List of European species extinct in the Holocene

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Map of Europe

This is a list of European species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[A] and continues to the present day.[1]

This list includes the European continent and its surrounding islands. All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. The three Caucasian republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are included, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending of the definition of Europe considered.

Overseas territories, departments, and constituent countries of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, Martinique is grouped with the West Indies, and Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, despite all of them being politically part of France.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)[edit]

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)[edit]

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Northern Eurasia and North America 9290-8970 BCE[2]
Tilos dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon tiliensis Tilos, Greece Most recent remains dated to 3040-1840 BCE.[3] A painting on the Ancient Egyptian tomb of Rekhmire (1470-1445 BCE) depicting exotic animals brought to Egypt as tribute by foreign peoples, has been interpreted by some authors as a depiction of a dwarf elephant.[4] Leashed dwarf elephant from Rekhmire's tomb, following a bear or big cat.

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)[edit]

Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Don-hare Lepus timidus Russia Originally described as the species Lepus tanaiticus, differing from the extant mountain hare in being about 10% larger overall as well as deep portions of the lower jaw. It was gradually replaced by the mountain hare from south to north until becoming extinct during the Subboreal (3050-550 BCE). However, mitochondrial DNA studies show that it was actually just a morphotype of the mountain hare, not different enough to be another species.[5]

Pikas (family Ochotonidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ochotona transcaucasica Georgia and Azerbaijan[6] Similar to the Afghan pika. It probably became extinct in the early Holocene.[7]
Sardinian pika Prolagus sardus Corsica and Sardinia Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8] Though hunted by the original human inhabitants of the islands, it likely became extinct due to Roman agricultural practices, the introduction of predators (dogs, cats, and small mustelids) and ecological competitors (rodents, rabbits, and hares).[9] Transmission of pathogens by rabbits and hares could have been another factor.[10] Survival into modern history, even as late as 1774 on the smaller island of Tavolara, has been hypothesised from the description of unknown mammals by later Sardinian authors; however, this interpretation remains dubious owing to anatomical discrepancies.[11]
Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Steppe pika Ochotona pusilla Western Europe to Kazakhstan Present in most of Europe during the Pleistocene glaciations, it survived in the Carpathian Basin until the Chalcolithic,[12] the middle Urals until the Middle Holocene, and the southern Urals until the Late Holocene.[13] This species avoids human disturbance strictly and is considered an excellent indicator of the health of steppe ecosystems, as a result.[12]

Rodents (order Rodentia)[edit]

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Tyrrhenian vole Tyrrhenicola henseli Corsica and Sardinia Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8]
Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Narrow-headed vole Microtus gregalis Northern Eurasia Present in most of Europe during the Pleistocene glaciations. Survived in the Carpathian Basin until the Chalcolithic[12] and in the Urals until the Late Holocene.[13]

Dormice (family Gliridae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Majorcan giant dormouse Hypnomys morpheus Gymnesian Islands, Spain Most recent remains at Escorca dated to 4840-4690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals.[14]

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
St. Kilda house mouse Mus musculus muralis St Kilda, Scotland A commensal species, it became extinct after the removal of all human inhabitants from the island in 1930.[15]
Tyrrhenian field rat Rhagamys orthodon Corsica and Sardinia Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8]

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)[edit]

True shrews (family Soricidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sardinian giant shrew Asoriculus similis Corsica and Sardinia[16] Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.[8][B]
Balearic giant shrew Nesiotites hidalgo Gymnesian Islands, Spain Most recent remains at Alcúdia dated to 3030-2690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals.[14]
Top, compared to Neomys below.
Top, compared to Neomys below.

