budjak, Macedonia 9–11.3 million Macedonian Bulgarians, Bessarabian Bulgarians, Pomaks, Banat Bulgarians along with significant populations in Turkey, Germany, Ukraine, Spain and the United States Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Catalans Indo-European → Romance → Catalan Spain, France 8–10 million[11] Valencians, Balearics, Andorrans Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Chechens Northeast Caucasian → Nakh →Vainakh → Chechen Chechnya (Russia) 1.5—2 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Chokwe Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Chokwe Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia 1.3 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Chuvash Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash Chuvashia (Russia) 2 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Circassians Northwest Caucasian → Circassian Russia (see also; Circassia) 4–8 million Adygeans, Kabardians Islam → Sunni Islam
Chewa Niger Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Nyasa → Chewa Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique 12 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Cornish Indo-European → Celtic → Brittonic → Cornish

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Anglic → English (Anglo-Cornish)

Cornwall (United Kingdom) 6–11 million significant populations in the United States and Australia Christianity
Corsicans Indo-European → Romance → Corsican Corsica (France) 0.3 million Christianity
Cree Algic → Algonquian → Cree Canada, Montana 0.4 million Métis (Oji-Cree) Christianity → Various branches, Native American religion
Croats Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Croatian Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.5–8.5 million Italian Croats (Molise Croats) Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Czechs Indo-European → Slavic → West Slavic → Czech Czech Republic 10–12 million Czech Americans Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Dagaaba Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Dagaare Ghana, Burkina Faso 1 million Traditional African religions, Islam, Christianity
Danes Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Danish Denmark 7 million significant populations in the United States and Canada Christianity → Lutheranism
Dinka Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Dinka South Sudan 5 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Duala Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Sawabantu → Duala Littoral Region (Cameroon) 0.4 million Kole, Mboko, Kwe, Wovea, Subu, Mungo, Limba Christianity, Traditional African religions
Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Dutch Netherlands 16–29 million[12] Flemings, Surinamese, Dutch Indonesians, Afrikaners (including Coloureds and Basters), along with significant populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (Christianity → Protestantism, Roman Catholicism)
Efik Niger–Congo → Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Efik Cross River State (Nigeria) 0.6 million Christianity, Traditional African religions → Efik mythology → Ekpe → Abakuá
English Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Anglic → English (English of England) England 100 million English Australians, English Canadians, Belizean Creoles, English Americans Christianity → Protestantism
Estonians Uralic → Finnic → Estonian Estonia 1.2 million Võros, Setos (Christianity → Lutheranism)
Ewe Niger-Congo → Gbe → Ewe Togo, Ghana 6.7 million numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Barbadians, Louisiana Creoles, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, and Afro-Surinamese) Christianity, Traditional African religions → West African Vodun (Louisiana Voodoo, Haitian Vodou, Cuban Vodú, Dominican Vudú)
Finns Uralic → Finnic → Finnish Finland 6.5 million significant populations in the United States, Sweden, Canada, and Russia Christianity → Lutheranism
Fon Niger-Congo → Gbe → Fon Dahomey (Benin), Nigeria 4.1 million Ogu people, Numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Barbadians, Louisiana Creole, Afro-Haitians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, and Afro-Surinamese) Traditional African religions → West African Vodun (Louisiana Voodoo, Haitian Vodou, Cuban Vodú, Dominican Vudú)
French Indo-European → Romance → French France 100 million[13] Quebecers, Métis (particularly those who speak Michif and Métis French), Walloons, Romands, Arpitans, Aostans, Haitians (including Afro-Haitians), French West Indians, French Guianese along with significant populations in the United States (including Louisiana Creoles), Madagascar, and Australia Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Frisians Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Frisian Frisia (Netherlands, Germany) 1.5 million West Frisians, East Frisians, North Frisians Christianity → Lutheranism
Fula Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Senegambian → Fula West Africa 20-25 million Wodaabe Islam
Ga-Adangbe Niger-Congo → Kwa → Ga-Dangme Greater Accra (Ghana) 2 million Ga, Adangbe Christianity, Traditional African religions (including Bwiti)
Gagauz Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz Gagauzia (Moldova) 0.2 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ganda Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Great Lakes Bantu → Ganda Buganda (Uganda) 6.2 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Georgians Kartvelian → Georgian Georgia 5–7 million Mingrelians, Svans, Adjarians Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Germans Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → German Germany, Austria, Switzerland 100–150 million[14] Alemannic Germans, Austrians, Bavarians, Franconians, Hessians, Luxembourgers, Pomeranians, Prussians, Saxons, South Tyroleans, Swabians, Swiss, Thuringii, Volga Germans, along with significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Chile, and Kazakhstan Christianity → Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism
Greeks Indo-European → Greek Greece,

