From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Timeline - Neolithic - Bronze - Iron Age. To ancient Greece and Roman Republic 7000 - 100-0 B.C. [ edit ]
City
7000
6500–6000
5000
4000
3800
3000–2500
2000
1600
1300
1000
700
600
500 - 400
300
200
100-0
Athens [ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] [ 14] [ 15] [ 16] [ 17] [ 18] [ 19] [ 20] [ 21]
10,000 - 15,000
2,500 - 5,000
5,000 - 10,000
70,000 - 100,000 - 130,000
150,000 - 350,000 - 610,000
120,000-200,000-300,000-431,000
100,000-200,000
Argos [ 3] [ 14] [ 22] [ 23] [ 24] [ 25]
600 - 1,200
5,000 - 10,000
30,000 - 60,000
Aegina [ 26]
20,000 - 40,000
Akrotiri (Santorini) [ 27] [ 28] [ 29] [ 30] [ 31] [ 32] [ 33] [ 34] [ 35] [ 35]
8,000 - 15,000 - 30,000
Agrigento [ 36] [ 37] [ 38] [ 39] [ 40]
200,000 - 800,000
Cerveteri [ 41] [ 42] [ 43] [ 44] [ 45]
25,000 - 40,000
Capua [ 46] [ 47] [ 48] [ 49] [ 50] [ 51]
100,000
300,000
100,000
Choirokoitia [ 52] [ 53] [ 54] [ 55] [ 56] [ 57] [ 58]
300 - 600
2,000
Corinth [ 59] [ 60] [ 61]
50,000-90,000-100,000
Crotone [ 62]
50,000 - 80,000
Dobrovody [ 63] [ 64]
10,000-16,000
Dimini [ 65]
300
Durrington Walls [ 66] [ 67] [ 68]
4,000
Fedorovka [ 64]
6,000
Gournia [ 69] [ 70]
4,000
Heuneburg [ 71] [ 72] [ 73] [ 74]
10,000
ischia [ 75] [ 76] [ 77]
5,000 - 10,000
Knossos [ 3] [ 14] [ 27]
[ 78] [ 79] [ 80] [ 81] [ 82] [ 83] [ 84] [ 85] [ 86] [ 87]
100
1,000
1,300-2,000
18,000
20,000 - 40,000 - 100,000
30,000
5,000 - 10,000
Mycenae [ 84] [ 88]
30,000
Manika (Greece) [ 87] [ 89] [ 90] [ 91] [ 92] [ 93]
6000 - 13,500
Malia [ 27] [ 85] [ 87]
700-1,000
5,000 - 10,000 - 12.500
Maydanets [ 63]
10,000
Nea Nikomedeia [ 94]
500-700
Palaikastro [ 27] [ 85]
18,000
Populonia [ 43] [ 44] [ 95] [ 96]
25,000 - 40,000
Lepenski Vir [ 97] [ 98] [ 99] [ 100] [ 101] [ 102]
150 -1,000
Tarquinia [ 43] [ 44] [ 95] [ 96]
20,000 - 25,000 - 40,000
Vinča-Belo Brdo [ 103] [ 104]
2000–2500
Veii [ 43] [ 44] [ 95] [ 96] [ 105] [ 106] [ 107]
25,000 - 40,000 - 100,000
Volsinii [ 43] [ 44] [ 95] [ 96]
13,000 - 25,000 - 40,000
Vulci [ 43] [ 44] [ 95] [ 96]
15,000 - 25,000 - 40,000
Sesklo [ 108] [ 109] [ 110] [ 111] [ 112]
300
1000–5000
Sparta [ 2] [ 113]
40,000-50,000
Syracuse, Sicily [ 40] [ 114] [ 115] [ 115] [ 116] [ 117] [ 118] [ 119] [ 120]
200,000-800,000-1,200,000
200,000-400,000
Sybaris [ 121] [ 122] [ 123] [ 124] [ 125] [ 126]
100,000-300,000
Solnitsata [ 127] [ 128]
350
Tiryns [ 87] [ 129] [ 130] [ 131]
1,200-1,800
10,000
15,000
Nebelovka [ 64]
17,000
Taranto [ 51] [ 132] [ 133]
100,000-300,000
Talianki [ 64] [ 134] [ 135] [ 136]
15,000-30,000
Thebes, Greece [ 87] [ 137]
[ 138] [ 139] [ 140] [ 141]
4,000-6,000
8,000
30,000 - 60,000
Los Millares [ 142] [ 143] [ 144]
1,000 - 2,300
Pavlopetri [ 145] [ 146]
500
2,000
Rome [ 51] [ 147] [ 148] [ 149] [ 150]
[ 151] [ 152] [ 153] [ 154] [ 155] [ 156] [ 157] [ 158]
3,145-7,400
24,240-60,600
80,000
130,000
250,000-300,000
350,000
500,000-1,000,000
Rhodes (city) [ 20] [ 21] [ 159]
100,000-200,000
100,000
Timeline From Roman Empire to Modern Age 0 - 1800 A.D. [ edit ]
City
0-100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
Athens [ 160] [ 161]
30,000
110,000
Aquileia [ 26] [ 162]
100,000
100,000
Augsburg [ 163] [ 164] [ 165] [ 166] [ 167] [ 168] [ 169]
25,000-50,000
25,000-50,000
50,000
30,000-50,000
45,000-50,000-100,000
28,000
Amalfi [ 170]
80,000
Antwerp [ 171] [ 172] [ 173] [ 174] [ 175]
5,000
20,000
100,000-200,000
46,000-90,000
75,000
Arles [ 176] [ 177] [ 178]
75,000-100,000
Autun [ 179] [ 180] [ 181]
40,000-100,000
Amsterdam [ 174] [ 182] [ 183] [ 184]
30,000
65,000-100,000-175,000
175,000-200,000-210,000
195,000-201,000
Barcelona [ 184] [ 185] [ 186] [ 187]
50,000
60,000-70,000
100,000
Bruges [ 188] [ 189]
50,000
125,000-200,000
Brussels [ 173] [ 183] [ 190]
30,000
100,000
100,000
70,000
Bordeaux [ 191] [ 192] [ 193]
30,000-40,000
50,000
100,000
Berlin [ 183] [ 194]
6,000
12,000
20,000
172,000
Bologna [ 195] [ 196] [ 197]
35,000
50,000-70,000
Carnuntum [ 198] [ 199]
50,000
50,000
50,000
Cádiz [ 181] [ 183]
100,000
87,000
Corinth [ 59] [ 200] [ 201] [ 202] [ 203]
100,000 - 200,00 - 700,000
Constantinople [ 204] [ 205] [ 206] [ 207] [ 208] [ 209] [ 210] [ 211] [ 212] [ 213]
400,000
400,00- 800,000
100,000- 800,000
100,000- 800,000
100,000- 250,000
500,000- 1,000,000
500,000
300,000
400,000
70,000
400,000-660,000
700,000
300,000-700,000
400,000-570,000
Córdoba [ 181] [ 196] [ 214]
45,000
450,000
60,000
Cologne [ 197] [ 215] [ 216] [ 217] [ 218] [ 219]
40,000
40,000
15,000-20,000
20,000
50,000
50,000-60,000
45,000
40,000
50,000
Danzig [ 163] [ 182]
30,000
60,000-80,000
Dublin [ 220] [ 221] [ 222] [ 223]
1,000-2,000
4,000-5,000
10,000
20,000
75,000
200,000
