List of heads of state or government who have been in exile

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In some cases the deposed head of state or head of government are allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. Examples without a government in exile include:[1]

Name Title Home country Exile period
(dagger – died in exile) 		Exiled country or countries
James II and VII King of England and Ireland

King of Scotland

 England
 Scotland
 Ireland 		1688–1701dagger  France
Napoleon Emperor of the French  France 1814–1815 Elba
1815–1821dagger  British Saint Helena
Charles X King of France  France 1830–1836dagger  United Kingdom
 Austrian Empire
Charles II Duke of Brunswick  Brunswick 1830–1873dagger  United Kingdom
 France
  Switzerland
Louis Philippe I King of the French  France 1848–1850dagger  United Kingdom
Juan Manuel de Rosas Governor of Buenos Aires  Argentina 1852–1877dagger  United Kingdom
Bahadur Shah II Mughal Emperor Mughal Empire 1857–1862dagger British Burma
José Antonio Páez President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1863–1873dagger  United States
Napoleon III Emperor of the French  France 1871–1873dagger  United Kingdom
Michel Domingue President of Haiti  Haiti 1876–1877dagger Jamaica
Pedro II Emperor of Brazil  Brazil 1889–1891dagger  France
Khalid bin Barghash Sultan of Zanzibar Zanzibar 1896–1927  German East Africa
 British Seychelles
 British Saint Helena
 British East Africa
Pierre Nord Alexis President of Haiti  Haiti 1908–1910dagger British Jamaica
 United States
Cipriano Castro President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1909–1924dagger  United States
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Shah of Iran  Iran 1909–1925dagger  Russian Empire (1909–1920)
 Ottoman Empire (1920–1921)
 Italy (1921–1925)
José Santos Zelaya President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1909–1919dagger  Spain
 United States
Manuel II of Portugal King of Portugal  Portugal 1910–1932dagger  United Kingdom
Porfirio Díaz President of Mexico  Mexico 1911–1915dagger  Spain
 France
Victoriano Huerta President of Mexico  Mexico 1914–1916dagger  United Kingdom
 Spain
 United States
Alexander Kerensky Prime Minister of Russia  Russia 1917–1970dagger  France
 United States
Wilhelm II Emperor of Germany  Germany 1918–1941dagger  Netherlands
Charles I of Austria and IV of Hungary Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary  Austria-Hungary 1918–1932dagger  Portugal
Symon Petliura Head of state of Ukraine  Ukraine 1920–1926  Poland
 Hungary
  Switzerland
 France
Mehmed VI Sultan of the Ottoman Empire  Ottoman Empire 1922–1926dagger  Italy
Ahmad Shah Qajar Shah of Iran  Iran 1923–1930dagger  France
Arturo Alessandri[2] President of Chile  Chile 1924–1925  Italy
Washington Luís[3] President of Brazil  Brazil 1930–1947   Switzerland
 Portugal
 United States
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo President of Chile  Chile 1931–1937  Argentina
Alfonso XIII King of Spain  Spain 1931–1941dagger  Italy
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Prime Minister of Spain Spain Spain 1936–1949dagger  France (1936–1942)
 Argentina (1942–1949)
Prajadhipok King of Thailand  Thailand 1935–1941dagger  United Kingdom
Juan Bautista Sacasa President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1936–1946dagger  United States
Edvard Beneš President of Czechoslovakia  Czechoslovakia 1938–1945  United Kingdom
Manuel Azaña Prime Minister of Spain Spain Spain 1939–1940dagger  France
Władysław Sikorski Prime Minister of Poland  Poland 1939–1943dagger  United Kingdom
Antanas Smetona President of Lithuania  Lithuania 1940–1944dagger  United States
Zog I of Albania King of Albania  Albania 1941–1961dagger  United Kingdom
 France
Rezā Shāh Shah of Iran  Iran 1941–1944dagger  British Mauritius
 South Africa
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez President of El Salvador  El Salvador 1944–1966dagger  Honduras
Isaías Medina Angarita President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1945–1953dagger  United States
Miklós Horthy Regent of Hungary  Hungary 1945–1957dagger  France (1945–1949)