Cyprus

14–17 million Greek Cypriots, Griko people, Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks, Albanian Greeks, Northern Epirotes along with significant populations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Canada Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Guaranís Tupi → Tupi-Guarani → Guaranis Amazonia 0.3 million Paraguayans, Bolivians, Argentines, Brazilians Guarani mythology, Roman Catholicism
Gujarati Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Gujarati India (Gujarat) 50–60 million[15] Gujarati Muslims, Gujarati Americans Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism
Gurma Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Gurma Burkina Faso, Niger 3.3 million Islam
Gurunsi Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Gurunsi Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo 0.9 million Kabye, Tem, Lamba, Nuna, Kassena Traditional African religions, Islam → Sunni Islam
Hadiya Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Highland East Cushitic → Hadiyya Hadiya & Gurage Zones (Ethiopia) 1 million Badawwaachcho, Leemo, Mareko, Shaashoogo, Sooro Christianity, Islam
Han Chinese Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese China, Taiwan 1,300 million[16] Chinese Americans, Malaysian Chinese, Chinese Singaporeans along with significant populations in Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar, Canada, the Philippines, Peru, Australia, Vietnam, Japan, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Italy, Germany, Korea, Spain, India, Laos, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Panama Atheism, Chinese Folk Religion, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism
Hausa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Hausa Niger, Nigeria 50 million Islam
Hazaras Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Persian → Dari → Hazaragi Afghanistan c. 7–8 million Islam → Shia Islam
Herero Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Herero Namibia, Angola 0.3 million OvaHimba, Ovambanderu Christianity
Hmong Hmong–Mien → Hmongic → West Hmongic → Hmong Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hainan, Guangdong, Hubei (China); Vietnam; Laos; Thailand 14 to 15 million Hmong Americans Hmong folk religion, Buddhism, Christianity
Hui Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese China 10 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Hungarians Uralic → Ugric → Hungarian Hungary 13.1–14.7 million significant populations in the United States, Romania, Slovakia, Canada, Serbia, Ukraine, and Germany Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Hutu Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Rwanda-Rundi Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo) 18.5 million Christianity
Ibibio Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Benue–Congo → Cross River → Lower Cross River → Ibibio-Efik → Ibibio Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria 5 million numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Barbadians, Afro-Dominicans of Dominica, Afro-Trinbagonians, and Afro-Cubans) Christianity
Icelanders Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Icelandic Iceland 0.5 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Igbo Niger-Congo → Igboid → Igbo Igboland (Nigeria) 34 million numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Antiguans, Afro-Barbudans, Afro-Barbadians, Belizean Creoles, Garifuna, Afro-Dominicans of Dominica, Afro-Grenadians, Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Jamaicans, Afro-Vincentians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, and Afro-Puerto Ricans) Christianity, Traditional African religions → Odinani, Obeah
Ijaw Niger-Congo → Ijaw Niger Delta – Rivers, Bayelsa, and Delta states of Nigeria 10 million Christianity
Ingushes Northeast Caucasian→Nakh →Vainakh→Ingush Russia

(Ingushetia)

0.7 million Islam→Sunni Islam
Irish Indo-European → Celtic → Goidelic → Irish

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Anglic → English (Hiberno-English)[17]