Florence [ 173] [ 174] [ 197] [ 215] [ 224] [ 225]
15,000
50,000-60,000
80,000-120,000
70,000
70,000
Genoa [ 173] [ 174] [ 197] [ 226] [ 227] [ 228]
80,000
50,000
100,000
100,000
60,000
70,000
90,000
Ghent [ 172] [ 188] [ 229] [ 230] [ 231] [ 232] [ 233] [ 234] [ 235]
5,000
10,000
60,000-80,000
70,000-80,000
80,000-150,000-175,000-200,000
Granada [ 174] [ 236] [ 237]
26,000
150,000
100,000
70,000
Hamburg [ 163] [ 165] [ 169] [ 182] [ 183] [ 238]
15,000-20,000
40,000-60,000-100,000
63,000
117,000
Kiev [ 239] [ 240]
45,000
100,000
Lisbon [ 183] [ 234] [ 241] [ 242]
35,000
50,000-60,000
60,000-70,000-120,000
120,000-140,000
200,000
237,000
London [ 213] [ 243] [ 244] [ 245] [ 246] [ 247] [ 174] [ 248] [ 249]
30,000
45,000-50,000-60,000
10,000-12,000
20,000-25,000
10,000-20,000
20,000-25,000
50,000-100,000
50,000-100,000-120,000
225,000-410,000
550,00-700,000
861,000-1,000,000
Lugdunum (Lyon )[ 182] [ 193] [ 197] [ 250] [ 251] [ 251] [ 252] [ 253]
50,000-100,000-200,000
50,000-100,000-200,000
12,000
20,000
40,000-70,000
40,000-70,000
100,000
150,000
Leuven [ 173]
45,000
Madrid [ 182] [ 183] [ 238]
60,000
105,000
182,000
Magdeburg [ 163] [ 219]
30,000
40,000-45,000
Marseilles [ 182] [ 183] [ 184] [ 238]
80,000-100,000
80,000
83,000-100,000
Mainz [ 254]
20,000
30,000
Messina [ 182] [ 238] [ 255]
100,000
Milan [ 48] [ 173] [ 174] [ 181] [ 183] [ 227] [ 238] [ 256] [ 257] [ 258] [ 259]
40,000
40,000
100,000
90,000
200,000
125,000
100,000
180,000
113,000
122,000-250,000
Metz [ 193] [ 252] [ 260]
40,000
25,000
40,000
Montpellier [ 193] [ 261]
30,000-40,000
15,000
40,000
Moscow [ 234] [ 262]
20,000-30,000
30,000-40,000
100,000
200,000
200,000
250,000
Narbonne [ 179] [ 197]
30,000-50,000
31,000
Naples [ 173] [ 183] [ 197] [ 263] [ 264] [ 265] [ 266] [ 267] [ 268] [ 269]
30,000
50,000
30,000
30,000
50,000-60,000
200,000
350,000
207,000
500,000
Nimes [ 193] [ 270] [ 271] [ 272] [ 273]
40,000-60,000
40,000
Nuremberg [ 165] [ 167] [ 169] [ 238] [ 274] [ 275] [ 276]
20,000
20,000-50,000
40,000-50,000-100,000
27,000
Ostia Antica [ 277] [ 278] [ 279] [ 280] [ 281] [ 282]
20,000-50,000-100,000
50,000-100,000
Palermo [ 182] [ 183] [ 234] [ 283]
350,000
150,000
150,000
50,000
100,000
124,000
135,000
Paris [ 197] [ 213] [ 284] [ 285] [ 286] [ 193] [ 287] [ 288]
80,000
30,000
20,000-30,000
20,000-30,000
20,000
50,000
110,000-160,000
228,000-275,000-300,000
280,000
225,000
245,000-420,000
515,000
546,000-830,000
Padua [ 195] [ 289]
25,000-40,000
25,000-40,000
25,000-40,000
40,000
Pozzuoli [ 48] [ 290] [ 291]
50,000-100,000
Preslav [ 174]
60,000
60,000
Prague [ 174] [ 183] [ 292]
22,000
77,000
95,000
48,000
77,000
Regensburg [ 174] [ 252]
25,000
40,000
Reims [ 179] [ 193]
30,000-50,000
30,000
Rome [ 147] [ 148] [ 149] [ 150] [ 151] [ 152] [ 153] [ 154] [ 155] [ 174] [ 204] [ 293] [ 294] [ 295] [ 296] [ 297] [ 298] [ 299]
1,650,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,100,000
100,000
90,000
40,000 - 50,000
50,000
30,000
20,000
50,000-55,000
90,000-110,000
120,000-150,000
150,000
Ravenna [ 176]
50,000
50,000
Rouen [ 183] [ 193] [ 252] [ 253] [ 292] [ 300] [ 301]
10,000
30,000
40,000
70,000
40,000-70,000
40,000-70,000
63,000
80,000-90,000
Saint Petersburg [ 184] [ 302]
220,000-425,000
Salerno [ 197] [ 303]
50,000
50,000
30,000
4,000
Smolensk [ 304] [ 305]
20,000-30,000
40,000
Sarai [ 306]
600,000
Seville [ 170] [ 182] [ 183] [ 237]
90,000
150,000
25,000
100,000-300,000
80,000
96,000
Siena [ 307]
50,000
25,000
Syracuse, Sicily [ 181]
80,000
Thessaloniki [ 239] [ 276] [ 308] [ 309] [ 310] [ 311]
200,000
40,000
150,000
150,000
100,000- 150,000
100,000- 150,000
Trier [ 197] [ 252] [ 312] [ 313] [ 314] [ 315]
70,000-80,000-100,000
70,000-80,000-100,000
15,000
20,000
Toulouse [ 173] [ 193] [ 316] [ 317] [ 318]
50,000
50,000
30,000
25,000
50,000
30,000
Venice [ 173] [ 174] [ 225] [ 226] [ 319]
60,000
80,000
110,000-180,000
110,00-150,000
100,000-170,000
200,000
140,000
140,000
Verona [ 320] [ 321]
20,000-25,000
40,000
Veliky Novgorod [ 322] [ 323] [ 324] [ 325]
10,000-15,000
20,000-30,000
400,000
Vienna [ 163] [ 169] [ 182] [ 183] [ 276] [ 289] [ 326] [ 327]
15,000-20,000
15,000-20,000
20,000
20,000
50,000
100,000
250,000
Ypres ,[ 197] [ 328] [ 329] [ 330] [ 331] [ 332] [ 333] [ 334]
40,000-80,000-200,000
40,000-80,000-200,000
Data from Hohenberg and Lees (1985) [ edit ]
1400
City
Population
Paris
275,000
Bruges
125,000
Milan
125,000
Venice
110,000
Genoa
100,000
Granada
100,000
Prague
95,000
Ghent
70,000
Rouen
70,000
Seville
70,000
1700
City
Population
Constantinople
700,000
London
550,000
Paris
500,000
Naples
215,000
Lisbon
188,000
Amsterdam
180,000
Moscow
150,000
Venice
138,000
Rome
130,000
Milan
120,000
Belgrade
100,000
Lyon
100,000
