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==Australia== |
==Australia== |
Revision as of 06:18, 7 December 2012
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wazzup not much you?
Australia
Australia has a huge range of introduced species, so sub-classifications are necessary:
- Invasive - species has a tendency to spread their range into new areas
- Ferals - defined as animals for domestic purposes (i.e., pets or beasts of burden) that have gone wild
- Pests - animals that have a direct effect on human standards of living or the environment/ecosystems, have a high rate of reproduction, and are difficult to control
Feral animals that cause the most public concern, and economic and ecological damage include:
Image | Name | Species | Overview | Introduced | Reason | Introduced from | Distribution | Feral | Pest | Threat level | Est. pop. | Main control measures | Notes / ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cane toad | Bufo marinus | Cane toads in Australia | 1935 | Biological control (cane beetle) | South America via Hawaii | Queensland (extensive), northern New South Wales, Top End, Kimberley | No | Yes | Extreme | 200 million + | Culling; trapping;[1] genetic[2] (under research) | prolific breeders and bufotoxin kills native animals [3] | |
Red Fox | Vulpes vulpes | Feral foxes in Australia | 1855 | Recreational hunting | Europe | most of mainland Australia; small numbers in Tasmania[4] | No | Yes | Extreme | 7.2 million + | 1080 baiting; hunting | Elusive prolific predator of native animals and livestock.[5] | |
European Rabbit | Oryctolagus cuniculus | Rabbits in Australia | 1859 | Recreational hunting | Europe | Throughout Australia (extensive) | No | Yes | High | 200 million + | rabbit-proof fence; Myxomatosis; Calicivirus (RHD) | Prolific breeders that destroy land. | |
Dromedary Camel | Camelus dromedarius | Australian feral camel | 1840 | Beast of burden | India | Central Australia (extensive) | Yes | Yes | Medium to high | 1.1 million | Helicopter culling | Grazer, though arid Australian conditions suit the camel perfectly.[6] | |
Feral goat | Capra hircus | Feral goats in Australia | ?? | Domestic livestock | ?? | Throughout Australia (extensive) | Yes | Yes | High | + | Helicopter culling | [7] | |
Feral cat | Felis catus | Feral cat | c. 1700s | Pets | Europe | Throughout Australia, except in tropical rainforests (extensive) | Yes | Yes | High to extreme | ?? | Barrier fencing, shooting, trapping. Control measures effective on small islands; less so on the mainland. | The most widely spread and invasive of all introduced species. It is possibly responsible for the extinction of some species of small mammals.[8] | |
Brumby | Equus ferus caballus | Brumby | 1788 | Farm and utility work | Europe; some later imports from South Africa and Indonesia | Throughout Australia (extensive) | Yes | Yes | Medium to high | 300,000+ | Musters, ground and helicopter culling, fertility control | Grazers that damage sensitive lands[9] | |
Feral pig | Sus scrofa | Feral pig | 1788 | Domestic livestock | Europe | Throughout Australia, except in deserts (extensive) | Yes | Yes | High | 13 million to 23 million | Musters, ground and helicopter culling, trapping, poisoning, fencing | Prolific breeders that destroy land and have the potential to spread disease[10] |
Plants
- Allamanda - Allamanda cathartica from South America
- Blackberry
- Bridal Creeper
- Patterson's Curse
Mammals
- Black rat
- Brown rat
- Brown hare
- Dromedary
- Deer from Europe
- Domestic Asian Water buffalo
- Dog
- Dingo can also be considered native
- Ermine
- Feral Donkey
- House Mouse
- Least Weasel
- Northern Palm Squirrel
- Polynesian rat
- Water Buffalo
Birds
- California Quail
- Common Pheasant
- Common Myna
- Common Starling
- Eurasian Skylark
- Eurasian Blackbird
- Eurasian Tree Sparrow
- European Greenfinch
- European Goldfinch
- Feral Pigeon
- Hill Myna
- House Sparrow
- Mallard
- Nutmeg mannikin
- Spotted Dove
Fish
- Asian Carp
- Brown trout
- Common Carp
- Common Roach
- European Perch
- Mosquitofish
- Rainbow Trout
- Rosy Barb
- Rudd
- Tench
- Weather Loach
Reptiles
Arthropods
- Argentine Ant
- Black Portuguese millipede
- Western honeybee
- Red imported fire ant from South America via North America
- Yellow Crazy Ant
Echinoderms
- [[Asterias amurensis|Northern Pacific Seastar
- other introduced species
See also Invasive species in the British Isles
Further information can be found at the GB Non-native Species Secretariat, which has a free toolkit of resources on non-native species, including a photo gallery, ID sheets, risk assessments, projects database, case studies and resources for local action groups.