Ireland 70–80 million[18] Irish Travellers and significant populations in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Italians Indo-European → Romance → Italian Italy[19] 60–140 million[20] significant populations in Brazil, Argentina, the United States, Venezuela, Canada, France, Peru, Uruguay, Australia, Germany, Chile and the United Kingdom Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Japanese Japonic → Japanese Japan 129 million[21] Japanese Americans and significant populations in Brazil, China, the Philippines, Canada and Peru Buddhism, Shinto
Javanese Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Javanese Java 105 million[22] Cirebonese, Osing, Tenggerese, Boyanese, Samin, Banyumasan, Javanese Malaysians Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism
Jews Afroasiatic → Semitic → Northwest Semitic → Canaanite → Hebrew Israel 17-20 million Israelis, Ashkenazim, Mizrahim, Sephardim, Teimanim, Kochinim, Etiopim, along with significant populations in the United States, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Russia, Germany, and Australia Judaism
Kalanga Niger–Congo languages → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kalanga Zimbabwe, Botswana 0.9 million Nambya Traditional African religion, Christianity
Kannadigas Dravidian → Kannada India (Karnataka) 37–55 million Hinduism
Kanuri Nilo-Saharan → Saharan → Kanuri Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon 10 million Kanembu Islam
Karachays Turkic→Common Turkic→Kipchak→Kipchak-Cuman→Karachay-Balkar Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia) 0.2 million Islam →Sunni Islam
Karakalpaks Turkic → Kipchak → Karakalpak Karakalpakstan (Uzbekistan) 0.6 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Karen Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Burman → Karen Karen State (Myanmar), Thailand 7 millions Karen, Pwo Karen Theravada Buddhism, Christianity
Kashmiris Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Dardic → Kashmiri India (Kashmir Valley), Pakistan (Neelum Valley and Leepa Valley of Azad Kashmir ) 5.6 million[23][24] Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiri Pandits, Kashmiris of Punjab Islam → Sunni Islam, Hinduism
Kazakhs Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh Kazakhstan 17 million significant populations in China, and Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Khas Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Nepali Nepal 12.9 million Chhetri, Bahun, Nepalis Hinduism
Khmer Austroasiatic → Khmer Cambodia 15–17 million Cambodian Americans Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Kikuyu Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Northeast Bantu → Kikuyu Kenya 9.9 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Komi Uralic → Permic→Komi language Russia (Komi Republic, Perm Krai) c. 0.6 million Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyrians Christianity → Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Konkani Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Konkani India (Goa) 7.4 million[2] Hinduism
Kongo Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Kongo Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Angola, Gabon 10 million Lari, Vili, Mayombe, numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Jamaicans, Afro-Trinbagonians, African Americans (including Americo-Liberians), Afro-Haitians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Ecuadorians, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, Afro-Brazilians (including Pardo Brazilians), and Afro-Surinamese) Christianity, Traditional African religions → Kongo religion (Kumina, Palo (religion))
Koreans Koreanic → Korean Korea 82.5 million[25] Korean Americans, Zainichi Koreans, Chinese Koreans, Koryo-saram, Zainichi, and significant populations in Canada, Australia, Vietnam, and the Philippines Buddhism, Christianity
Kukis Sino-Tibetan → Kukish North East India Bangladesh Myanmar 0.7 million[26] Thadou, Paite, Simte, Zou, Lamkang, Kom people, Lushai, Hmar people, Anal people, Koireng, Zomi Christianity, Judaism
Kurds Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Kurdish Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria (see also; Kurdistan) 30–38 million Kurmanjis, Sorans, Zazas, Gorans. There are also significant populations in France and Germany. Sunni Islam, Shia Islam -> Alevism, Christianity, Yazidism
Kyrgyz Turkic → Kipchak → Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan 4.5 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Lango Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Luo → Lango Uganda 1.8 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Lao Tai-Kadai → Tai → Southwestern Tai → Lao Laos 4 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Latvians Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian Latvia 1.5–1.6 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Lithuanians Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian Lithuania 3.7–4.1 million Samogitians Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Laz Kartvelian → Karto-Zan → Zan → Laz Turkey, Georgia 0.2–1 million Islam → Sunni Islam, Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Luba Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Luban Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Luo Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Luo → Luo Kenya, Tanzania 7 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Lurs Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Luri Iran 5 million Islam → Shia Islam