Madrid
100,000
Vienna
100,000
Marseille
100,000
Sarajevo
100,000
Gdańsk
100,000
1800
City
Population
London
1,000,000
Paris
600,000
Naples
426,000
Moscow
400,000
Vienna
240,000
Amsterdam
220,000
St. Petersburg
200,000
Dublin
200,000
Lisbon
180,000
Berlin
172,000
Warsaw *
120,000
*Warsaw data from 1792[ 335]
Data from Chandler (1987) [ edit ]
City
Country
430 B.C.
200 B.C.
A.D. 100
A.D. 361
A.D. 500
A.D. 622
Seville
Spain
37–40,000
40,000
London
United Kingdom
30,000
Syracuse
Italy
125,000
100,000
51–60,000
45–50,000
Rome
Italy
35,000
150,000
450,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
Milan
Italy
30,000
40,000
Athens
Greece
155,000
75,000
75,000
50–60,000
Corinth
Greece
70,000
70,000
50,000
Constantinople
Turkey
36,000
300,000
400,000
350,000
City
Country
800
900
1000
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
1575
1600
1650
London
United Kingdom
15,000
25,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
60,000
50,000
74,000
112,000
187,000
410,000
Lisbon
Portugal
15,000
15,000
15,000
35,000
45,000
55,000
60,000
55,000
62,000
85,000
100,000
170,000
Córdoba
Spain
160,000
200,000
450,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
40,000
36,000
30,000
32,000
Seville
Spain
35,000
40,000
90,000
125,000
125,000
150,000
75,000
90,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
46,000
70,000
100,000
126,000
60,000
Granada
Spain
60,000
60,000
60,000
75,000
90,000
60,000
90,000
165,000
70,000
70,000
60,000
68,000
Madrid
Spain
80,000
125,000
Paris
France
25,000
20,000
30,000
50,000
110,000
160,000
228,000
215,000
280,000
150,000
185,000
210,000
220,000
245,000
455,000
Amsterdam
Netherlands
48,000
165,000
Rome
Italy
50,000
40,000
35,000
35,000
35,000
30,000
33,000
38,000
58,000
70,000
102,000
110,000
Naples
Italy
30,000
25,000
30,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
75,000
114,000
209,000
215,000
224,000
265,000
Milan
Italy
25,000
20,000
30,000
42,000
45,000
60,000
65,000
60,000
50,000
80,000
83,000
89,000
75,000
98,000
107,000
105,000
Palermo
Italy
35,000
75,000
90,000
125,000
150,000
75,000
35,000
25,000
39,000
60,000
70,000
105,000
132,000
Venice
Italy
35,000
45,000
55,000
60,000
70,000
90,000
110,000
85,000
110,000
100,000
115,000
171,000
157,000
151,000
134,000
Prague
Czech Republic
15,000
22,000
40,000
50,000
95,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
110,000
Athens
Greece
25,000
35,000
35,000
33,000
Constantinople
Turkey
250,000
300,000
300,000
200,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
100,000
80,000
75,000
45,000
200,000
660,000
680,000
700,000
700,000
Sarai
Russia
80,000
100,000
120,000
Moscow
Russia
30,000
80,000
75,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
City
Country
1675
1700
1750
1775
1800
1825
1850
1862
1875
1900
1914
1925
1936
1950
1975
London
United Kingdom
485,000
550,000
676,000
710,000
861,000
1,335,000
2,320,000
2,803,000
4,241,000
6,480,000
7,419,000
7,742,000
9,710,000
8,860,000
10,500,000
Lisbon
Portugal
178,000
188,000
213,000
219,000
237,000
258,000
262,000
280,000
243,000
363,000
455,000
567,000
875,000
1,600,000
Córdoba
Spain
27,000
28,000
34,000
52,000
Seville
Spain
80,000
68,000
96,000
83,000
117,000
148,000
212,000
383,000
685,000
Granada
Spain
35,000
45,000
53,000
58,000
75,000
Madrid
Spain
115,000
105,000
110,000
132,000
182,000
201,000
216,000
303,000
373,000
539,000
623,000
791,000
1,220,000
1,527,000
4,150,000
Paris
France
540,000
530,000
556,000
600,000
547,000
855,000
1,314,000
1,800,000
2,250,000
3,330,000
4,000,000
4,800,000
5,950,000
5,900,000
9,400,000
Amsterdam
Netherlands
195,000
210,000
219,000
209,000
195,000
196,000
225,000
268,000
289,000
510,000
601,000
718,000
859,000
1,800,000
Rome
Italy
105,000
138,000
146,000
148,000
142,000
125,000
158,000
194,000
251,000
438,000
570,000
758,000
1,155,000
1,665,000
3,600,000
Naples
Italy
170,000
207,000
310,000
355,000
430,000
350,000
413,000
447,000
450,000
563,000
691,000
852,000
1,210,000
1,900,000
Milan
Italy
114,000
113,000
110,000
117,000
122,000
156,000
182,000
226,000
267,000
491,000
655,000
917,000
1,103,000
1,400,000
3,800,000
Palermo
Italy
128,000
125,000
111,000
127,000
135,000
154,000
170,000
175,000
188,000
255,000
370,000
470,000
672,000
Venice
Italy
138,000
143,000
158,000
151,000
146,000
99,000
141,000
171,000
226,000
354,000
Berlin
Germany
26,000
113,000
136,000
172,000
222,000
446,000
582,000
1,045,000
2,707,000
3,500,000
4,013,000
4,226,000
3,707,000
2,000,000
Budapest
Hungary
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
309,208
733,385
880,371
960,995
1,060,431
1,629,000
2,026,543
Prague
Czech Republic
48,000
58,000
77,000
98,000
117,000
474,000
670,000
745,000
951,000
1,275,000
Athens