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)[edit]

Cats (family Felidae)[edit]

Locally extinct[edit]
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Africa and western Asia to India Though rare, archaeological remains were found in Shengavit and Urartu, Armenia dating to the 4th-3rd millennium BCE. It is more commonly depicted in rock art of the 4th-1st millennium BCE, where it can be differenciated from the also depicted leopard by the shape of its paws. May have survived in Armenia until the Middle Ages before disappearing due to hunting.[17]
Lion Panthera leo Africa, western Asia, northern India, and southern Europe According to one hypothesis (not supported by direct datation of remains or ancient DNA studies), the modern lion expanded into southern Europe and replaced the Eurasian cave lion there already in the Late Glacial, then survived in the northern Iberian Peninsula until the Boreal or Subboreal. A possible second colonization event took place in the Balkans during the Atlantic and Subboreal periods, reaching as far as Hungary, southwestern Ukraine, and Greece. In the Iron Age the lion strongly declined until it disappeared from these regions, possibly because of hunting and habitat loss caused by increasing human population and livestock rearing.[18] In 370 AD the orator Themistius mentioned that lions had disappeared from Thessaly, their last Balkan stronghold.[C] Lions were also hunted historically across Transcaucasia, and were reportedly common in the ungulate-rich Kura-Araz and Mughan plains, up to the Absheron Peninsula, until 900 AD.[20]
Leopard Panthera pardus Subfossil leopard remains dated to the Holocene were excavated in Spain, Italy, and the Ponto-Mediterranean and Balkan regions.[21][22][23] The youngest subfossil leopard records in Europe were excavated in Ukraine and dated to the first century CE.[18] Some subfossils were found in western Ukraine, close to the Carpathians; others in Olbia, on the northern coast of the Black Sea. The latter might belong to captive leopards, which could have been introduced from Asia Minor, since Olbia was a Greek colony at this time.[18]

Modern leopards are still part of the present European fauna, being found in the wild in the North Caucasus.[24] These belong to the Persian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, which also occurs in Anatolia.[25] In 1889, a leopard was killed in the Greek island of Samos, and local folklore suggests that leopards have swum from Anatolia to Samos at different times in history.[26]

Tiger Panthera tigris Asia including the Caucasus Present in Mingrelia and Imeretia until the beginning of the 17th century. It disappeared from Georgia in 1936, and Azerbaijan (Talysh Mountains) in 1964.[20]

Dogs (family Canidae)[edit]

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sicilian wolf Canis lupus cristaldii Sicily, Italy 1970[27]
European dhole Cuon alpinus europaeus Central and Southern Europe; the Caucasus?[28] 7050-6550 BCE[29]
Sardinian dhole Cynotherium sardous Corsica and Sardinia 9500-9300 BCE[30]

Prehistoric[edit]

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Steppe bison
Bison priscus 		1130-1060 BCE[31] Northern Eurasia and North America
European wild ass
Equus hemionus hydruntinus 		3200-2500 BCE[32] Europe and Southwest Asia
Irish elk
Megaloceros giganteus 		4912-4846 BCE[31] Europe and Southern Siberia
Balearic Islands cave goat
Myotragus balearicus 		2830-2470 BCE[33] the Gymnesian Islands, Spain
Sardinian deer
Praemegaceros cazioti 		5550 BCE[34] Corsica and Sardinia[35]

Recent[edit]

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name
Scientific name 		Extinction date Range Image
Caucasian elk
Alces alces caucasicus 		c. 1900[36] Northern Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea
Caucasian wisent
Bison bonasus caucasicus 		1927[37] Caucasus Mountains

Declined after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and domestic cattle rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an epizootic outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were poached in 1927.[38] The only captive animal, a male, lived in Germany between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.[39]

Carpathian wisent
Bison bonasus hungarorum 		1852 Extinct subspecies of the European bison from Central and Eastern Europe
Eurasian aurochs
Bos primigenius primigenius 		1627[40] Mid-latitude Eurasia
Portuguese ibex
Capra pyrenaica lusitanica 		c. 1890[41] Portuguese-Galician border
Pyrenean ibex
Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica 		2000[D] Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains[43]
Tarpan
Equus ferus ferus 		1909[44] Europe

Local[edit]

Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name
scientific name 		Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Lowland wisent
Bison bonasus bonasus 		1919[45] Central Europe to southern Siberia 1946[46]
Wapiti
Cervus canadensis 		Early Holocene[47] Central and Northern Europe to Asia and North America
Turkmenian kulan
Equus hemionus kulan 		18th–19th centuries[48] Ukraine to Central Asia[49] 1950[50]
Gray whale
Eschrichtius robustus 		550[51] North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, northern Pacific[52] 2010[E]
Muskox
Ovibos moschatus 		7050 BCE[55] Northern Eurasia and North America 1947[56][F]

Birds[edit]

Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Mediterranean brown fish owl
Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae 		7433-7035 BCE[8] Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[57]
Ibiza rail
Rallus eivissensis 		5295-4848 BCE[58] Ibiza, Spain


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Great auk
Pinguinus impennis 		1844[59] the northern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean
Pied raven
Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus 		1902[60] the Faroe Islands, Denmark


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Slender-billed curlew
Numenius tenuirostris 		2001[61] Western Eurasia and North Africa

In the 1950s it was reported to occur on both sides of the Caucasus during autumn.[62] The species bred in Kazakhstan and southern Siberia and wintered in western Morocco and Tunisia. It likely disappeared as a result of habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. There have been no confirmed reports worldwide since 2001.[63]


Locally extinct and extinct in the wild
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Reintroduction Image
Eurasian goshawk
Accipiter gentilis 		late 19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Cinereous vulture
Aegypius monachus 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
Rock partridge
Alectoris graeca 		Locally extinct in Romania
Marsh owl
Asio capensis 		1998[64] Africa and the southwestern Iberian Peninsula
Eurasian eagle-owl
Bubo bubo 		c. 6000 BCE (re-established)[65] Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
White stork
Ciconia ciconia 		Britain: 1416 (reintroduced)[66]

Netherlands: 1891 (reintroduced)

Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles and the Netherlands

Once these birds were very common in the Netherlands. 1891 was the first year that no white stork bred in the Netherlands. A conservation and reintroduction program that started in 1967 resulted in 396 pairs in 2000.

Black stork
Ciconia nigra 		2000 Sweden – 2000 AD[67]
Western marsh harrier
Circus aeruginosus 		late 19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Kentish plover
Charadrius alexandrinus 		Britain: 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[68]

Sweden: 2005

Extirpated in the British Isles

Sweden – 2005 AD[69]

European roller
Coracias garrulus 		2000 Sweden – 2000 AD[70]
Middle spotted woodpecker
Dendrocoptes medius 		1980 Sweden / Norway / Denmark / Finland / Iceland – 1980 AD; occasionally observed in known breeding locations[71]
Little egret
Egretta garzetta 		Britain: late medieval period (re-established)

Netherlands: 19th century (re-established)

Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and the Netherlands

This bird became extinct in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century, due to overhunting because of their feathers which were used in the hat industry. In 1979 this bird first bred again in the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve. The second time this bird bred again in the Netherlands was in 1994. After that year it bred yearly in the Netherlands. Their numbers are still increasing.

Lanner falcon
Falco biarmicus 		1236–1300 (change of climate)[citation needed] Extirpated in the British Isles
Atlantic puffin
Fratercula arctica 		1970 Extinct in Sweden, although occasionally observed along the coasts[72]
Crested lark
Galerida cristata 		1980 Sweden / Denmark – 1980 AD[73]
Northern bald ibis
Geronticus eremita 		16th century the Mediterranean region 2004[74]
Common crane
Grus grus 		late medieval period (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and parts of Western Europe, including the Netherlands

In 2001, one common crane pair bred successfully after 250 years in the Fochteloërveen,[75][76] a nature reserve on the border of the provinces of Friesland and Drente. Before 2001 the common crane could only be found during the migration period.

