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List of countries by date of transition to a republican system of government

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This is a list of countries by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a republican form of government. There were two periods in recent history when many such transitions took place:

  • during or within five years after World War I (1914–1923) – marked in green;
  • during or within five years after World War II (1939–1950) – marked in pink.

Some of the countries on this list were part of larger, now extinct, states (such as the Russian Empire or Yugoslavia) when the transition to a republic took place. Countries that have always had non-republican forms of government (such as absolute monarchy, theocracy, etc.) are not included in this list. Some were also independent states that shared their head of state with other countries (such as Denmark or the United Kingdom) before abolishing the link with the shared monarchy. Countries marked in yellow have since ceased to be republics in favour of another form of government.

List of countries/Regions

[edit]
Legend
  Later restored to non-republican form of government (usually monarchy or conquest by a monarchical state)
  Later transition to empire
  Transition during or following World War I (1914–1923)
  Transition during or following World War II (1939–1950)
Country/Region Date of
Transition 		Remarks
Vaishali Circa 623 BC The Vajjika League of Vrijji mahajanapada in modern-day Bihar in India was established here prior to the birth of Gautama Buddha which happened in Lumbini in 623BC. [1] Vaiśālī was the capital of the republican Licchavi state. In 468 BCE the Vajjika League was conquered by the Kingdom of Magadha, becoming an extinct state.
Rome Circa 509 BC Establishment of the Roman Republic following the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. Later succeeded by the monarchical Roman Empire following the proclamation of Gaius Octavius as Augustus on 16 January 27 BC and subsequent constitutional reforms. In 395 AD the empire would split in two permanently. The Western Roman Empire became an extinct state in 476 AD. The Eastern Roman Empire, called the Byzantine Empire by later historians, continued until 1453 when Ottoman forces conquered the city of Constantinople.
San Marino 3 September 301 Republic founded for San Marino (traditional date)
Novgorod Republic, Russia 1136 The Novgorod Republic, formally known as Lord Novgorod the Great, was a city-state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries in northwestern Russia, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. Its capital was the city of Novgorod. The republic prospered as the easternmost trading post of the Hanseatic League, and its people were much influenced by the culture of the Byzantines, with the Novgorod school of icon painting producing many fine works. For much of its history, Novgorod was the center of Russian art and culture.
Poland 1 July 1569 Establishment of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a result of the Union of Lublin. Poland-Lithuania was often referred to as a republic under the presidency of the King, having a King who reigns and does not rule and the Parliament being responsible for governance. In Polish, the Commonwealth is known as the First Polish Republic (Polish: Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita), or literally as the Republic of Both Nations (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów), whilst formally being the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish: Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie). The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth came to an end in 1796, with the Third Partition of Poland.
Lithuania
Netherlands 26 July 1581 The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declared its independence from King Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581, with the Act of Abjuration, and became the Batavian Republic in 1795. The Kingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806.
Switzerland 24 October 1648 Switzerland became independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia
England 19 May 1649 The Commonwealth of England, later known as the Protectorate, was established on 19 May 1649, following the execution of King Charles I. The monarchy was restored on 29 May 1660.
Algeria June 1659 In 1659, the division of governance in the Regency of Algiers between the Pashas appointed by the Ottoman Porte and the Janissary Odjak of Algiers came to an end. The regency became a de faco independent military republic, with power initially concentrated in the Agha, who served as the president of the diwan. From 1671 onward, authority was vested in the Dey of Algiers.[2][3] Algeria was legally a territory of the Ottoman Empire, but in practice it acted as an independent country in relation to Constantinople. In 1830, Algeria was conquered by the Kingdom of France as a constituent territory.
United States 4 July 1776 On July 4, 1776, Thirteen British Colonies in North America declared its independence (and therefore also its separation) from the Kingdom of Great Britain. In March 1, 1781, these 13 states officially organized itselves in a Confederation. Great Britain only recognized the independence of the United States of America and its territorial loss in September 3, 1783. The present U.S. constitution became effective, establishing the current U.S. government in March 4, 1789.[4]
France 21 September 1792 Founded by the French Revolution. During the Revolution, the French Monarchy was overthrown and a National Convention established. The first act of the Convention was to strip the King of his powers and to declare the First French Republic.[5] After several changes to the governance of the Republic it came to an end in 1804 when Napoleon was declared Emperor of the French and the First French Empire was established.[6]
Colombia (New Granada) 20 July 1811 On 20 July 1811, the New Kingdom of Granada declared its independence (and therefore also its separation) from the Kingdom of Spain, forming the United Provinces of New Granada, a republican state. The Bogotá Province decided to not join the new country and declared itself the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca, a monarchical state that still recognized the authority of the king of Spain. On 3 September 1816 Venezuela is reconquered by the Spanish Empire, which reestablishes the New Kingdom of Granada.