Greece
30,000
181,000
571,000
1,140,000
3,300,000
Constantinople
Turkey
750,000
700,000
625,000
600,000
570,000
675,000
785,000
820,000
873,000
900,000
1,125,000
817,000
1,035,000
3,200,000
Edirne
Turkey
100,000
85,000
82,000
80,000
88,000
85,000
Moscow
Russia
105,000
114,000
146,000
177,000
248,000
257,000
373,000
346,000
600,000
1,120,000
1,805,000
1,764,000
4,050,000
5,100,000
10,700,000
Saint Petersburg
Russia
74,000
164,000
220,000
438,000
502,000
565,000
764,000
1,439,000
2,133,000
1,430,000
2,983,000
2,700,000
4,280,000
See also [ edit ]
Notes and references [ edit ]
^ Thomas, C.G.; Conant, C. (2009). Citadel to City-State: The Transformation of Greece, 1200-700 B.C.E. Indiana University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780253003256 .
^ a b Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b c Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches . University of Alabama Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780817352462 .
^ Beer, J. (2004). Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy . Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 9780313289460 .
^ Schwartz, G.M.; Nichols, J.J. (2010). After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies . University of Arizona Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780816529360 .
^ "Urban History of Athens Presentation" (PDF) . 9 December 2008. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai . OUP Oxford. p. 36. ISBN 9780191663864 .
^ Hansen, M.H. (1988). Three Studies in Athenian Demography . Commissioner, Munksgaard. p. 7. ISBN 9788773041895 .
^ Wilson, N. (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece . Taylor & Francis. p. 214. ISBN 9781136788000 .
^ O'Sullivan, L. (2009). The Regime of Demetrius of Phalerum in Athens, 317-307 BCE: A Philosopher in Politics . Brill. p. 110. ISBN 9789004178885 .
^ Robert. "Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Legacy" . history-world.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "BBC - History - Ancient History in depth: The Democratic Experiment" . bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "The population of Sparta and Athens" . ancientgreekbattles.net. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b c Ian Morris (12 December 2005). "The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece, 1500-500 BC" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Rocca, S. (2008). Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World . Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 333. ISBN 9783161497179 .
^ Lathrop, D.; Ruma, L. (2010). Open Government: Collaboration, Transparency, and Participation in Practice . O'Reilly Media. p. 169. ISBN 9781449388805 .
^ Moreno, A. (2007). Feeding the Democracy: The Athenian Grain Supply in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC . OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199228409 .
^ Van Wees, H. (2013). Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute: A Fiscal History of Archaic Athens . I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781780766867 .
^ Kellogg, D.L. (2013). Marathon Fighters and Men of Maple: Ancient Acharnai . OUP Oxford. p. 37. ISBN 9780199645794 .
^ a b Keith Roberts (2013). The Origins of Business, Money and Markets . Columbia Business School Pub. ISBN 9780231526852 .
^ a b Beck, H. (2013). A Companion to Ancient Greek Government . Wiley. p. 55. ISBN 9781118303184 .
^ Troy Dora P. Crouch Professor Emerita Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY (1993). Geology and Settlement : Greco-Roman Patterns: Greco-Roman Patterns . Oxford University Press, USA. p. 124. ISBN 9780195359435 .
^ Diop, C.A.; Salemson, H.J.; De Jager, M. (1991). Civilization or Barbarism: . L.M. Ngemi. p. 160. ISBN 9781556520488 .
^ Blumberg, A. (1995). Great Leaders, Great Tyrants?: Contemporary Views of World Rulers who Made History . Greenwood Press. p. 242. ISBN 9780313287510 .
^ Hall, J.M. (2013). A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE . Wiley. ISBN 9781118340462 .
^ a b Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary . OUP Oxford. p. 16. ISBN 9780199545568 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google19" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ a b c d Castleden, R. (2002). Atlantis Destroyed . Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN 9781134708796 .
^ Freeman, C. (2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean . OUP Oxford. p. 118. ISBN 9780191509704 .
^ Thornton, I.; New, T. (2007). Island Colonization: The Origin and Development of Island Communities . Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 9781139462310 .