 Portugal (1949–1957)
Peter II of Yugoslavia King of Yugoslavia  Yugoslavia 1945–1970dagger  United States
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy King of Italy  Italy 1946–1947dagger  Egypt
Umberto II of Italy King of Italy  Italy 1946–1983dagger  Portugal
  Switzerland
Simeon II of Bulgaria Tsar of Bulgaria  Bulgaria 1946–1996  Egypt
 Spain
Leonardo Argüello Barreto President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1947  Mexico
Rómulo Betancourt President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1948–1958  United States
 Cuba
 Costa Rica
Rómulo Gallegos President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1948–1958  Cuba
 Mexico
José Bustamante y Rivero President of Peru  Peru 1948–1955  Argentina
Michael I of Romania King of Romania  Romania 1948–1997  United Kingdom
  Switzerland
Farouk of Egypt King of Egypt  Egypt 1952–1965dagger  Italy
 Monaco
Fuad II of Egypt King of Egypt  Egypt 1952–present   Switzerland
 France
Laureano Gómez President of Colombia  Colombia 1953–1959  Spain
Mohammed V Sultan of Morocco  Morocco 1953–1955  France (1953–1954)
 Madagascar (1954–1955)
Jacobo Árbenz President of Guatemala  Guatemala 1954–1971dagger  France
 Czechoslovakia
 Soviet Union
 Uruguay (1957–1960)
 Cuba (1960–1965)
 Mexico (1965–1971)
Juan Perón President of Argentina  Argentina 1955–1973  Venezuela (1955–1958)
 Spain (1958–1973)
Bảo Đại Emperor of Vietnam South Vietnam Vietnam 1955–1997dagger  France
 Monaco
Paul Magloire President of Haiti  Haiti 1956–1986  United States
Imre Nagy Prime Minister of Hungary  Hungary 1956  Yugoslavia (embassy)
Phibun Prime Minister of Thailand  Thailand 1957–1964  Cambodia
 Japan
Iskander Mirza President of Pakistan  Pakistan 1958–1969dagger  United Kingdom
Marcos Pérez Jiménez President of Venezuela  Venezuela 1958–1963  United States
1968–2001dagger  Spain
Tenzin Gyatso 14th Dalai Lama  Tibet 1959–present  India
Fulgencio Batista President of Cuba Cuba Cuba 1959–1973dagger  Portugal
 Spain
Kigeli V King of Rwanda  Rwanda 1959–1961  Tanganyika
 Uganda
 Kenya
 United States
Syngman Rhee President of South Korea  South Korea 1960–1965dagger  United States
Joaquín Balaguer President of the Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic 1962–1966  United States
Manuel Prado Ugarteche President of Peru  Peru 1962–1967dagger  France
Juan Bosch President of the Dominican Republic  Dominican Republic 1963–1966  Puerto Rico
Jamshid bin Abdullah Sultan of Zanzibar Sultanate of Zanzibar Zanzibar 1964–present  United Kingdom
 Oman
Juscelino Kubitschek President of Brazil  Brazil 1964–1967  United States
Víctor Paz Estenssoro President of Bolivia  Bolivia 1964–1978  Peru
Saud of Saudi Arabia King of Saudi Arabia  Saudi Arabia 1964–1969   Switzerland
 Egypt
 Greece
João Goulart President of Brazil  Brazil 1964–1976dagger  Uruguay (1964–1973)
 Argentina (1973–1976)
Mutesa II of Buganda President of Uganda  Uganda 1966–1969dagger  United Kingdom
Kwame Nkrumah President of Ghana  Ghana 1966–1972dagger  Guinea (1966–1971)
 Romania (1971–1972)
Constantine II of Greece King of the Hellenes  Greece 1967–2013  Italy
 United Kingdom
Fernando Belaúnde Terry President of Peru  Peru 1968–1980  United States
Idris of Libya King of Libya  Libya 1969–1983dagger  Egypt
Norodom Sihanouk Prime Minister of Cambodia  Cambodia 1970–1993  China
 North Korea
Muhammad al-Badr King of Yemen Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen Yemen 1970–1996dagger  United Kingdom
Said bin Taimur Sultan of Oman  Oman 1970–1972dagger  United Kingdom
Milton Obote President of Uganda  Uganda 1971–1979  Tanzania (1971–1979)
Mohammed Zahir Shah King of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1973–2002  Italy
Américo Tomás President of Portugal  Portugal 1974–1980  Brazil
Marcello Caetano Prime Minister of Portugal  Portugal 1974–1980dagger  Brazil
Cheng Heng President of the Khmer Republic  Cambodia 1975–1992  United States
Lon Nol President of the Khmer Republic  Cambodia 1975–1985dagger  United States
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu President of South Vietnam  South Vietnam 1975–2001dagger  United Kingdom
 United States