Venezuela 5 July 1811 On 5 July 1811, the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared its independence (and therefore also its separation) from the Kingdom of Spain, forming the First Republic of Venezuela. On 25 July 1812 Venezuela is reconquered by the Spanish Empire, which reestablishes the Captaincy General of Venezuela.
Colombia (Cundinamarca) 19 September 1812 The 1811 Constitution of the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca is reformed. A republican system of government is established and the authority of the King of Spain is completely eliminated. In 12 December 1814 the country is conquered by the United Provinces of New Granada, this later reconquered by the Spanish Empire in 1816, which reestablished the New Kingdom of Granada.
Venezuela 7 August 1813 In the Admirable Campaign, the Second Republic of Venezuela is declared. The Republic came to an end in the following year, when Caracas was reoccupied by the Royalists on 16 July 1814.
Paraguay 12 October 1813 Republic proclaimed after independence from Spain on 14 May 1811. The Kingdom of Spain only recognized the indepedence of Paraguay on 10 September 1880
Argentina 9 July 1816 Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1816 the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata recognized the authority of the king of Spain. On 9 July 1816 the country declared itself an independent republic in relation to the Kingdom of Spain due to the refusal of King Ferdinand VII to accept constitutional rule both in the Peninsula (Spain) and overseas. Republican constitutions of 1819 and 1826 led to the adoption of the 1853 text. The Kingdom of Spain only recognized the independence of Argentina on July 9, 1859.
Venezuela 19 July 1817 Third Republic of Venezuela established by Simon Bolivar. The Republic ended, after the Congress of Angostura of 1819 decreed the union of Venezuela with New Granada, to form the Republic of Gran Colombia. In 24 September 1830, in the Congress of Valencia, Venezuela separated from Colombia and Ecuador. The Kingdom of Spain only recognized Venezuela's independence on 29 March 1845.
Chile 12 February 1818 Independence declared from the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1814 there were republican governments although nominally remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy. In 1817 there was re-established the independentist government and established a republican system in different constitutional texts. The Kingdom of Spain only recognized Chile's independence on 25 April 1844.
Colombia 17 December 1819 Republic of Colombia declared during Congress of Angostura, becoming independent (and therefore separates) from the Kingdom of Spain definitively. The Kingdom of Spain only recognized Colombia's independence on 30 January 1888. On November 3, 1903, Panama separated from Colombia, also adopting a republican government.
Panama
Ecuador 24 May 1822 Incorporated into Republic of Colombia, end of Royal Audiencia of Quito, a judicial district of the Spanish Empire. On 13 May 1830 Ecuador separated from Colombia. The Kingdom of Spain only recognized Ecuador's independence on 16 February 1840.
Mexico 31 March 1823 Mexico was the only former viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after gaining independence from the Kingdom of Spain. In May 1822, Agostín de Iturbide was acclaimed Emperor, with the title of Agostín I. However, relations with Congress deteriorated, and the monarch ordered its closure in late October of that year, beginning to govern through a junta, which caused him to lose popularity among the elite and the military. The republic was proclaimed and the emperor was forced to resign and go into exile. He returned to Mexico in 1824, but was arrested and executed shortly thereafter.
Costa Rica 1 July 1823 Independence of United Provinces of Central America. After Central America (then the Captaincy General of Guatemala) declared its independence from the Kingdom of Spain in September 1821, it was annexed by the First Mexican Empire in January 1822 before regaining its independence and forming a federal republic in 1823. The republic descended into civil wars from 1827 to 1829 and from 1838 to 1840, by the end of which the states of Central America declared independence as new republics and the federal republic ceased to exist. The Kingdom of Spain recognized the independence of these countries only in the 1850s (Costa Rica and Nicaragua), 1860s (Guatemala and El Salvador) and in the 1890s (Honduras).
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Peru 20 July 1822 Peru formally proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821 as the Protectorate of Peru. At the Guayaquil Conference, José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar tried to decide Peru's political fate. San Martín argued for a constitutional monarchy, and Bolivar wanted a republic; both sought independence from Spain. San Martín left Peru on 22 September 1822, and left the independence movement's command to Bolívar. Constituent Congress founded the republic. Royalists were defeated in the Battle of Ayacucho; the Kingdom of Spain did not recognize the independence of the republic on 14 August 1879.