^ Kupp, R.W. (2005). A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century . Trafford Publishing. p. 311. ISBN 9781412050036 .
^ New York Magazine . New York Media, LLC. p. 73. ISSN 0028-7369 .
^ "Civilization.ca - Greece: Secrets of the Past - Fast Facts" . historymuseum.ca. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Francis, P. (1993). Volcanoes: a planetary perspective . Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198540335 .
^ Yahya, H. (2000). The Truth of the Life of this World . Ta-Ha. p. 110. ISBN 9781897940990 .
^ a b Stewart, I. (2012). Journeys From The Centre Of The Earth . Random House. p. 198. ISBN 9781448149421 .
^ Hooke, N. (1818). The Roman history, from the building of Rome to the ruin of the commonwealth... New ed (vb. 4). Printed for F.C. and J. Rivington. p. 17.
^ Lemprière, J. (1842). A Classical Dictionary: Containing a Full Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors, with Tables of Coins, Weights, and Measures, in Use Among the Greeks and Romans. To which is Now Prefixed, a Chronological Table . T. Allman. p. 26.
^ Royal Institution of Great Britain (1828). Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts . James Eastburn. p. 98.
^ Maynard, J. (2005). The Light of Alexandria . Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 35. ISBN 9781411653351 .
^ a b Rollin, C.; Bell, J. (1870). The ancient history of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians and Macedonians: including a history of the arts and sciences of the ancients (vb. 1). Harper & Brothers. p. 286.
^ Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330 (del 1330). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291262 .
^ Museo nazionale di Villa Giulia; Moretti, A.M.S.; Italy. Soprintendenza archeologica per l'Etruria meridionale (2001). The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum: Short Guide . L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882650124 .
^ a b c d e f Turfa, J.M.I. (2013). The Etruscan World . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134055302 .
^ a b c d e f Pounds, N.J.G. (1976). An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330 (del 1330). Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780521291262 .
^ Roberts, J.M. (1993). A Short History of the World . Oxford University Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780195115048 .
^ "p.14-5. Italy: Handbook for Travellers: Southern Italy, Sicily, the Lipari Islands" . forgottenbooks.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Cramer, J.A. (1826). A Geographical and Historical Description of Ancient Italy (v. 1). Clarendon. p. 205.
^ a b c A Companion to Latin Studies . CUP Archive. p. 356.
^ de Ligt, L. (2012). Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC-AD 100 . Cambridge University Press. p. 236. ISBN 9781107013186 .
^ Randsborg, K. (1991). The First Millennium AD in Europe and the Mediterranean: An Archaeological Essay . Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 9780521387873 .
^ a b c Facaros, D.; Pauls, M. (2004). Italy . Cadogan Guides. p. 11. ISBN 9781860111136 .
^ Choirokoitia http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/choirokoitia.html
^ Maric, V. (2009). Cyprus . Lonely Planet Publications. p. 25. ISBN 9781741048032 .
^ MobileReference (2011). Travel Cyprus: Illustrated Guide, Greek and Turkish Phrasebooks & Maps (Mobi Travel) . MobileReference. ISBN 9781611981247 .
^ Bryant, S. (2008). Frommer's Cyprus With Your Family: From the Best Family Beaches to Mountain Villages . Wiley. p. 161. ISBN 9780470722053 .
^ Spilling, M.; Spilling, J.A. (2010). Cyprus . Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 23. ISBN 9780761448556 .
^ Abulafia, D. (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean . Oxford University Press, USA. p. 8. ISBN 9780195323344 .
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc (1995). The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia . Encyclopaedia Britannica. ISBN 9780852296059 .
^ a b International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda.
^ HarperCollins (Firm) (1988). HarperCollins atlas of archaeology . Borders Press in association with HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 9780723010050 .
^ Rockwood, C. (1997). Fodor's Greece . Fodor's Travel Publications. ISBN 9780679032274 .
^ Jarde, A. (2013). The Formation of the Greek People . Taylor & Francis. p. 217. ISBN 9781136195860 .
^ a b http://www.trypillia.com/articles/eng/se3.pdf
^ a b c d http://www.chronikajournal.com/resources/Harper.pdf
^ "Ministry of Culture and Sports | Dimini" . odysseus.culture.gr. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age" . Anthony Harding, Harry Fokkens Oxford University Press . 2013. p. 169.
^ "Analysis of human remains rewrites the story of Stonehenge" . University of York . 2013.
^ "NEWSLETTER – December 2013" (PDF) . Andrew Morgan, East Dorset Antiquarian Society . 2013. p. 2.
^ Gournia, Minoan Crete Retrieved 12 May 2013.
^ Brewer, S.; Kollias, T. (2011). Frommer's Greece Day by Day . Wiley. p. 246. ISBN 9781118023365 .
^ Walsh, J.S.P. (2013). Consumerism in the Ancient World: Imports and Identity Construction . Taylor & Francis. p. 49. ISBN 9781317812845 .
^ "World Archaeology News 22 January 2013" . archaeology.ws. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Heuneburg. First city north of the Alps - Current World Archaeology | Manuel Fernandez-Gotz - Academia.edu" . academia.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ http://www.swr.de/swr4/bw/programm/tuebingen/die-keltenfuerstin-von-der-heuneburg/-/id=259458/did=12483208/nid=259458/1b5ify6/index.html
^ Osborne, R. (2004). Greek History . Routledge. p. 24. ISBN 9780415317177 .
^ Gosden, C. (2004). Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present . Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780521787956 .
^ Ancient Greece and Rome . pp. 1–253. ISBN 9780195170726 .
^ Castleden, R. (2012). Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the `Palace of Minos' at Knossos . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134967858 .
^ "Unicity Europe .:|:. Home" . unicityeuro.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Castleden, R. (2002). Minoans . Taylor & Francis. p. 68. ISBN 9781134880645 .
^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places . Taylor & Francis. p. 172. ISBN 9781134259588 .
^ Mithen, S. (2012). Thirst: For Water and Power in the Ancient World . Harvard University Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780674072190 .
^ Humphrey, J.W. (2006). Ancient Technology . Greenwood Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780313327636 .