Mammals
- Red-necked Wallaby from Australia
- Grey Squirrel from North America
- Brown Rat
- Black Rat
- House Mouse
- Edible Dormouse from Europe
- Coypu from South America (subsequently eradicated)
- European Rabbit from continental Europe
- American Mink
- Reeves's Muntjac from China
- Fallow Deer from continental Europe
- Sika Deer from Asia
- Chinese Water Deer from China
Birds
- Little Owl from mainland Europe
- Rose-ringed Parakeet from Asia
- Red-legged Partridge
- Golden Pheasant from Asia
- Lady Amherst Pheasant
- Common Pheasant
- Canada Goose
Fish
- Zander
- Wels
- Rainbow Trout
- Walleye
- Bitterling
- Bluegill
- Brook Trout
- Common Carp
- Black Bullhead
- Goldfish
- Grass Carp
- Orfe
- Pumpkinseed
- Topmouth Gudgeon
- Sunbleak
- Fathead Minnow
- Pacific Humped Back Salmon
- Crucian carp
Amphibians
- Alpine Newt
- Midwife Toad
- Yellow-bellied Toad
- Marsh Frog
- American bullfrog (not established)
Reptiles
Crustaceans
Insects
Butterflies and moths
- Large Chequered Skipper butterfly from continental Europe to Channel Islands (subsequently lost)
- Large Copper butterfly Lycaena dispar rutilus from Continental Europe (subsequently lost)
- Large Copper butterfly Lycaena dispar batavus from the Netherlands (subsequently lost)
- Large Blue butterfly from Sweden
- Geranium Bronze butterfly from South Africa via Southern Europe on geranium (not established)
- Map butterfly (subsequently eradicated)
- Psychoides filicivora moth from the Far East
- Azalea Leaf Miner moth from East Asia
- Argyresthia cupressella moth from United States
- Brown House Moth from Asia
- Tachystola acroxantha moth from Australia
- Coleotechnites piceaella moth from United States
- Cotoneaster Webworm moth from United States
- Blastobasis adustella moth
- Blastobasis lacticlella moth
- Adoxophyles oporana moth
- Carnation Tortrix
- Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana from Australia
- Codling Moth
Ants
- Pharaoh ant from United States
Coleoptera (beetles)
- Harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis)
Plants
- Japanese knotweed
- Oxford ragwort
- Hottentot fig
- Fox and cubs
- Jewelweed
- Giant Hogweed
- American Willow herb
- Evening primrose
- Water fern
- Autumnal crocus
- Pigmy weed
- Least duckweed
- Canadian Pond Weed
- Bermuda buttercup
- Guernsey fleabane
- Rhododendron
- floating pennywort
- Purple dewplant
- Himalayan Balsam
- Common Field speedwell
- Purple pitcher
See also Canoe Plants
Birds
Mammals
- Common Brushtail Possum from Australia
- Cat from Europe
- Deer:
- Donkeys: the Ponui donkey from Europe
- Cattle from Europe
- Ferret from Europe
- Goat from Europe
- Hare from Europe
- Horse from Europe
- Hedgehog from Europe
- Himalayan tahr from Himalaya
- Chamois from Europe
- Pig
- Rabbit from Europe
- Rats:
- Brown rat and Black rat from Europe
- Pacific rat (kiore) from Pacific islands
- Stoat from Europe
- Wallabies: Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby and others from Australia
- Weasel from Europe
Birds
- Common Blackbird from Europe
- Dunnock (Hedge sparrow or hedge accentor) from Europe
- Magpie from Australia
- Mallard
- Common myna from India
- Starling from Europe
- Common pheasant from Asia
- Quail
Fish
Insects
- Monarch butterfly from USA
- Common housefly from Europe
- Honey bee from Europe
Plants
Up to 26,000 plants have been introduced into New Zealand. This list is a few of the more common and more invasive species.