Macedonians Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Macedonian Republic of Macedonia, region of Macedonia 2.5 million Torbesh Christianity → Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Mafa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Biu–Mandara → Mafa Cameroon 0.8 million Christianity
Malays Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Malay Malay world 30 million Bruneians, Kedahans, Pattani, Kelantanese, Terengganuans, Pahang, Perakians, Berau, Cape Malays Islam → Sunni Islam
Malayali Dravidian → Malayalam India (Kerala) 40–60 million significant populations in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism
Maldivians Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Maldivian Maldives 0.4 million Mahls Islam → Sunni Islam
Maltese Afroasiatic → Semitic → Arabic → Siculo-Arabic → Maltese Malta 0.7 million Gozitans Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Manchu Altaic → Tungusic → Manchu (Sino-Tibetan → Sinitic → Chinese) China 10.4 million Manchu shamanism, Buddhism
Mandinka Niger-Congo → Mande → Manding → Mandinka (Mandingo), Maninka, Kassonke, Kita Maninka Mali, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal, Ivory Coast 13 million numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Bahamians, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, African Americans (including Americo-Liberians), Afro-Colombians, Afro-Costa Ricans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Panamanians, and Cape Verdeans) Islam, Christianity
Mapuche Araucanian → Mapudungun Chile, Argentina 1.7 million Huilliche Christianity (Catholicism, Evangelicalism)
Marathi Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Marathi India (Maharashtra) 87 million[27] Hinduism
Mari Uralic → Mari Russia (Mari El Republic) c.0.6 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Masa Afroasiatic → Chadic → Masa Cameroon, Chad 0.5 million Christianity, Islam
Mayans Mayan Guatemala, Belize, Mexico (Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Chiapas), Honduras, El Salvador 7 million Achi, Chuj, Ch'orti', Itza, K'iche', Q'eqchi', Tz'utujil, Xinca, Hispanic Belizeans, Guatemalans Christianity → Roman Catholicism, Maya religion
Mbaka Ubangian → Ngbaka languages → Mbaka Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.3 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism, Traditional African religions
Minangkabau Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian → Malayo-Sumbawan → Malayic → Malayan → Minangkabau Indonesia 8 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Mongo Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Bangi-Ntomba → Mongo Democratic Republic of the Congo 12 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Mongols Altaic → Mongolian Inner Mongolia (China), Mongolia 10 million Buryats, Oirats (Subgroup: Kalmyks) Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Montenegrins Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Montenegrin Montenegro 0.6 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Mordvins Uralic → Mordvinic → Erzya language
Uralic → Mordvinic → Moksha language 		Russia (Mordovia) 0.8 million Erzya, Mokshas Christianity → Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Mossi Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Gur → Oti–Volta → Mossi Burkina Faso 7.6 million Islam
Naga Sino-Tibetan → Naga language India (Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam), Myanmar 4 million Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Konyak, Lotha, Mao, Maram, Poumai, Rongmei, Sangtam, Sumi, Tangkhul, Tangsa and Zeliang Christianity → Protestantism, Roman Catholicism
Norwegians Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Norwegian Norway 12 million significant populations in the United States, and Norwegian Canadians Christianity → Lutheranism
Nubians Nilo-Saharan → Nubian languages Nubia, Southern Egypt, North Sudan 2–15 million Sudanese Arabs Sufi Islam, Sunni Islam, Coptic Christian
Nuer Nilo-Saharan → Nilotic → Western Nilotic → Nuer South Sudan 5 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Nuristanis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Nuristani Nuristan (Afghanistan) 0.3 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Odia Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Odia India (Odisha) 32 million[28] Hinduism
Occitans Indo-European → Italic → Romance → Occitano-Romance → Occitan France (Occitania) 16 million Christianity
Oromo Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Oromo Ethiopia, Kenya 35–45 million[29]