Bearded vulture
Gypaetus barbatus 		1927 Locally extinct in Romania
Eurasian griffon vulture
Gyps fulvus 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
White-tailed eagle
Haliaeetus albicilla 		1916 (reintroduced) Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Eurasian wryneck
Jynx torquilla 		Extirpated in the British Isles
Red-backed shrike
Lanius collurio 		1989 Extirpated in the British Isles (as a regular breeding bird)
Red kite
Milvus milvus 		1870s (England), 1886 (Scotland); reintroduced Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles

Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)

Black kite
Milvus migrans 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
Egyptian vulture
Neophron percnopterus 		Locally extinct in Romania (as a breeder)
Great bustard
Otis tarda 		Britain: 19th century (reintroduced)

Sweden: 2000

Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles

Sweden – 2000 AD[77]

Romania (return in the 21st century)

Osprey
Pandion haliaetus 		1916 (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Dalmatian pelican
Pelecanus crispus 		c. 3000 BCE[78] (Britain) Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from the British Isles and the Netherlands.

During excavations of sites dated to the Roman period (around 400 AD) on the Rhine delta there were findings of important breeding sites of the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus).

Eurasian spoonbill
Platalea leucorodia 		17th century Extirpated from the British isles (as a breeding bird) (re-established)[79]
Pterodroma sp.
Pterodroma feae? 		Iron Age[80] Extirpated from the British isles
Pied avocet
Recurvirostra avosetta 		19th century (re-established) Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles
Western capercaillie
Tetrao urogallus 		1780s (reintroduced) The Scottish population became extinct, but has been reintroduced from the Swedish population
Wood sandpiper
Tringa glareola 		1939 Does not nest in the Netherlands anymore, but they can be found during the migration season.
Common buttonquail
Turnix sylvaticus 		1981[81] Africa, South Asia, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily
Eurasian hoopoe
Upupa epops 		2010 Sweden – 2010 AD; regularly observed in the country despite no known breeding populations[82]
Baillon's crake
Zapornia pusilla 		Extirpated and re-established in Germany, the Netherlands, and the British Isles

This bird was considered extinct in the Netherlands after it was last sighted breeding in 1972. In early 2005 five territorial and two breeding pairs were located again in the province of Utrecht.

Reptiles[edit]

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ratas Island lizard
Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi 		1935[83] Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain
Santo Stefano lizard
Podarcis sicula sanctistephani 		c. 1965[84] Santo Stefano Island, Italy

Locally extinct[edit]

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
European pond turtle
Emys orbicularis 		Atlantic period

2000 BC (Sweden), 700 BC (Denmark)

In Switzerland, the European pond turtle was extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century but reintroduced in 2010.[85] In the early post-glacial period, the European pond turtle had a much wider distribution, being found as far north as southern Sweden and Great Britain,[86] where a reintroduction has been proposed by Celtic Reptile & Amphibian.[87] Colonies of escaped pets were possibly established in Great Britain and Sweden.[88][89][90]
Western green lizard
Lacerta bilineata 		Possibly native and extirpated in Great Britain. Escaped populations exist.[91]
Aesculapian snake
Zamenis longissimus 		Atlantic period According to fossil evidence, the species' area in the warmer Atlantic period (around 8000–5000 years ago) of the Holocene reached as far north as Denmark. Three specimens were collected in Denmark between 1810 and 1863 in southern Zealand, presumably from a relict and now extinct population.[92] They also occurred in Great Britain during the Atlantic period.[93] Escaped populations exist in Great Britain.

Amphibians[edit]

Locally extinct[edit]

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
European fire-bellied toad
Bombina bombina 		1960 (reintroduced) Sweden – 1960 AD; populations reintroduced between 1970–1980 are now spread out over Skåne[94]
European tree frog
Hyla arborea 		1986[95][96] Extirpated from Great Britain
Pool frog
Pelophylax lessonae 		1999[97] (reintroduced)[98] Most likely native to Great Britain.[99] Extirpated and reintroduced in Great Britain
Moor frog
Rana arvalis 		c. 1000, possibly 1500[100][101][102] Extirpated from Great Britain. The species has been successfully bred in captivity in the UK and a reintroduction has been proposed as part of Celtic Reptile & Amphibian's rewilding plans.