Bolivia 6 August 1825 Constitutional congress declared Bolivia as an independent republic in relation to the Kingdom of Spain. Kingdom of Spain only recognized the independence of the new republic on 21 July 1847
Uruguay 18 July 1830 Declared its independence from the Empire of Brazil as a republican state. Promulgation of the first Uruguayan constitution
France 1848 Following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo there was a period of turmoil during which the Bourbon Restoration was overthrown by citizens who established the French Second Republic. This second French Republic was itself short-lived and overthrown when Louis-Napoleon conducted the 1851 self-coup d'etat and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. At the time, Algeria was part of French territory as an integral part of the country.
Algeria
Liberia 26 July 1847 Independent Republic of Liberia created
Haiti 15 January 1859 Abdication of Emperor Faustin
Dominican Republic 25 March 1865 Adoption of new constitution near end of Dominican Restoration War
Mexico 15 July 1867 In 1861, French, Spanish, and British ships landed in Mexico and began invading the country, claiming the Mexican government owed debts to these European powers. Due to disagreements over how to collect the debts, the United Kingdom and Spain abandoned the venture, and France continued the invasion, reaching Mexico City on June 10, 1863. Emperor Napoleon III of France transformed Mexico back into an empire and crowned an ally, the Austrian Prince Maximilian of Habsburg, as the country's monarch.After four years Emperor Maxmilian I was executed; Federal Republic officially restored
France 4 September 1870 Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War. In the following decades the French republican government annexed (and therefore in the process also abolished) several native monarchies in Africa, Asia and in the Pacific Islands. On the eve of World War I, France's colonial empire (although the word empire is used here, the colonial empire had a republican government) was the second-largest in the world after the monarchical British Empire.
Algeria Republican government instituted when French mother country became a republic
Ivory Coast
Mauritania
Senegal
Brazil 15 November 1889 Emperor Pedro II deposed and Brazilian Republic proclaimed by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca
Hawaii 4 July 1894 Queen Liliʻuokalani deposed and republic proclaimed following a provisional government
Madagascar 28 February 1897 End of Merina Kingdom
Philippines 23 January 1899 First Philippine Republic.[a]
Cuba 20 May 1902 Independence as Republic of Cuba following United States Military Government after the end of the Spanish–American War
Portugal 5 October 1910 King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the 1910 revolution. The First Republic was overthrown by the 1926 coup d'état that instated the Ditadura Nacional military dictatorship followed by the corporatist Estado Novo which lasted until it was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution on 25 April 1974, and democracy was eventually restored.
Angola Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic. Subjected to the Estado Novo until 1974.
Cape Verde
East Timor
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
São Tomé and Príncipe
China 1 January 1912 Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution. The ROC was initially in control of mainland China but later relocated to Taiwan. It is now commonly known as "Taiwan".
The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949, and is now in control of mainland China. It is commonly known as "China".
Comoros 1912 End of last of indigenous sultanates
Armenia 14 September 1917 Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Russia
Ukraine
Poland 7 October 1918 After more than a century of partitions between the Austrian, Prussian and Russian imperial powers, Poland re-emerged as a sovereign state at the end of the First World War in Europe.
Czech Republic 18 October 1918 Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed
Slovakia
Germany 9 November 1918 Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution
Austria 12 November 1918 Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles
Finland 14 December 1918 King Frederic Charles renounced the throne
Turkmenistan 26 April 1920 Khan Sayid Abdullah deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed
Lebanon 23 July 1920 French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun
Syria
Tajikistan 8 October 1920 Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed
Uzbekistan
Togo 20 July 1922 Formal beginning of French Togoland League of Nations Mandate
Turkey 29 October 1923 Republic of Turkey was proclaimed after the Turkish War of Independence, succeeding the Ottoman Empire
Mongolia 26 November 1924 Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed[b]
Spain 14 April 1931 The Second Spanish Republic came to power on 14 April 1931, following the economic crisis caused by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. The Republic lost power after the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Franco then led Spain until his death on 20 November 1975, when democracy was restored.
Moldova 2 August 1940 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Bessarabia by the Soviet Union
Iceland 17 June 1944 Republic of Iceland established after a referendum
North Korea 15 August 1945 Korea liberated from Japan and the People's Republic of Korea established, divided into North Korea and South Korea a month later.
South Korea
Indonesia 17 August 1945 Republic of Indonesia's proclamation of independence triggering the Indonesian National Revolution
Vietnam 25 August 1945 Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed in the north, State of Vietnam then Republic of Vietnam proclaimed in the south.