Islam → Sunni Islam, Christianity → Coptic Orthodox and Protestant

Ossetians Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → East Iranian → Ossetian South Ossetia, Georgia; North Ossetia-Alania, Russia 0.8 million Iron, Digor Christianity → Eastern Orthodox, Assianism
Ovambo Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Oshiwambo Namibia, Angola 1.6 million Christianity → Lutheranism
Ovimbundu Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Umbundu Angola 6 million Christianity
Pamiris Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Pamir Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan (see also; Pamir Mountains) ca. 0.3 million Islam → Shia Islam → Isma'ilism
Pashtuns Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Pashto Pashtunistan (Afghanistan, Pakistan) 40–60 million[30] Pashtun Americans Islam → Sunni Islam
Persians Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Persian Iran 49 million Islam → Shia Islam
Poles Indo-European → Slavic → West Slavic → Polish Poland 58–60 million[31][32][33][34][35] Kashubians, Silesians, along with significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Germany, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Belarus, Russia, Australia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Portuguese Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese Portugal 42-125 million[36] Brazilians, Cape Verdeans, São Tomenses, Luso-Indians, Macanese, Galicians. There are also significant populations in the United States, Venezuela, France, Canada, South Africa, Angola, the United Kingdom, and Portuguese Luxembourger. Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Punjabis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Punjabi East and West Punjab (Pakistan, India) 121 million[37] Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs, Punjabi Hindus, Punjabi Christians, Punjabi Jains, Punjabi Buddhists and significant populations in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Islam, Sikhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Jainism, Buddhism
Quechua people Quechua languages Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador 10 million Roman Catholicism, traditional Andean religions, Protestant, Judaism
Rohingyas Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Rohingya Rakhine State, Myanmar. 2.4 million +[38] Islam, Hinduism
Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Romanian Romania, Moldova 24 million[39] Moldovans and significant populations in Italy, Germany, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and France. Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Roma Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Romani Europe, North India (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan), The Middle East 12 million Sinti, Iberian Kale, Welsh Kale, Finnish Kale, Romanichal, significant populations in Turkey, the United States, Brazil, Spain, Romania, France, Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Italy, Serbia, and Slovakia. Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, Islam[40]
Russians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Russian Russia 130–150 million[41] significant populations in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Germany, the United States, Uzbekistan, Israel, Brazil, Belarus, Canada, Latvia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Estonia, Turkmenistan, France, Lithuania and Azerbaijan. Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Samoans Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Oceanic → Polynesian → Samoan Samoan Islands (Samoa, American Samoa 0.5 million Christianity → Protestantism
Sara Nilo-Saharan → Central Sudanic → Sara Chad, Central African Republic 3–4 million Traditional African religions
Sardinians Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian Sardinia (Italy) 1.7 million[42] Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Scottish Indo-European → Celtic → Goidelic → Scottish Gaelic

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Anglic → English (Scottish English) and Scots