^ a b Denemark, R.A.; Friedman, J.; Gills, B.K.; Modelski, G. (2002). World System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134571444 .
^ a b c Rodney Castelden (3 August 2005). "Minoans – Life_in_Bronze_Age Crete" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Concepts in Urbanization and Early State Formation: The Case of Minoan Crete, v8 | Donald Jones - Academia.edu" . academia.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b c d e "Social Complexity and Population: A Study in the Early Bronze Age Aegean | MacSweeney | Papers from the Institute of Archaeology" . pia-journal.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "11. NEGLECTING NATURE WORLD ACCUMULATION AND CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONS, 2500 BC TO AD 1990 Sing C. Chew" . abuss.narod.ru. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "THE EARLY HELLADIC GRAVES OF MANIKA : CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE" (PDF) . 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Wesleyan University (Middletown, Conn.). Classics Dept (1988). Old World Archaeology Newsletter (vb. 12–13). ISSN 0732-1635 .
^ Brünn. Moravské muzeum Oddĕleni pro diluvium "Anthropos". (2001). Anthropologie (vb. 39–40). Moravské muzeum, Ústav Anthropos. ISSN 0323-1119 .
^ Erika Weiberg (12 February 2007). "Thinking the Bronze Age" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. Wiley. p. 107. ISBN 9781118255193 .
^ Milisauskas, S. (2011). European Prehistory: A Survey . Springer. p. 182. ISBN 9781441966339 .
^ a b c d e "http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=etruscan_studies" . scholarworks.umass.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b c d e Becker, H.W.; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Classics (2007). Production, Consumption and Society in North Etruria During the Archaic and Classical Periods: The World of Lars Porsenna . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. p. 224. ISBN 9780549558491 .
^ Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab (2000). Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter: (vb. 21). Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. ISBN 9788778761774 .
^ Coles, B. (1981). Anthropology for Archaeologists: An Introduction . Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801413988 .
^ Devdeep, S. The Oneness Revealed . Lulu.com. p. 63. ISBN 9780557963386 .
^ Cummings, V.; Jordan, P.; Zvelebil, M. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-gatherers . Oxford University Press. p. 523. ISBN 9780199551224 .
^ Price, T.D. (2013). Europe Before Rome: A Site-by-Site Tour of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages . OUP USA. p. 123. ISBN 9780199914708 .
^ Schorn, D. (2008). Elder Gods of Antiquity: First Journal of the Ancient Ones . Ozark Mountain Publishing, Incorporated. p. 177. ISBN 9781886940994 .
^ "Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia" . ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Archaeological Exhibitions" . duncancaldwell.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ De Puy, W.H. (1887). The New People's Cyclopedia of Universal Knowledge: With Numerous Appendixes Invaluable for Reference in All Departments of Industrial Life ... Eaton & Mains.
^ Ching, F.D.K.; Jarzombek, M.M.; Prakash, V. (2010). A Global History of Architecture . Wiley. p. 96. ISBN 9781118007396 .
^ Chambers's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people ... Appleton. 1865. p. 151.
^ [http://users.hol.gr/~dilos/prehis/prerm6.htm
^ Bintliff, J. (2012). The Complete Archaeology of Greece: From Hunter-Gatherers to the 20th Century A.D. Wiley. p. 58. ISBN 9781118255209 .
^ Runnels, C.N.; Murray, P. (2001). Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide . Stanford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780804740500 .
^ D'Amato, R.; Rava, G. (2013). Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC . Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781780968605 .
^ "Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology | This site contains information about the prehistoric archaeology of the Aegean." . web.archive.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Nielsen, T.H. (2004). Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis . Steiner. p. 22. ISBN 9783515084383 .
^ Gates, C. (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136823275 .
^ a b Niebuhr, B.G. (1853). Lectures on Ancient Ethography and Geography: Comprising Greece and Her Colonies, Epirus, Macedonia, Illyricum, Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, the North of Africa, Etc (vb. 2). Walton Maberly. p. 261.
^ Cicero, M.T.; Kelsall, C. (1812). The Two Last Pleadings of Marcus Tullius Cicero Against Caius Verres . White, Cochrane, and Company. p. 348.
^ Wiseman, N.P. (1839). The Dublin Review (vb. 7). Tablet Publishing Company. p. 483.
^ Schneider, W. (1963). Babylon is Everywhere: The City as Man's Fate . McGraw-Hill.
^ Storey, G. (2006). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches . University of Alabama Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780817352462 .
^ De Camp, L.S. (1972). Great cities of the ancient world . Doubleday.
^ Glotz, G. (2013). Ancient Greece at Work . Taylor & Francis. p. 108. ISBN 9781136195587 .
^ Jarde, A. (2013). The Formation of the Greek People . Taylor & Francis. p. 217. ISBN 9781136195860 .
^ Crawford, M.H.; Whitehead, D. (1983). Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation . Cambridge University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780521296380 .
^ Grant, M. (2012). The Rise Of The Greeks . Orion. ISBN 9781780222752 .
^ Tsetskhladze, G.R. (2006). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas (v. 1). Brill. ISBN 9789004122048 .
^ Durant, W. (2011). The Life of Greece: The Story of Civilization . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781451647587 .
^ Harding, A. (2013). Salt in Prehistoric Europe . Sidestone Press. p. 155. ISBN 9789088902383 .
^ "Bulgaria archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town Provadia-Solnitsata - Telegraph" . telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Yasur-Landau, A. (2010). The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age . Cambridge University Press. p. 111. ISBN 9781139485876 .
^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns - UNESCO World Heritage Centre" . whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda.
^ The Monuments of Italy: A Regional Survey of Art, Architecture and Archaeology from Classical to Modern Times By Michael Oppenheimer.
^ Collier's Encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index By William Darrach Halsey and Emanuel Friedman.
^ The Anthropogene
^ The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia By Philip L. Kohl.
^ The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors By Christoph Baumer.
^ "Greece during the Late Bronze Age | Jorrit Kelder - Academia.edu" . academia.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux (2006). Jaarbericht (nr. 39–41).
^ A History of Boeotia By Robert J. Buck.