- Gorse from Scotland
- (Common) Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
- Blackberry
- Lupin
- Ragwort
- Scotch thistle
- Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)
- Mistflower
- Kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum)
- Japanese honeysuckle
- Old man's beard[disambiguation needed]
Mammals
- Feral horse from Europe (known as Mustangs) reintroduced
- Rhesus Macaque from Asia (in Florida)
- Wild Boar from Europe(The Common species)
- Sika Deer from Asia
- Barbary Sheep from Africa
- House Mouse from Europe
- Red Deer from Europe and New Zealand
- Black Rat from Europe
- Brown rat from Europe
- Nutria from South America
- Fallow Deer From Europe and New Zealand
- Feral cat From Europe or Africa
- Brown hare From Europe
- Wild Goat from Asia (Capra aegagrus aegagrus)
- European Rabbit from Southwest Europe and Northwest Africa (Extinct Now)
- Jaguarundi from South America (in Florida)
Birds
- Chukar from Asia
- Eurasian Collared-Dove from Europe
- Eurasian Tree Sparrow from Europe
- European Starling from Europe
- Gray Partridge from Europe
- Himalayan Snowcock from Asia
- House Sparrow from Europe
- Monk Parakeet from South America
- Muscovy Duck from Central America and South America
- Mute Swan from Europe
- Ring-necked Pheasant from Asia and Europe
- Rock Pigeon from Europe
- Blue-gray Tanager from South America in florida extinct now
Reptiles & Amphibians
- Spectacled Caiman - (established in Caribbean)
- Brown Anole
- Hispaniolan Green Anole
- Puerto Rican Crested Anole
- Largehead Anole
- Bark Anole
- Knight Anole
- Cuban Green Anole
- Jamaican Giant Anole
- Green Iguana
- Common Basilisk
- Brown Basilisk
- Mexican Spiny-tailed Iguana
- Black Spiny-tailed Iguana
- Common Agama
- Oriental Garden Lizard
- Butterfly Lizard
- Ashy Gecko
- Ocellated Gecko
- House Gecko
- Tokay Gecko
- Mediterranean Gecko
- Tropical House Gecko
- Flat-tailed House Gecko
- Indo-Pacific Gecko
- Madagascan Giant Day Gecko
- Giant Ameiva (Ameiva ameiva)
- Rainbow Whiptail
- Italian Wall Lizard
- Common Wall Lizard - (northeast United States)
- Northern Curlytail Lizard
- Hispaniolan Curlytail Lizard
- Nile Monitor
- Brahminy Blind Snake
- Burmese Python
- Green and Black Poison Dart Frog (Hawaii)
- African Clawed Frog - (California and Arizona only)
Fish
- Round Goby from Eurasia
- Brown Trout from Europe
- Eurasian Ruffe from Eurasia
- Common Carp from Europe
- Cherry Barb from Sri Lanka
- Bighead Carp from China
- Silver Carp from Asia
- Black Carp from Asia
- Goldfish from Asia
- Sea Lamprey, introduced into the Great Lakes through the Welland canal c.1921
- Snakehead from China
- Western tubenose goby from Europe
- Tench from Eurasia
- Ruddfrom Europe
Crustaceans
- European green crab from Atlantic coasts of Europe and Northern Africa
- Chinese mitten crab from the coastal rivers and estuaries of the Yellow Sea
- Japanese shore crab from Japan
- Spiny waterflea from northern Europe and western Russia
- Fishhook waterflea from the Ponto-Caspian region
- Mud shrimp[disambiguation needed] from Europe
Mollusks
Marine
- Common periwinkle from Europe
- Veined rapa whelk from the Sea of Japan
Freshwater
- Chinese mystery snail from Asia
- Zebra mussel from the Caspian and Black Seas
- New Zealand Mud Snail from New Zealand
- Quagga Mussel from Caspian and Black Seas
- Asian Clam from Asia
- Mud Bithynia from Europe
- Red-rim Melania from Northern Africa to Southern Asia
Terrestrial
- Grove snail from Europe
- White-lipped snail from Europe
- Helix aspera from Europe
- Theba pisana from Europe
Insects
- Asian gypsy moth from Siberia
- Asian long-horned beetle