Scotland 28–40 million[18] Ulster Scots, Belizean Creoles, significant populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Argentina Christianity → Church of Scotland
Senufo Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Senufo Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso 3 million Nafana Traditional African religions
Serbs Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Serbo-Croatian → Serbian Serbia, Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Montenegro 9.6–12.5 million significant populations in Kosovo, Croatia, Germany, Austria, France, and Sweden Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Shan Tai-Kadai → Tai → Southwestern Tai → Shan Shan State (Myanmar) 4—6 million Buddhism → Theravada Buddhism
Shona Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Shona Zimbabwe, Mozambique 10.7–11.7 million Manyika, Ndau, Kalanga Christianity, Traditional African religions
Sindhis Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Sindhi Pakistan (Sindh), India 40 million[citation needed] Indian Sindhis, Sindhi Muslims, Sindhi Hindus, Sindhi Sikhs Islam (79%)
Hinduism (20%)
Others (1%)
Sinhalese Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Sinhalese Sri Lanka 16 million[43] British Sri Lankans Buddhism → Theravada
Christianity
Slovaks Indo-European → Slavic → West Slavic → Slovak Slovakia 6 million Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Slovenes Indo-European → Slavic → South Slavic → Slovene Slovenia 2.5 million Carinthian Slovenes Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Soga Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Northeast Bantu → Great Lakes Bantu → Soga Busoga (Uganda) 2.1 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Somalis Afroasiatic → Cushitic → Lowland East Cushitic → Somali → Somali Greater Somalia (Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya 16–20 million American Somalis, British Somalis, Swedish Somalis, Canadian Somalis, Somali diaspora, Hawiye, Darod, Isaaq, Dir, Rahanweyn, Madhiban, Yibir Islam
Songhai Nilo-Saharan → Songhai Mali, Niger 4.5 million Zarma Islam
Soninke Niger-Congo → Mande → Soninke Mali 1 million Haratin Islam
Sotho Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Sotho-Tswana → Sotho South Africa, Lesotho 5.3–6.4 million Pedi Christianity, Traditional African religions
Spaniards Indo-European → Romance → Spanish Spain 47[44]–500 million Castilians, Asturians, Leonese, Aragonese, Extremadurans, Fala, Mexicans, Colombians, Argentinians, Peruvians, Venezuelans, Chileans, Ecuadorians, Guatemalans, Cubans, Bolivians, Dominicans, Hondurans, Paraguayans, Salvadorians, Nicaraguans, Costa Ricans, Puerto Ricans, Panamanians, Uruguayans, Hispanic-Americans, Hispanic-Californians, Hispanic-New Mexicans, Hispanic Belizeans along with significant populations in France, Brazil, and the rest of the United States Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Sundanese Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Sundanese Java 40 million Bantenese, Baduy, Cirebonese Islam → Sunni Islam
Sukuma Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Northeast Bantu → Sukuma Tanzania 5.5 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Swazi Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Nguni → Swazi South Africa, Swaziland 2.4 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Swedes Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic → Swedish Sweden 14.2 Million Åland Swedes and significant populations in mainland Finland, the United States, Canada, Argentina and the United Kingdom Christianity → Lutheranism
Tagalogs Austronesian → Malayo-Polynesian → Philippine → Tagalog Philippines 30 million Filipino Americans Christianity → Roman Catholicism
Tajiks Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Persian → Dari / Tajik Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 18–27 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Tamils Dravidian → Tamil India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka 78 million[45] Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka, Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil Muslims, along with significant populations in Malaysia, South Africa, the United States, Singapore, Canada, the United Kingdom, and France. Hinduism, Islam, Christianity
Thais Tai-Kadai → Thai Thailand 59 million Southern, Khorat, Lanna, Isans, Tai Lü, Thai Americans Buddhism, Hinduism
Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar Tatarstan (Russia) 6.8 million Volga Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Siberian Tatars, Mishar Tatars, Finnish Tatars, Chinese Tatars Islam → Sunni Islam
Telugu Dravidian → Telugu India (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana) 90 million[46] Hinduism
Temne Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Mel → Temne Sierra Leone 2.2 million Islam, Poro, Sande, Christianity
Tibetans Sino-Tibetan → Tibeto-Kanauri → Bodish → Tibetan Tibet (China) 6.2 million Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Tigrayans Afroasiatic → Semitic → Tigrinya Eritrea, Ethiopia 9 Million Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Tswana Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Sotho-Tswana → Tswana South Africa, Botswana 6 million Koene, Balete, Mangwato, Bangwaketse, Rolong Christianity
Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Turkey 63–72 million Turkish Cypriots, Yörüks and significant populations in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, the United States, and Sweden Islam → Sunni Islam, Islam → Alevism
Turkmens Turkic → Oghuz → Turkmen Turkmenistan 6 million Islam → Sunni Islam
Tutsi Niger–Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Rwanda-Rundi Rwanda, Burundi, Kivu (Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo) 3 million Banyamulenge Christianity, Islam
Udmurts Uralic → Permic → Udmurt language Russia (Udmurtia) 0.6 million Christianity → Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Ukrainians Indo-European → Slavic → East Slavic → Ukrainian Ukraine; Kuban, Belgorod, Kursk, Voronezh, Rostov, (Russia); Prešov (Slovakia); Zakerzonia (Poland); Brest (Belarus) 38–59 million[47] Boyko, Hutsul, Kozak, Lemko, Pannonian Rusyn, Poleshuks, Rusyn along with significant populations in the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Argentina, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, and Romania Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Ukrainian Catholic
Uyghur Turkic → Karluk → Uyghur Xinjiang (China) 10 million Uyghurs in Kazakhstan Islam → Sunni Islam
Uzbeks Turkic → Karluk → Uzbek Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan 25 million Uzbeks in Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Vietnamese Austroasiatic → Vietic → Vietnamese Vietnam 84 million[48] significant populations in the United States, Cambodia, France, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Germany and Laos Buddhism → Mahayana
Vietnamese folk religion
Welsh Indo-European → Celtic → Brittonic → Welsh

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → Anglic → English (Welsh English)