Taiwan 25 October 1945 Taiwan and Penghu Islands transferred to the Republic of China. Since 1949, the ROC only controls Taiwan and the surrounding islands.[c]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 29 November 1945 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile
Croatia
North Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovenia
Albania 1 January 1946 People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while King Zog was in exile
Hungary 1 February 1946 Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed
Italy 12 June 1946 King Umberto II renounced the throne and the Italian Republic was established after a referendum
Bulgaria 15 September 1946 Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum
Marshall Islands 18 July 1947 End of South Seas Mandate and beginning of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Palau
Romania 30 December 1947 King Michael abdicated and the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed
Myanmar 4 January 1948 Burmese independence declared
Israel 14 May 1948 State of Israel proclaimed
Palestine 1 October 1948 Palestinian statehood proclaimed[d]
Ireland 18 April 1949 Republic of Ireland Act came into force
India 26 January 1950 Constitution of India came into effect
Egypt 18 June 1953 Republic proclaimed after revolution in 1952
Sudan 1 January 1956 Independence of Republic of Sudan
South Sudan
Pakistan 23 March 1956 Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor General Iskander Mirza became president. Three coups in 1958 Pakistani coup d'état, 1977 and in 1999 respectively before restoration of civil electorate in 2008.
Bangladesh
Tunisia 25 July 1957 King Muhammad VIII al-Amin deposed
Iraq 14 July 1958 Faisal II deposed/killed in 14 July Revolution
Guinea 2 October 1958 Gained independence as a republic
Tibet 23 March 1959[10] The unrecognized de facto state of Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China and its political system was eliminated in 1959[e]
Mali 20 June 1960 Gained independence as a republic
Somalia 26 June 1960 Independence of State of Somaliland, which was united with the Trust Territory of Somalia on 1 July to form the Somali Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo 30 June 1960 Gained independence as a republic
Ghana 1 July 1960 Constitutional change after referendum on 27 April
Cyprus 16 August 1960 Gained independence as a republic
South Africa 31 May 1961 Republican constitution adopted
Cameroon 1 October 1961 End of British Trusteeship in Southern Cameroons, union with rest of Cameroon
Samoa 1 January 1962 Gained independence as a republic
Rwanda 1 July 1962 Independence as a republic following monarchy referendum in 1961
Yemen 27 September 1962 King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed
Tanganyika 9 December 1962 Republican constitution adopted
Nigeria 1 October 1963 Constitutional amendment
Uganda 9 October 1963 Constitutional amendment
Zanzibar 12 January 1964 Sultanate overthrown in Zanzibar Revolution
Zambia 24 October 1964 Gained independence as a republic
Kenya 12 December 1964 Republican constitution adopted
Singapore 9 August 1965 Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia
Malawi 6 July 1966 Republican constitution adopted
Botswana 30 September 1966 Gained independence as a republic
Burundi 28 November 1966 Republic declared after army coup d'état
South Yemen 30 November 1967 Independence of People's Republic of South Yemen
Nauru 31 January 1968 Gained independence as a republic
Equatorial Guinea 12 October 1968 Gained independence as a republic
Maldives 11 November 1968 Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum
Libya 1 September 1969 King Idris I deposed by Muammar Gaddafi's coup d'état
Guyana 23 February 1970 Co-operative Republic of Guyana proclaimed
Cambodia 18 March 1970 The Khmer Republic (later known as Democratic Kampuchea, then the People's Republic of Kampuchea, and finally the State of Cambodia) was declared in 1970 when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed. The monarchy was restored in 1993.
The Gambia 24 April 1970 Republic proclaimed following constitutional referendum
Sierra Leone 19 April 1971 Republican constitution adopted
Sri Lanka 22 May 1972 Sri Lankan constitution adopted
Bangladesh 16 December 1972 Constitution came into effect after a year of formation of state in 1972. Three coups followed in 1975 and 1982.
Afghanistan 17 July 1973 King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état. Era of republican governance ended in 2021 when the Taliban returned to power[f] and changed the government to a theocratic emirate.[15][16][17]
Greece 8 December 1974 Final abolition of monarchy; referendum
Malta 13 December 1974 Republic of Malta proclaimed
Eritrea 21 March 1975 Monarchy of Ethiopian Empire finally abolished
Ethiopia
Suriname 25 November 1975 Gained independence as a republic
Laos 2 December 1975 King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution
Seychelles 29 June 1976 Gained independence as a republic
Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1976 Republican constitution adopted
Dominica 3 November 1978 Gained independence as a republic
Iran 11 February 1979 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution[18]
Kiribati 12 July 1979 Gained independence as a republic[19]
Central African Empire 21 September 1979 Emperor Bokassa I deposed in a coup d'état,[20] restoring the Central African Republic.
