List of destroyed heritage

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One of the Buddhas of Bamiyan, which were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001

This is a list of cultural heritage sites which were damaged or destroyed throughout the course of history, sorted by country. The destruction may be accidental, deliberate or due to natural disasters.

Cultural heritage can be subdivided into two types – tangible and intangible heritage. The former includes built heritage such as religious buildings, museums, monuments and archaeological sites, as well as movable heritage such as works of art and manuscripts. Intangible cultural heritage includes customs, music, fashion and other traditions within a particular culture.[1][2] This article mainly deals with the destruction of built heritage; the destruction of movable heritage is dealt with in Art destruction.

Deliberate and systematic destruction of cultural heritage, such as that carried out by ISIL, is regarded as a form of cultural genocide.[3][4]

Afghanistan

  • A pair of 6th century monumental statues known as the Buddhas of Bamiyan were dynamited by the Taliban in 2001, who had declared them heretical idols.

Excavators at the Buddhist site of Mes Aynak have been denounced as "promoting Buddhism" and threatened by the Taliban and many of the Afghan excavators who are working for purely financial reasons don't feel any connection to the Buddhist artifacts.[5]

Argentina

Azerbaijan

  • In 1918, Juma Mosque in Shamakhy, which was built in 743, was damaged by a fire set by armed units of Armenian party "Dashnaktsutiun" under the guidance of Stepan Lalayan.
  • In 2005 Medieval-era Armenian cemetery near the town of Julfa was destroyed by Azerbaijani soldiers.[7]

Bahrain

  • At least 43 Shia mosques, including the ornate 400-year-old Amir Mohammed Braighi mosque, and many other religious structures were destroyed by the Bahraini government during the Bahraini uprising of 2011.

Belgium

Belize

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Stari Most was destroyed by Croat forces in 1993 but was later rebuilt

Central America

Destruction of Maya codices by Spanish Priest Diego de Landa.

China

Croatia

World War II

Several Serbian Orthodox monasteries were destroyed during the World War II by the Ustaše and by Croatian forces during the Yugoslav Wars.[13]

Croatian War

War damage of the Croatian War (1991–95) has been assessed on 2271 protected cultural monuments, with the damage cost being estimated at 407 million DM.[14] The largest numbers – 683 damaged cultural monuments – are located in the area of Dubrovnik and Neretva County. Most are situated in Dubrovnik itself.[15] The entire buildings and possessions of 481 Roman Catholic churches, several synagogues and several Serbian Orthodox churches were badly damaged or completely destroyed. Valuable inventories were looted from over 100 churches. The most drastic example of destruction of cultural monuments, art objects and artefacts took place in Vukovar. After the occupation of the devastated city by the Yugoslav Army and Serbian paramilitary forces, portable cultural property were removed from their shelters and museums in Vukovar to the museums and archives in Serbia.[14]

Denmark

Egypt

Damage to the Pyramid of Menkaure

France

Greece

Guatemala

  • Tikal Temple 33 was destroyed in the 1960s by archaeologists to uncover earlier phases of construction of the pyramid.

Haiti

India

Iraq

Israel

  • Following the conquest of the Old City of Jerusalem by the Arab Legion in 1948, under the Jordanian occupation, Jewish sites were systematically damaged and destroyed. In particular, all but one of the thirty-five synagogues of the Jewish Quarter were destroyed.[30]

Italy

Kosovo

  • Destroyed Serbian heritage in Kosovo: During the unrest in Kosovo, 35 churches and monasteries were destroyed or seriously damaged. In total, 156 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries have been destroyed since June 1999. Many of the churches and monasteries dated back to the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries.

Libya

Maldives

The destruction of the Buddhist artifacts by Islamists took place in the aftermath of the coup in which Mohamed Nasheed was toppled as President.[33] Islamist politicians entered the government which succeeded Nasheed.[34][35]

Buddhist antiquities were obliterated by Islamist radicals in the National Museum.[36][37]

The Museum was stormed by Islamists who destroyed the Buddhist artifacts.[38][39]

The non Muslim artifacts of Buddhist provenance were specifically singled out by the attackers.[40][41]

The destruction was caught on camera.[42]

Most of Maldive's Buddhist physical history was obliterated.[43][44]

Hindu artifacts were also targeted for obliteration and the actions have been compared to the attacks on the Buddhas by the Taliban.[45][46][47][48][49][50]

February 7, 2012 was the date of the anti-Buddhist attack by the Islamists.[51]

Mali

  • Parts of the World Heritage Site of Timbuktu were destroyed after the Battle of Gao in 2012, despite condemnation by UNESCO, the OIC, Mali, and France.