^ An Epitome of the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece: From the Earliest accounts to the death of Augustus By Henry Fynes Clinton.
^ Bibliotheca classica; or, A dictionary of all the principal names and terms relating to the geography, topography, history, literature, and mythology of antiquity and of the ancients; with a chronological table. By John Lemprière and John David Ogilby.
^ Emerging Complexity - The Later Prehistory of South-East Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean By Robert Chapman.
^ "Los Millares - Chalcolithic Site of Los Millares" . archaeology.about.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ From Leaders to Rulers By Jonathan Haas.
^ "Ancient Greek city digitally recreated - Archaeology - Science - The Independent" . independent.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "The Archaeology News Network: Divers to excavate 3500BC underwater city" . archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.dk. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b Prof. John P. Adams, Modern and Classical Languages and Literatures. "Roman Census Figures" . csun.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b Rome's Mediterranean Empire: Books 41-45 and the Periochae By Livy.
^ a b "https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13797/Appenduices_Bibliography.pdf?sequence=19" (PDF) . openaccess.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b Cornell (1995) 204-5
^ a b Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome By Gregory S. Aldrete.
^ a b The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline By P.M.G. Harris.
^ a b "Size and Virtue | Francisco Herreros - Academia.edu" . academia.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b "JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie" . jstor.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b John Rich (11 August 2010). "Warfare and the Army in Early Rome" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present . University of Chicago Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780226034669 .
^ Goldsworthy, A. (2013). Caesar's Civil War 49-44 BC . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135881818 .
^ Fulminante, F. (2014). The Urbanisation of Rome andLatium Vetus: From the Bronze Age to the Archaic Era . Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9781107655843 .
^ Berthold, R.M. (2009). Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age . Cornell University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780801475979 .
^ History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon.
^ The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History By Rodney Stark.
^ Horodowich, E. (2013). A Brief History of Venice . Constable & Robinson Limited. ISBN 9781472107749 .
^ a b c d e Flood, J. (2006). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook (v. 1). De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110912746 .
^ Boyle, N. (2008). German Literature: A Very Short Introduction . OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191578632 .
^ a b c Armstrong, A.; Hamer, J. (2002). The European Reformation, 1500-1610 . Heinemann Educational. p. 43. ISBN 9780435327101 .
^ Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy . Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 9781107495562 .
^ a b McIntosh, T. (1997). Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its Region, 1650-1750 (v. 62). University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780807850633 .
^ Sheehan, J.J. (1993). German History, 1770-1866 . Clarendon Press. p. 74. ISBN 9780198204329 .
^ a b c d Morris, T.A. (2002). Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century . Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 9781134748198 .
^ a b Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective . Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 270. ISBN 9782760522091 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google109" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ The Book of Commerce by Sea and Land ... To which are Added a History of Commerce, and a Chronological Table ... Illustrated by a Map and Numerous Engravings . Allen & Ticknor. 1834. p. 173.
^ a b The American Travellers' Guides By William Pembroke Fetridge.
^ a b c d e f g h i Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change . Princeton University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780691029108 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google111" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google111" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google111" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google111" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google111" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google111" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google111" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Tellier, L.N. (2009). Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective . Presses de l'Universite du Quebec. p. 311. ISBN 9782760522091 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google112" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ Hinds, K. (2009). Everyday Life in the Renaissance . Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 78. ISBN 9780761444831 .
^ a b "" The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer - Academia.edu" . academia.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Steves, R.; Smith, S. (2013). Rick Steves' Provence & the French Riviera . Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 9781612388748 .
^ Durrell, L. (1994). Provence . Arcade Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 9781559702478 .
^ a b c de Planhol, X.; Claval, P. (1994). An Historical Geography of France . Cambridge University Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780521322089 .
^ Crumley, C. (2013). Regional Dynamics Burgundian Landscapes in Historical Perspective . Elsevier Science. p. 390. ISBN 9780323144025 .
^ a b c d e Stark, R. (1996). The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History . Princeton University Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780691027494 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j Rich, E.E.; Wilson, C.H. (1967). The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (v. 4). Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780521045070 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google119" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Turner, B.L. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years . Cambridge University Press with Clark University. p. 104. ISBN 9780521363570 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google120" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ a b c d Delon, M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment . Taylor & Francis. p. 370. ISBN 9781135959982 .
^ Life & Work In Medieval Europe . Taylor & Francis. 2013. p. 315. ISBN 9781136196416 .
^ Nicholas, D.M. (2014). The Later Medieval City: 1300-1500 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317901877 .
^ Gerli, E.M.; Armistead, S.G. (2003). Medieval Iberia: . Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 9780415939188 .
^ a b The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change By Hendrik Spruyt.
^ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People . Silver, Burdett. p. 160.
^ Zuffi, S. (2006). European Art of the Sixteenth Century . J.P. Getty Museum. p. 181. ISBN 9780892368464 .
^ Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136517372 .
^ Serrano, A.; Viguera, M.J.; López, J.P.; Méndez, J.M.C.; Fundación José Manuel Lara; Legado Andalusí; Alcázar (Seville, Spain) (2006). IBN JALDUN: STUDIES . Fundación El Legado Andalusí. p. 193. ISBN 9788496556348 .
^ a b c d e f g h i Flügel, G.T.; Grund, F.J. (1834). The merchant's assistant, or, Merchantile instructer: containing a full account of the moneys, coins, weights and measures of the principal trading nations and their colonies, together with their values in United States currency, weights and measures . Hilliard, Gray & Co. p. 144.
^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places . Taylor & Francis. p. 92. ISBN 9781136639449 .
^ a b de Ligt, L.; Northwood, S.J. (2008). People, Land, and Politics: Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC-AD 14 . Brill. p. 150. ISBN 9789004171183 .
^ a b Goff, J.L. (2009). The Birth of Europe . Wiley. p. 102. ISBN 9781405137263 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Diego Puga & Daniel Trefler (30 November 2009). "International trade and institutional change" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Fichtner, P.S. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Austria . Scarecrow Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780810863101 .
^ Beattie, A. (2010). The Danube: A Cultural History . Oxford University Press. p. 109. ISBN 9780199768356 .