[103][104][105]

Agile frog
Rana dalmatina 		c. 1000, possibly 1500[106][107][108] The species once lived in the Great Britain, during middle Saxon times, with archaeological remains recovered in East Anglia.[109][110] Celtic Reptile & Amphibian have discussed reintroducing the species.[111][112]

Fish[edit]

Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Skadar nase
Chondrostoma scodrense 		1900s[113] Lake Skadar
Coregonus bezola 1960s[114] Lac du Bourget, France
Coregonus fera 1920[115] Lake Geneva
Lake Constance whitefish
Coregonus gutturosus 		early 1970s[116] Lake Constance
Gravenche
Coregonus hiemalis 		1950[117] Lake Geneva
Houting
Coregonus oxyrinchus 		1940[118] the southern North Sea, the Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England
Coregonus restrictus 1890[119] Lake Morat, Switzerland
Ukrainian migratory lamprey
Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' 		before 1900[120] the Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages
Techirghiol stickleback
Gasterosteus crenobiontus 		1960s[121] Lake Techirghiol, Romania
Danube delta gudgeon
Romanogobio antipai 		1960s[122] the Lower Danube
Salvelinus neocomensis 1904[123] Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland

Extinct in the wild[edit]

Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Beloribitsa
Stenodus leucichthys 		1960s[124] the Caspian Sea, the Volga, Ural and Terek River drainages

Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[125]

Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Atlantic sturgeon
Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus 		The Baltic population is now nearly extinct. Survives in North America.
European sea sturgeon
Acipenser sturio 		Locally extinct across the vast majority of their former range Europe
Allis shad
Alosa alosa 		1993 (the Netherlands) Most of Europe and northwest Africa
Twait shad
Alosa fallax 		1970 (the Netherlands) Most of Europe and all Mediterranean countries
Zope
Ballerus ballerus 		Locally extinct in Lithuania Eurasia
Common skate
Dipturus batis 		The common skate is native to the northeast Atlantic. Now, their population and range are severely depleted and fragmented, with disappearances being reported in several places.[126]
Burbot
Lota lota 		A fisherman caught the last recorded burbot in July 1970 from the Great Ouse Relief Channel, Norfolk.[citation needed] The species was then presumed extirpated. Possibly extinct in Great Britain. Reintroduction under consideration.
Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar 		The Atlantic salmon was very common in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, but disappeared when the rivers were tamed and closed by the Dutch to protect their land. The salmon could not reach their breeding ground in the rivers Rhine and Meuse. A reintroduction program resulted in salmon in the IJsselmeer and the river Rhine.

Insects[edit]

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Perrin's cave beetle
Siettitia balsetensis 		France[127]


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Spined dwarf mantis
Ameles fasciipennis 		After 1871 It has only been collected once, probably in 1871 in the Tolentino area, and has not been seen since, despite extensive entomological surveys of the region.[128]
Tobias' caddisfly
Hydropsyche tobiasi 		1938[129] the Rhine and Main River, Germany
British large copper
Lycaena dispar dispar 		1864[130] the British Isles
Moss-land silver-studded blue
Plebejus argus masseyi 		1942[131] Lancashire and Cumbria, the United Kingdom
Dutch Alcon blue
Phengaris alcon arenaria 		1979 Extinct subspecies from the Netherlands
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis 1860[132] Hyères, France


Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Iberian lynx louse
Felicola isidoroi 		1997[133] the Iberian Peninsula

Locally extinct in Britain[edit]

Beetles[edit]

Bees, wasps and ants[edit]

Flies[edit]

Butterflies and moths[edit]

General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[136]

Dragonflies and damselflies[edit]

Caddisflies[edit]

Cicada[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  2. Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  3. Lithostege griseata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)[140]
  4. Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872

Locally extinct in the Netherlands[edit]

Butterflies[edit]

[141]

Damselflies[edit]

Bees[edit]

Pond damselflies[edit]

Grasshoppers and crickets[edit]

Stoneflies[edit]

Mayflies[edit]

Locally extinct in Sweden[edit]