Malta

Large neoclassical opera house
Ruins of a neoclassical opera house
The Royal Opera House in Valletta in 1896, and its ruins in 2016. The building was destroyed by aerial bombardment in 1942.
  • A number of buildings of historical or architectural importance which had been included on the Antiquities List[52] were destroyed by aerial bombardment during World War II, including Auberge d'Auvergne, Auberge de France and the Slaves' Prison in Valletta,[53] the Clock Tower,[54] Auberge d'Allemagne[55] and Auberge d'Italie[56] in Birgu, and two out of three megalithic temples at Kordin.[57][58] Others such as Fort Manoel also suffered severe damage, but were rebuilt after the war.[59]
  • Other buildings which were not included on the Antiquities List but which had significant cultural importance were also destroyed during the war. The most notable of these was the Royal Opera House in Valletta, which is considered as "one of the major architectural and cultural projects undertaken by the British" by the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage.[60]
  • The Gourgion Tower in Xewkija, which was included on the Antiquities List, was demolished by American forces in 1943 to make way for an airfield. Many of its inscriptions and decorated stones were retrieved and they are now in storage at Heritage Malta.[61]
  • Palazzo Fremaux, a building included on the Antiquities List and which was scheduled as a Grade 2 property, was gradually demolished between 1990 and 2003. The demolition was condemned by local residents, the local government and non-governmental organizations.[62][63]

Nepal

The 7.8 Richter scale earthquake in 2015 demolished the heritage Dharahara situated at Kathmandu which was a main tourist attraction in Nepal. It also destroyed centuries old temples in the Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan Durbar Squares .[64][65]

Norway

Pakistan

Swat Valley in Pakistan has many Buddhist carvings, stupas and Jehanabad contains a Seated Buddha status.[66] Kushan era Buddhist stupas and status in Swat valley were demolished by the Taliban and after two attempts by the Taliban, the Jehanabad Buddha's face was dynamited.[67][68][69] Only the Bamiyan Buddhas were larger than the carved giant Buddha status in Swat near Mangalore which the Taliban attacked.[70] The government did nothing to safeguard the statue after the initial attempt at destroying the Buddha, which did not cause permanent harm, and when the second attack took place on the statue the feet, shoulders, and face were demolished.[71] Islamists, such as the Taliban and looters, destroyed much of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts left over from the Buddhist Gandhara civilization especially in Swat Valley.[72] The Taliban deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction.[73] The Christian Archbishop of Lahore Lawrence John Saldanha wrote a letter to Pakistan's government denouncing the Taliban activities in Swat Valley including their destruction of Buddha statues and their attacks on Christians, Sikhs, and Hindus.[74] Gandhara Buddhist artifacts were illegally looted by smugglers.[75] A rehabilitation attempt on the Buddha was made by Luca Olivieri from Italy.[76]

Palestine

  • The walls, dome and roof of the 7th-century Al-Omari Mosque in Gaza City, Palestine, were destroyed by Israeli airstrikes in August 2014,[77] in addition to several other mosques that were completely destroyed in the assault.

Philippines

The Loon Church before and after the 2013 Bohol earthquake

World War II

The resulting carnage and the aftermath of the Battle of Manila (followed by the Manila massacre) is responsible for the near total obliteration and evisceration of irreplaceable cultural, and historical heritage & treasures of the "Pearl of the Orient" (an international melting pot and a living monument of the meeting and confluence of Spanish, American and Asian cultures). Countless government buildings, universities and colleges, convents, monasteries and churches, and their accompanying treasures, all dating back to the 16th century and in a variety of style, were wiped out and ruined by both Japanese and inadvertently the American forces battling for the control of the city.