- Asian Tiger Mosquito
- Balsam woolly adelgid
- Beech scale
- Birch leafminer
- Brown spruce longhorn beetle from Europe
- Cabbage White (=Small White) butterfly from Europe
- Emerald Ash Borer from Asia
- European elm bark beetle
- European pine sawfly
- European pine shoot moth
- European Skipper (=Essex Skipper) butterfly from Europe
- European spruce sawfly
- Formosan subterranean termite
- Gypsy moth from Europe
- Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin Ladybug)
- Hemlock woolly adelgid from Japan
- Larch Casebearer
- Larch sawfly
- Pear thrip from Europe
- Phroid Fly from South America
- Red imported fire ant from South America
- Varroa mite from Asia
- Western honeybee from Europe
- Winter moth
- silverleaf whitefly
Plants
- Acer platanoides--Norway Maple from Europe
- Taraxacum officinale -- Dandelion from Europe
- Eurasian watermilfoil from Europe, Asia and northern Africa
- Ice plant[disambiguation needed] from South Africa
- Eucalypts from Australia
- Kudzu from Japan
- Hesperis matronalis -- Dame's rocket from Eurasia
- Vicia cracca -- Cow vetch from Eurasia
- Vicia villosa -- Hairy vetch from Eurasia
- Lonicera japonica -- Japanese honeysuckle
- Lonicera maackii -- Amur honeysuckle
- Rosa multiflora -- Multiflora rose
- Lythrum salicaria -- Purple loosestrife
- Pueraria montana -- Kudzu (aka Pueraria lobata)
- Celastrus orbiculatus -- Oriental bittersweet
- Elaeagnus umbellata -- Autumn olive
- Alliaria petiolata -- Garlic mustard
- Hydrilla verticillata -- Hydrilla from India and Sri Lanka
- Trapa natans -- Water caltrop from Eurasia
- Eichhornia crassipes -- Water hyacinth from South America
- Pistia stratiotes -- Water lettuce from South America
- Ipomoea aquatica -- Water spinach from India and southeast Asia
- Arundo donax -- Giant reed from the Mediterranean
- Conium maculatum -- Poison hemlock from Europe
- Salvinia molesta -- Giant salvinia from Brazil
- Hedera helix -- English ivy from Europe
- Fucus serratus -- Rockweed from Europe
- Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides -- Green sea fingers
- Centaurea diffusa -- Diffuse knapweed
- Cytisus scoparius -- Scotch broom from Europe
- Sorghum halepense -- Johnson Grass from Europe
South America
Mammals
- Beaver from North America to Tierra del Fuego
Fish
- Cherry barb from Sri Lanka
Continental Europe
Mammals
- Common Raccoon - Germany, France (from North America)
- Barbary Macaque - Gibraltar (from North Africa)
- Raccoon Dog - throughout Central and Eastern Europe into E Scandinavia (from Asia)
- American Mink - Spain, N. France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Scandinavia, Lithuania, Belarus, etc. (from North America)
- Egyptian Mongoose - Portugal, southern Spain, island of Mljet (from North Africa)
- Indian Grey Mongoose - Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Adriatic islands
- Sika Deer - France, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Austria (from Asia)
- Axis Deer - Italy, Slovenia, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Russia east of Black Sea (from South Asia)
- White-tailed Deer - S Finland (from North America)
- Barbary Sheep - Spain (from Africa)
- Greenland Muskox - Norway, Sweden (from Greenland)
- Grey Squirrel - Italy, Scotland, England, Ireland (from North America)
- Siberian Chipmunk - France, Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Finland (from further east in Eurasia)
- Muskrat - E Scandinavia, W France, north to Denmark, east to Ukraine, south to N Greece
- Brown Rat - throughout (from Asia)
- Black Rat - throughout (from South-East Asia or China, via India and Middle East)