Michel Micombero President of Burundi  Burundi 1976–1983dagger  Somalia
James Mancham President of the Seychelles  Seychelles 1977–1991  United Kingdom
Ange-Félix Patassé Prime Minister of the Central African Empire  Central African Republic 1978–1979  France
Idi Amin President of Uganda  Uganda 1979–2003dagger  Libya (1979–1980)
 Saudi Arabia (1980–2003)
Jean-Bédel Bokassa Emperor of Central Africa  Central African Empire 1979–1986  Ivory Coast (1979–1983)
 France (1983–1986)
Fred Degazon President of Dominica  Dominica 1979–2008dagger  United Kingdom
Jafar Sharif-Emami Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1978–1998dagger  United States
Gholam Reza Azhari Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1978–2001dagger  United States
Ali Amini Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1979–1992dagger  France
Shapour Bakhtiar Prime Minister of Iran  Iran 1979–1991dagger  France
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Shah of Iran  Iran 1979–1980dagger  Morocco
 Bahamas
 Mexico
 United States
 Panama
 Egypt
Félix Malloum President of Chad  Chad 1979–2002  Nigeria
Anastasio Somoza Debayle President of Nicaragua  Nicaragua 1979–1980dagger  Paraguay
Ange-Félix Patassé Prime Minister of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 1980–1981  France
Víctor Paz Estenssoro President of Bolivia  Bolivia 1980–1982  Peru
Ahmed Ben Bella President of Algeria  Algeria 1980–1990   Switzerland
Luís Cabral President of Guinea-Bissau  Guinea-Bissau 1980–2009dagger  Cuba (1980–1984)
 Portugal (1984–2009)
Johan Ferrier President of Suriname  Suriname 1980–2010dagger  Netherlands
Isabel Martínez de Perón President of Argentina  Argentina 1981–present  Spain
Abolhassan Banisadr President of Iran  Iran 1981–present  France
Luis García Meza President of Bolivia  Bolivia 1981–1995  Brazil
Ange-Félix Patassé Prime Minister of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 1982–1992  Togo
Dương Văn Minh President of South Vietnam  South Vietnam 1983–2001dagger  France
 United States
Gaafar Nimeiry President of Sudan  Sudan 1985–1999  Egypt
Milton Obote President of Uganda  Uganda 1985–2005dagger  Zambia
Jean-Claude Duvalier President of Haiti Haiti Haiti 1986–2011  France
Ferdinand Marcos President of the Philippines  Philippines 1986–1989dagger  United States
( Guam and  Hawaii)
Tito Okello President of Uganda  Uganda 1986–1993  Kenya
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza President of Burundi  Burundi 1987–1993  Libya
Henri Namphy President of Haiti  Haiti 1988–2018dagger  Dominican Republic
Ahmed al-Mirghani President of Sudan  Sudan 1989–2001  Egypt
Alfredo Stroessner President of Paraguay  Paraguay 1989–2006dagger  Brazil
Erich Honecker General Secretary  East Germany 1989–1994dagger  Soviet Union (1989–1991)
 Russia (1991–1993)
 Chile (1992–1994)
Hissène Habré President of Chad  Chad 1990–present  Senegal
Jabir III al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah Emir of Kuwait  Kuwait 1990–1991  Saudi Arabia
Jean-Bertrand Aristide President of Haiti  Haiti 1991–1994  Venezuela
 United States
2004–2011  Jamaica (2004)
 South Africa (2004–2011)
Siad Barre President of Somalia  Somalia 1991–1995dagger  Kenya (1991)
 Nigeria (1991–1995)
Mengistu Haile Mariam President of Ethiopia  Ethiopia 1991–present  Zimbabwe
Alan García President of Peru  Peru 1992–2001  Colombia
 France
Ayaz Mutallibov President of Azerbaijan  Azerbaijan 1992–2012  Russia
Mohammad Najibullah President of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1992–1996  United Nations (mission)
Joseph Saidu Momoh President of Sierra Leone  Sierra Leone 1992–2003dagger  Guinea
Jorge Serrano Elías President of Guatemala  Guatemala 1993–present  Panama
Didier Ratsiraka President of Madagascar  Madagascar 1993–1996  France
Dawda Jawara President of the Gambia  Gambia 1994–2002  Senegal
 United Kingdom
Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Emir of Qatar  Qatar 1995–2004  France
Sylvestre Ntibantunganya President of Burundi  Burundi 1996–1997  United States (embassy)
Valentine Strasser Head of State of Sierra Leone  Sierra Leone 1996–2000  United Kingdom