The most devastating damage happened at the ancient walled city of Intramuros, as a result of the assault from 23–26 February, until its total liberation on 4 March, Intramuros was a shell of its former glory (except the church of San Agustin, the sole survivor of the carnage). Outside the walls, large areas of the city had been levelled; Warsaw was also a heavily damaged victim of the second World War, but unlike its European counterpart, Manila never recovered its former pre-War glory.

After the Liberation, as part of rebuilding Manila, most of the buildings damaged during the war were either demolished in the name of "Progress", or rebuilt in a manner that bears no resemblance to the original; replacing European architectural styles during the Spanish and early American era with modern American- and imitation-style architecture. Only a few surviving old buildings remain intact, though even those that remain are continuously endangered to deterioration & neglect, political mismanagement brought on by graft and corruption, rapid urbanization & economic redevelopment, low public awareness & ignorance.

2013 Bohol earthquake

Several historic buildings were damaged or destroyed during the 2013 Bohol earthquake, including the Loboc Church, the Loon Church, the Maribojoc Church and the Baclayon Church.

Poland

Romania

Russia

The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour being demolished in 1931

Saudi Arabia

  • Various mosques and other historic sites, especially those relating to early Islam, have been destroyed in Saudi Arabia. Apart from early Islamic sites, other buildings such as the Ajyad Fortress were also destroyed.

Singapore

Slovenia

Spain

  • Because of the Ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal, secularization of church properties in 1835-1836, several hundreds of church buildings, monasteries, etc., or civil buildings owned by the Church were partly or totally demolished. Many of the art works, libraries and archives contained were lost or pillaged in the time the buildings were abandoned and without owners. Among them were important buildings as Santa Caterina convent (the first gothic building in Iberian Peninsula) and Sant Francesc convent (gothic too, one of the richest in the country), both in Barcelona, or San Pedro de Arlanza Roman monastery, near Burgos, now ruined.
  • Several monuments demolished in Calatayud: the church of Convent of Dominicos of San Pedro Mártir (1856), Convent of Trinidad (1856), Church of Santiago (1863), Church of San Torcuato and Santa Lucía (1869) and Church of San Miguel (1871).[85]
  • In Zaragoza were demolished part of the Palace of La Aljafería (1862) and Torre Nueva (1892).[85]
  • Churches, monasteries, convents and libraries were destroyed during the Spanish Civil War.[86]
  • A Virxe da Barca sanctuary, located in Muxia, was destroyed by lightning.[87]

Sri Lanka

  • The Palace of King Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa was set into fire by the Kalinga Magha lead Indian invaders in the 11th century. The ruins and the effect of the fire is still visible.[88]
  • The Library of Jaffna was burned in 1981, which had over 97,000 manuscripts in 1981 as a part of Sri Lankan war.

Syria

Minaret of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, destroyed in fighting in 2013.

Turkey

  • The Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was destroyed by arson in 356 BC. It was later rebuilt, but it was damaged in a raid by Goths in 268 AD. Its stones were subsequently used in other buildings, including in Hagia Sophia and other buildings in Constantinople. A few fragments of the structure still survive in situ.
  • The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, another Wonder of the Ancient World, was destroyed by a series of earthquakes between the 12th and 15th centuries. Most of the remaining marble blocks were burnt into lime, but some were used in the construction of Bodrum Castle by the Knights Hospitaller, where they can still be seen today. The only other surviving remains of the mausoleum are some foundations in situ, a few sculptures in the British Museum, and some marble blocks which were used to build a dockyard in Malta's Grand Harbour.