- House Mouse - throughout (from N Iran border)
- Crested Porcupine - Italy (from North Africa)
- Coypu - pockets in France, Germany, Poland, Denmark, Italy, Bulgaria, Georgia, etc. (from South America)
- Cottontail Rabbit - Spain, France, Italy (from North America)
Birds
- Sacred Ibis - France (from Africa)
- Black Swan - Poland, Netherlands (from Australia)
- Canada Goose - N Europe (France to Scandinavia) (from North America)
- Swan Goose
- Bar-headed Goose - UK, Netherlands
- Egyptian Goose - UK, Netherlands (from Africa)
- Ruddy Duck - spreading from UK (from North America)
- Common Pheasant - throughout (from Asia)
- California Quail - Denmark, Germany, Italy (from North America)
- Northern Bobwhite - C France (from North America)
- Daurian Partridge - Italy, Russia, Ukraine (from S Siberia & C Asia)
- Reeves's Pheasant - France, Czech Republic (from China)
- Wild Turkey - Germany (from North America)
- Rose-ringed Parakeet - Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, W Germany
- Monk Parakeet - Italy, Slovakia (from South America)
- Common Mynah - Russia (from India)
- Common Waxbill - Portugal (from Africa)
- Red Avadavat - Spain, Po Delta (from India)
- Greater Rhea - Germany (from South America)
Reptiles & Amphibians
- Pond Slider - (from North America)
- Common Garter Snake - Sweden (from North America)
- Bullfrog - southern Europe (from North America)
- African Clawed Frog - (from Africa)
Fish
- Bighead carp - (from East Asia)
- Black bullhead - (from North America)
- Brown bullhead - (from North America)
- Chameleon goby - (from East Asia)
- Chinese sleeper - (from China)
- Eastern mosquitofish - (from North America)
- Haarder - (from East Asia)
- Pumpkinseed - (from North America)
- Silver carp - (from East Asia)
- Stone moroko - (from China)
Asia
Mammals
Reptiles
Africa
Mammals
- Wild Boar
- Wild Goat
- European Rabbit
- Coypu
- Fallow Deer
- Himalayan Tahr
- Grey Squirrel
- Sambar Deer
- Sika Deer
- Feral Horse
- Feral Donkey
- Feral Cat
- Feral Dog
- House Mouse
- Brown Rat
- Black Rat
- Crab-Eating Macaque
- Indian Mongoose
- Weasel
- Asian House Shrew
Birds
- Canada Goose
- Mallard
- Indian Mynah
- Domestic Goose
- ICattle Egret
- Rock Pigeon
- Ceylon Crow
- Common Waxbill
- Ruddy Duck
- English Sparrow
- European Covered Dove
- European Starling
See also
References
- ^ http://www.frogwatch.org.au/index.cfm?attributes.fuseaction=viewResearch&research_id=101
- ^ http://www.imb.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=48437&pid=48437&ntemplate=235
- ^ The Feral Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) - Invasive species fact sheet
- ^ http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LBUN-5K46YA?open
- ^ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: European red fox (Vulpes vulpes)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ "Camel Fact Sheet". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia). 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ - Invasive species fact sheet
- ^ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral cat (Felis catus)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: Feral horse (Equus caballus) and feral donkey (Equus asinus)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral pig (Sus scrofa)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
- Macdonald, D. and P. Barrett (1993) Collins Field Guide: Mammals of Britain & Europe. HarperCollins, London.
- Svensson, L., P.J. Grant, K. Mullarney and D. Zetterström (1999) Collins Bird Guide. HarperCollins, London. (ISBN 0-00-219728-6)
- http://myfwc.com/nonnatives/exotics/resultsClass.asp?taxclass=R