Wales 6–16.3 million Welsh Argentine and significant populations in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Christianity → Church in Wales, Presbyterian Church of Wales
Wolof Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Senegambian → Wolof Senegambia (Senegal, The Gambia) 6.2 million numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Kittians, Afro-Nevisians, Afro-Saint Lucians, and Afro-Costa Ricans) Islam → Sufism → Mouride, Tijaniyyah
Xhosa Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Nguni → Xhosa South Africa 8 million Christianity, Traditional African religions
Yakuts Turkic → Siberian Turkic → Yakut Yakutia (Russia) 0.5 million Christianity → Russian Orthodox Christianity
Yoruba Niger-Congo → Atlantic-Congo → Volta-Niger → Edekiri → Yoruba Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin, Togo) 43 million Egun, Ijesha, Egba, Yewa, Igbomina, Awori, Akoko, Okun, Ana, Ekiti, Ilaje, numerous slave descents (particularly Afro-Antiguans, Afro-Barbudans, Afro-Grenadians, Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Jamaicans, Afro-Saint Lucians, Afro-Trinbagonians, African Americans (including Americo-Liberians), Afro-Haitians, Afro-Colombians, Afro-Costa Ricans, Afro-Cubans, Afro-Dominicans of the Dominican Republic, Afro-Nicaraguans, Afro-Puerto Ricans, and Afro-Brazilians (including Pardo Brazilians)) Christianity, Islam
Zande Niger-Congo → Zande Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan 1.1 million Christianity
Zhuang Tai Kadai → Tai → Zhuang Guangxi (China) 16.9 million Moism
Zulu Niger-Congo → Atlantic–Congo → Bantu → Southern Bantu → Nguni → Zulu KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) 10–11 million Northern Ndebele Christianity, Traditional African religions

Lists of ethnic groups[edit]