Abdalá Bucaram President of Ecuador  Ecuador 1997–2017  Panama
Mobutu Sese Seko President of Zaire  Zaire 1997dagger  Togo
 Morocco
Pascal Lissouba President of the Republic of Congo  Republic of Congo 1997–2020dagger  United Kingdom (1997–2004)
 France (2004–2020)
Joachim Yhombi-Opango President of the Republic of Congo  Republic of Congo 1997–2007  Benin
 Ivory Coast
 France
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza President of Burundi  Burundi 1998–2002  Uganda
Nawaz Sharif Prime Minister of Pakistan  Pakistan 1999–2007  Saudi Arabia
 United Kingdom
Henri Konan Bédié President of Ivory Coast  Ivory Coast 1999–2001  Togo
 France
João Bernardo Vieira President of Guinea-Bissau  Guinea-Bissau 1999–2005  Portugal
Jamil Mahuad President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2000–present  United States
Alberto Fujimori President of Peru  Peru 2000–2007  Japan (2000–2005)
 Chile (2005–2007)
André Kolingba President of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2001–2010dagger  Uganda (2001–2003)
 France (2003–2010)
Didier Ratsiraka President of Madagascar  Madagascar 2002–2011  France
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada President of Bolivia  Bolivia 2003–present  United States
Charles Taylor President of Liberia  Liberia 2003–2006  Nigeria
Ange-Félix Patassé President of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2003–2009  Togo
Gustavo Noboa[4] President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2003–2005  Dominican Republic
Norodom Sihanouk King of Cambodia  Cambodia 2004–2012dagger  China
 North Korea
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya President of Mauritania  Mauritania 2005–present  Gambia (2005)
 Qatar (2005–present)
Lucio Gutiérrez President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2005  Brazil
 Peru
 United States
Askar Akayev President of Kyrgyzstan  Kyrgyzstan 2005–present  Russia
Pervez Musharraf President of Pakistan  Pakistan 2008–2013
2016–present 		 United Arab Emirates
Marc Ravalomanana President of Madagascar  Madagascar 2009–2014  Swaziland (2009)
 South Africa (2009–2014)
Manuel Zelaya President of Honduras  Honduras 2009–2011  Costa Rica (2009)
 Dominican Republic (2010–2011)
Kurmanbek Bakiyev President of Kyrgyzstan  Kyrgyzstan 2010–present  Belarus
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali President of Tunisia  Tunisia 2011–2019dagger  Saudi Arabia
Amadou Toumani Touré President of Mali  Mali 2012–2017  Senegal
François Bozizé President of the Central African Republic  Central African Republic 2013–2015  Cameroon
 Benin (requested)
Tom Thabane Prime Minister of Lesotho  Lesotho 2014  South Africa
Viktor Yanukovych President of Ukraine  Ukraine 2014–present  Russia
Mykola Azarov Prime Minister of Ukraine  Ukraine 2014–present  Russia
Mikheil Saakashvili President of Georgia  Georgia 2014–present  United States
 Ukraine
 Netherlands
 Ukraine
Mauricio Funes President of El Salvador  El Salvador 2014–present  Nicaragua
Blaise Compaoré President of Burkina Faso  Burkina Faso 2014–present  Ivory Coast
 Morocco
Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi President of Yemen  Yemen 2015–present  Saudi Arabia
Yahya Jammeh President of the Gambia  Gambia 2017–present  Equatorial Guinea
Rafael Correa President of Ecuador  Ecuador 2017–present  Belgium
Evo Morales President of Bolivia  Bolivia 2019–2020  Mexico
 Argentina

References[edit]

  1. ^ Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14). "BBC News – What happens to deposed leaders?". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  2. ^ Exile Communities and Their Differential Institutional Dynamics: A Comparative Analysis of the Chilean and Uruguayan Political Diasporas Revista de ciencia política (Santiago)
  3. ^ Koifman, Fábio. Presidentes do Brasil – de Jânio a Lula. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Rio, 2003
  4. ^ España, Sara (2021-02-17). "Fallece el expresidente de Ecuador Gustavo Noboa, artífice de la estabilización del país tras la crisis de 1999". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-02-17.
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