United Kingdom

United States

See also

Notes

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  2. ^ Stenning, Stephen (21 August 2015). "Destroying cultural heritage: more than just material damage". British Council. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  3. ^ Porter, Lizzie (23 July 2015). "Destruction of Middle East's heritage is 'cultural genocide'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  4. ^ Sehmer, Alexander (5 October 2015). "Isis guilty of 'cultural cleansing' across Syria and Iraq, Unesco chief Irina Bokova says". The Independent. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  5. ^ Bloch, Hannah (September 2015). "Mega Copper Deal in Afghanistan Fuels Rush to Save Ancient Treasures". National Geographic.
  6. ^ Piotto, Alba (27 June 1997). "Derriban un puente histórico al construir una autopista". Clarín (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011.
  7. ^ "High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and the Destruction of Cultural Artifacts in Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan." AAAS. December 8, 2010.
  8. ^ Jones, Patrick E.; Mark Stevenson (13 May 2013). "Mayan Nohmul Pyramid In Belize Destroyed By Bulldozer". Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  9. ^ 杨秀清 Xiuqing Yang (2006). 风雨敦煌话沧桑: 历经劫难的莫高窟 Feng yu Dunhuang hua cang sang: li jing jie nan de Mogao ku. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0916-7.
  10. ^ Whitfield, Susan (2010). "A place of safekeeping? The vicissitudes of the Bezeklik murals". In Agnew, Neville (ed.). Conservation of ancient sites on the Silk Road: proceedings of the second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China (PDF). Getty Publications. pp. 95–106. ISBN 978-1-60606-013-1.
  11. ^ Anna Akasoy; Charles S. F. Burnett; Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim (2011). Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-7546-6956-2.
  12. ^ "OLD STERILE DEATH LEAVES ITS MARK OVER SINKIANG". LIFE. 15 (24). Time Inc: 99. Dec 13, 1943. ISSN 0024-3019.
  13. ^ Spiritual genocide, published by the Serb Orthodox Church
  14. ^ a b Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property, ed. Robert Layton, Peter G. Stone & Julian Thomas, One World Archeology, Routledge 2001, London, pg. 162. ISBN 0-203-16509-8
  15. ^ The destruction by war of the cultural heritage in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina presented by the Committee on Culture and Education, Fact-finding mission of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Rapporteur: Mr Jacques Baumel, France, RPR, 2 February 1993
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  33. ^ Wright, Tom (February 11, 2012). "Islamism Set Stage for Maldives Coup". The Wall Street Journal. MALE, Maldives.
  34. ^ Francis, Krishan (02/12/2012). "New President of the Maldives names religious conservatives as part of coalition cabinet". Global News. MALE, Maldives. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  36. ^ BAJAJ, VIKAS (Feb 13, 2012). "Vandalism at Maldives Museum Stirs Fears of Extremism". The New York Times. MALE, Maldives.
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  42. ^ Interviewer Zoe Hatten, Ismail Ashraf (Apr 1, 2013). Attack on the Maldives National Museum (After the Island President). M Stewart.
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  45. ^ Editor (February 23, 2012). "35 Invaluable Hindu and Buddhist Statues Destroyed in Maldives by Extremist Islamic Group". The Chakra News. Maldives. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  46. ^ "Vandalised Maldives museum to seek India`s help". Zee News. Male. February 15, 2012.
  47. ^ FRANCIS, KRISHAN (February 14, 2012). "Maldives Museum Reopens Minus Smashed Hindu Images". Associated Press. COLOMBO, Sri Lanka.
  48. ^ Francis, Krishan (February 14, 2012). "Maldives museum reopens minus smashed Hindu images". Associated Press.
  49. ^ Francis, Krishan. "Maldives national museum reopens minus valuable smashed pre-Islamic era Hindu images". Associated Press. COLOMBO.
  50. ^ "Maldives national museum reopens minus valuable smashed pre-Islamic era Hindu images". AP. COLOMBO, Sri Lanka.
  51. ^ "Islamists destroy some 30 Buddhist statues". AsiaNews. MALDIVES. 02/15/2012, 00.00. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  58. ^ Cilia, Daniel. "Destroyed Megalithic Sites – Kordin II". The Megalithic Temples of Malta. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016.
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  62. ^ Baldacchino, Godfrey, ed. (2012). Extreme Heritage Management: The Practices and Policies of Densely Populated Islands. Berghahn Books. pp. 66–67. ISBN 9780857452603.
  63. ^ "Permit to demolish palazzo façade valid – MEPA". Times of Malta. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016.
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  86. ^ Template:Es icon El martirio de los libros: una aproximación a la destrucción bibliográfica durante la Guerra Civil (Archived September 27, 2011, at WebCite)
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References

  • Gaya Nuño, Juan Antonio. La arquitectura española en sus monumentos desaparecidos. Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1961

External links