by status
regional lists

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Arab League Celebrates Its 68th Anniversary". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 70. May 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2018. 
  2. ^ a b Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  3. ^ "Bemba facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Bemba". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  4. ^ roughly 170 million in Bangladesh and 130 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million Bangladeshis in the Middle East, 1 million Bengalis in Pakistan, 5 million British Bangladeshi.
  5. ^ "North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring". Fox News. 5 May 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2013. 
  6. ^ Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie (2006). The Handbook of Bilingualism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 860. ISBN 0631227350. Retrieved 19 July 2016. 
  7. ^ "Berber people". Retrieved 2016-08-17. 
  8. ^ Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia, Ed. Steven, L. Danver, M.E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p.23
  9. ^ Temehu.com. "Berbers (Imazighen) of North Africa: Libya, Algeria & Morocco". www.temehu.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  10. ^ "Brahui". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  11. ^ Including all population with Catalan heritage, language, culture
  12. ^ Estimates range from anywhere between 66 and 106 million. The French language has an estimated 75 million native speakers. The CIA Factbook does not report any French ethnicity (considering it a nationality), giving the ethnic composition of France as "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic". [1]
  13. ^ "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), p. 171; "Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, ..."
  14. ^ CIA Factbook (2014) estimates 55 million in India. SIL Ethnologue cites 46 million native speakers of Gujarati. About 1 million in Pakistan and 1 million in the USA.
  15. ^ 1.24 billion (92% of total population) in the PRC (CIA Factbook 2014 est.), about 22 million in Taiwan, and an estimated 50 million Overseas Chinese
  16. ^ The Irish were predominantly Gaelic-speaking until the 17th century, but significantly anglicized during the early modern period. Since the mid-19th century, the large majority of Irish have been native speakers of English.
  17. ^ a b ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk, Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG Tel:0131 556 8400 (29 May 2009). "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland". www.scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  18. ^ Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country, James D. Fearon. Department of Political Science, Stanford University
  19. ^ Figures cited range anywhere between some 60 and 140 million, the latter figure including citizens of Brazil and the United States who identify as of partial Italian ancestry. The Italian language has some 60 million native speakers.[2]
  20. ^ 127 million in Japan, about 2.5 million abroad.
  21. ^ 102 million in Indonesia (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate); small numbers in Malaysia, Suriname and elsewhere.
  22. ^ ORGI. "Census of India: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues −2001". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-04-30. 
  23. ^ Shakil, Mohsin. "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)". 
  24. ^ 50 million in South Korea, 25 million in North Korea, roughly 7 million in diaspora.
  25. ^ 0.5 million in India, 0.1 million in Myanmar, 0.1 million in Bangladesh roughly 20 thousand in diaspora.
  26. ^ 87 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), subject to rapid population growth.
  27. ^ "Odia". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  28. ^ About 38 million in Ethiopia, ~2 million in Kenya, roughly half a million in diaspora. Afan Oromo language has an estimated 45 million native speakers.
  29. ^ About 30 million in Pakistan and 12 million in Afghanistan; Penzl and Sloan, Pashto Grammar (2009) estimated a total number of Pashto speakers between 40 and 60 million. SIL Ethnologue in 2011 estimated an ethnic population of 49 million.
  30. ^ 37.5–38 million in Poland and 21–22 million ethnic Poles or people of ethnic Polish extraction elsewhere. "Polmap. Rozmieszczenie ludności pochodzenia polskiego (w mln)"
  31. ^ Główny Urząd Statystyczny (January 2013). Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (pdf) (in Polish). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 89–101. Retrieved 12 December 2014. 
  32. ^ Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski [Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011] (PDF) (in Polish). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. November 2015. pp. 129–136. ISBN 978-83-7027-597-6. 
  33. ^ Gudaszewski, Grzegorz (November 2015). Struktura narodowo-etniczna, językowa i wyznaniowa ludności Polski. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (PDF). Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. pp. 132–136. ISBN 978-83-7027-597-6. 
  34. ^ Central Statistical Office (January 2013). "The national-ethnic affiliation in the population – The results of the census of population and housing in 2011" (PDF) (in Polish). p. 1. Retrieved 6 March 2013. 
  35. ^ Portuguese ethnicity is more clear-cut than Spanish ethnicity, but here also, the case is complicated by the Portuguese ancestry of populations in the former colonial empire. Portugal has 11 million nationals. The 42 million figure is due to a study estimating a total of an additional 31 million descendants from Portuguese grandparents; these people would be eligible for Portuguese citizenship under Portuguese nationality law (which grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals). Emigração: A diáspora dos portugueses Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. (2009)
  36. ^ Lahnda/Western Punjabi 90,512,900 Pakistan and other countries (2014). Eastern: 28,200,000 India (2001), other countries: 1,314,770. Ethnologue 19.
  37. ^ David Mathieson (2009). Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya Take to the Seas. Human Rights Watch. p. 3. ISBN 9781564324856. 
  38. ^ "Romanian". Ethnologue. Retrieved 13 November 2014. 
  39. ^ Gall, Timothy L, ed. (1998), Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life, 4. Europe, Cleveland, OH: Eastword, pp. 316, 318, ‘Religion: An underlay of Hinduism with an overlay of either Christianity or Islam (host country religion)’; Roma religious beliefs are rooted in Hinduism. Roma believe in a universal balance, called kuntari... Despite a 1,000-year separation from India, Roma still practice 'shaktism', the worship of a god through his female consort... 
  40. ^ Estimates range between 130 and 150 million. 111 million in the Russian Federation (2010 census), about 16 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states (8 M in Ukraine, 4.5 M in Kazakhstan, 1 M in Belarus, 0.6 M Latvia, 0.6 M in Uzbekistan, 0.6 M in Kyrgyzstan. Up to 10 million Russian diaspora elsewhere (mostly Americas and Western Europe).
  41. ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". www.demo.istat.it. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  42. ^ "Sinhala". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  43. ^ There is no clear definition of Spanish ethnicity. In Spain, ethnic identity is divided into regional groups, and internationally, Spanish ethnicity is not clearly delineated from "Spanish ancestry" in the territories of the former colonial empire. There are 41 million Spanish nationals in Spain, and some 2 million living abroad. The total worldwide rounds to more than 47 million.
  44. ^ 73 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate, subject to rapid population growth), 2 million in Sri Lanka (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), roughly 3 million in diaspora.
  45. ^ 89 million in the Republic of India (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), subject to rapid population growth.
  46. ^ Project, Joshua. "Ukrainian – Joshua Project". www.joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  47. ^ 80 million in Vietnam (CIA Factbook 2014 estimate), roughly 4 million in diaspora.
  • Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1. 
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