Zimbabwe 17 April 1980 Full independence of Zimbabwe[21]
Fiji 6 October 1987 Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka[22]
Mauritius 12 March 1992 Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of constitutional changes[23]
Nepal 28 May 2008 Abolition of monarchy[24]
Barbados 30 November 2021 Proclaimed itself a republic via constitutional changes[23]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This polity was not recognized during its existence,[7] but is considered by the current Philippine government to have been legitimate.[8]
  2. ^ This polity was not recognized by many countries between 1940 and 1960 due to Outer Mongolia being part of the Republic of China. The ROC recognized Mongolia's independence in 1946, cancelled in 1953 and the independence-minded government re-recognized it in 2002.[9]
  3. ^ See also Political status of Taiwan.
  4. ^ Although the All-Palestine Protectorate had claimed jurisdiction of the former Mandatory Palestine, this entity only controlled the Gaza Strip and this government was recognized by Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen; not recognized by Transjordan, who would annex the West Bank in 1950. Both regions were captured by Israel in 1967 after the Six-Day War. On 15 November 1988, exactly 40 years after the 1948 declaration, the modern State of Palestine was established by the Palestine Liberation Organization in Algiers. After the Oslo Accords in 1993, the Palestinian Authority was set up to administer the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, in which the latter is now ruled by Hamas since 2007.
  5. ^ This polity was not recognized by all countries as it was integral part of China,[11][12] though the Central Tibetan Administration asserted that Tibet was an independent state without international recognition until the PRC invaded Tibet in 1949/1950.[13][14]
  6. ^ During the first Taliban government from 1996 to 2001, the republican Islamic State of Afghanistan remained in power in parts of the country.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  2. ^ "Affaires étrangères. Correspondance reçue du consulat d'Alger (1642-1792)". FranceArchives. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  3. ^ Plantet, Eugène (1889). Correspondance des deys d'Alger avec la Cour de France, 1579-1833 (PDF) (in French). Paris: F. Alcan. pp. 90–92.
  4. ^ "Syllabus: Owings v. Speed, 18 U.S. 420 (1820)". The present Constitution of the United States did not commence its operation until the first Wednesday in March 1789
  5. ^ Doyle, William (1989). The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0199252985.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  6. ^ "Paris: Capital of the 19th Century". library.brown.edu. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  7. ^ Tucker, S. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 496. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  8. ^ "EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Official Gazette of the Philippine Government. HISTORY. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  9. ^ Kotkin, Stephen; Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.), Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan, p139
  10. ^ Sperling (2004) p.17. Shakya (1999) p.90. Latourette (1964) p.419. Spence (1999) p.500.
  11. ^ Wang and Nyima (1997) p.20. Grunfeld (1996) p.256. Sperling (2004) p.10.
  12. ^ Sperling (2004) pp.6,7. Goldstein (1989) p.72. Both cite the ROC's position paper at the 1914 Simla Conference.
  13. ^ Sperling (2004) p.21
  14. ^ "Five Point Peace Plan". The Dalai Lama. 21 September 1987. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  15. ^ Murtazashvili, Jennifer Brick (2022). "The Collapse of Afghanistan". Journal of Democracy. 33 (1): 40-54. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0003.
  16. ^ Bezhan, Frud (7 September 2021). "Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  17. ^ George, Susannah (18 February 2023). "Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  18. ^ AFP (8 February 2019). "Iran celebrates 40th anniversary of Islamic Revolution". France 24. Tehran. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  19. ^ Raghavan, Dee (11 July 2021). "Celebrating Kiribati Independence Day!". CulturalPulse. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  20. ^ "Bokassa Is Reported Overthrown In Coup in Central African Empire". The New York Times. 21 September 1979. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  21. ^ Musvanhiri, Privilege (17 April 2020). "Zimbabwe celebrates 40 years of independence". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  22. ^ "FIJI COUP LEADER DECLARES REPUBLIC". The New York Times. Associated Press. 7 October 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  23. ^ a b Landler, Mark; Ahmed, Azam (18 September 2020). "'The Time Has Come': Barbados Casts Off the Queen as Head of State, and Others May Follow". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Monk, Katie (9 June 2008). "Nepal hails a new republic". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2021.

Sources

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