Arachnids[edit]

Locally extinct in Britain[edit]

Sea anemones[edit]

Possibly extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Ivell's sea anemone
Edwardsia ivelli 		1983[143] the Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom

Crustaceans[edit]

Locally extinct in Britain[edit]

Molluscs[edit]

Land snails[edit]

Molluscs[edit]

Holocene extinctions of unknown date
Common name/scientific name Range
Zonites siphnicus Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[146]


Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Zonites santoriniensis c. 1600 BCE[147] Santorini, Greece


Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range Image
Graecoanatolica macedonica 1988[148] Doiran Lake, the Greece-North Macedonia border
Ohridohauffenia drimica before 1983[149] the Drin River, North Macedonia


Possibly extinct / locally extinct
Common name/scientific name Extinction date Range
Belgrandia varica 1910[150] the Var River Delta, France
Belgrandiella boetersi unknown[151] Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria
Freshwater pearl mussel
Margaritifera margaritifera 		Locally extinct in Lithuania, Poland, and probably Moravia (in Czechia) Holarctic distribution
Parmacella gervaisii 1874[152] La Crau, Provence, France
Zonites embolium 1985[153] Zaforas, Greece

Locally extinct in the Netherlands[edit]

Locally extinct in Sweden[edit]

Gastropods[edit]

Cnidarians[edit]

Locally extinct in Sweden[edit]

Corals[edit]

Flowering plants[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

Lithuanian Red Data Book of extinct and vulnerable species
  1. Trapa natans L. (water caltrop)[156]
  2. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
  3. Rubus arcticus L.
  4. Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.
  5. Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzger
  6. Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr.
  7. Hypericum humifusum L. (trailing St.John's-wort)
  8. Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl.[157]
  9. Gladiolus palustris Gaudin (marsh gladiolus)
  10. Aphanes arvensis L. (parsley piert)
  11. Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (marsh pennywort)
  12. Pycreus flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. ex Rchb.
  13. Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindblom

Restored in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Laserpitium latifolium L.
  2. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.
  3. Perennial honesty (Lunaria rediviva L.)
  4. Ramsons (Allium ursinum L.)
  5. Poa remota Forselles
  6. Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.
  7. Centunculus minimus L.
  8. Peplis portula L.
  9. Arctium nemorosum Lej.
  10. Cyperus fuscus L.

Pinophyta[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Taxus baccata L.

Pteridophyta[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Salvinia natans (L.) All.

Restored in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Northern firmoss (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Martius)

Moss[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.

Algae[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Chara braunii Gmel.
  2. Nitella batrachosperma (Reichenb.) A. Braun
  3. Nitella hyalina (DC.) C. Agardh
  4. Nitella tenuissima (Desv.) Kütz.
  5. Nitella translucens (Pers.) C. Agardh

Fungus[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Conocybe intrusa (Peck) Sing.
  2. Microstoma protracta (Fr.) Kanouse
  3. Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar
  4. Coprinus dunarum Stoll.
  5. Phallus hadriani Vent.: Pers.
  6. Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc) Fischer
  7. Sarcosoma globosum (Schmidel: Fr.) Casp.

Lichen[edit]

Locally extinct in Lithuania[edit]

  1. Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale
  2. Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
  3. Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi
  4. Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vain.
  5. Usnea lapponica Vain.
  6. Usnea scabrata Nyl.
  7. Anaptychia runcinata (With.) J. R. Laundon
  8. Calicium quercinum Pers.
  9. Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.
  10. Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
  11. Cladonia turgida Hoffm.
  12. Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
  13. Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.
  14. Peltigera degenii Gyeln.
  15. Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
  16. Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).
  3. ^ "...and we are displeased because elephants have been removed from Libya, because lions have disappeared from Thessaly, because hippopotamoi have been gotten rid from the marshes of the Nile."[19]
  4. ^ A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later.[42]
  5. ^ Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[53][54]
  6. ^ Previous attempts at introduction in Norway and Svalbard (outside the muskox's prehistoric range) failed.[55]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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