^ The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era By James S. Jeffers.
^ Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society By Steve Friesen, Daniel N. Schowalter and James Walters.
^ Jensen Survey - 2 Volume Set - Old and New Testaments By Irving L. Jensen.
^ Morris, L. (1985). The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary . Inter-Varsity Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780802800640 .
^ a b Annette Lindblom. "History 303: Populations" . tulane.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Europe in 1500" . remus.shidler.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Historical Dictionary of Byzantium By John H. Rosser.
^ A Dictionary of the Roman Empire By Matthew Bunson.
^ History and Climate Change: A Eurocentric Perspective By Neville Brown.
^ A History of Medieval Europe: From Constantine to Saint Louis By R.I. Moore and Robert Ian Moore.
^ An Environmental History of Medieval Europe By Richard Hoffmann.
^ Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson) By Christopher Dawson.
^ The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century By Paul Collins.
^ a b c "https://journals.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/CCR/article/viewFile/13458/13392" . journals.lib.byu.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000" . geography.about.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental History for Richard C. Hoffmann . Brill. p. 48. ISBN 9789004180079 .
^ van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the Roman Empire . Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN 9781134129751 .
^ Dudley, L. (2008). Information Revolutions in the History of the West . Edward Elgar. p. 26. ISBN 9781848442801 .
^ "2010: Köln ist Millionenstadt" (PDF) . 29 September 2010. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b Holborn, H. (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation . Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 9780691007953 .
^ Grigg, D.B. (1980). Population Growth and Agrarian Change: An Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780521296359 .
^ Duffy, S. (2005). Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 9781135948245 .
^ Hudson, B.T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic . Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780195162370 .
^ Hansen, M.H.; Københavns universitet. Polis centret (2000). A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation (v. 21). Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 255. ISBN 9788778761774 .
^ "Firenze, Florence, Tuscany, Italy" . italyworldclub.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ a b Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology . Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN 9781134636204 .
^ a b Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1991). Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350 (pts. 1250–1350). Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780195067743 .
^ a b Scott, T. (2012). The City-State in Europe, 1000-1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region . OUP Oxford. p. 17. ISBN 9780199274604 .
^ M. Ginatempo L. Sandri “L’Italia delle Città. Sec XIII XVI” Le Lettere 1990
^ French: From Dialect to Standard By R. Anthony Lodge.
^ Campbell, B.M.S.; Overton, M. (1991). Land, Labour, and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity . Manchester University Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780719031717 .
^ Cohn, S.K.; Aiton, D. (2012). Popular Protest in Late Medieval English Towns . Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781107027800 .
^ Ripley, G. (2012). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge... Nabu Press. p. 235. ISBN 9781276653978 .
^ Oppenheimer, P. (2002). Rubens: A Portrait . Cooper Square Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780815412090 .
^ a b c d Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present . University of Chicago Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780226034669 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google150" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google150" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google150" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ Life & Work In Medieval Europe . Taylor & Francis. 2013. p. 315. ISBN 9781136196416 .
^ Meyer, M.C.; Beezley, W.H. (2000). The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press, USA. p. 31. ISBN 9780195112283 .
^ a b Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136517372 .
^ a b c d e f Koenigsberger, H.G.; Mosse, G.L.; Bowler, G. (2014). Europe in the Sixteenth Century . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317875864 .
^ a b HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1994 . Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780674038738 .
^ Allen, W.E.D. (2014). The Ukraine . Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 9781107641860 .
^ SJ, L.F.; Reff, D.T.; Danford, R. (2014). The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois SJ, with a Critical Introduction by Daniel T Reff: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. Taylor & Francis. p. 194. ISBN 9781317917816 .
^ Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics . Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 9781136517389 .
^ www.ctcwd.com
^ Armstrong, L.; Elbl, M.M.; Elbl, I.; Armstrong, L.D.; Munro, J.H.A. (2007). Money, Markets and Trade in Late Medieval Europe: Essays in Honour of John H.A. Munro . Brill. p. 375. ISBN 9789004156333 .
^ "London Population" . londononline.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History" . demographia.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Self, A. (2014). The Birds of London . A&C Black. p. 8. ISBN 9781408194041 .
^ "Major Cities in the Middle Ages | Middle Ages" . thefinertimes.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Thirsk, J.; Chartres, J. (1990). Chapters from The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Volume 4, Agricultural Markets and Trade, 1500-1750 . Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780521368810 .
^ Bromwich, J. (2013). The Roman Remains of Northern and Eastern France: A Guidebook . Taylor & Francis. p. 388. ISBN 9781135103729 .
^ a b Grimal, P.; Woloch, G.M. (1983). Roman Cities . University of Wisconsin Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780299089344 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google163" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ a b c d e Bachrach, B. (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis . Brill. p. 67. ISBN 9789004244771 .
^ a b Knecht, R.J. (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562-1598 . Osprey. p. 7. ISBN 9781841763958 .
^ Rogers, C.J.; DeVries, K.; France, J. (2012). Journal of Medieval Military History (v. 10). Boydell & Brewer, Limited. p. 58. ISBN 9781843837473 .
^ Western Civilization By Jackson J. Spielvogel.
^ Gamrath, H. (2007). Farnese: Pomp, Power and Politics in Renaissance Italy . "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882654269 .
^ Clark, P. (2009). European Cities and Towns: 400-2000 . OUP Oxford. p. 30. ISBN 9780199562732 .
^ Metropolis and Hinterland - The City of Rome and the Italian Economy, 200 BC–AD 200 By Neville Morley.
^ Northern Italy, from Alps to Florence By Alta Macadam, Stuart Rossiter, Paul Blanchard, Findlay Muirhead and Luigi Vittorio Bertarelli.
^ Vigneron B. (1986) Metz antique: Divodurum Mediomatricorum. Eds. Maisonneuve. ISBN 2-7160-0115-4 (French)
^ Peters, G. (2012). The Musical Sounds of Medieval French Cities: Players, Patrons, and Politics . Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9781139576789 .
^ Colton, T.J. (1998). Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis . Harvard University Press. p. 757. ISBN 9780674587496 .
^ "Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn - Napoli - La Storia" . szn.it. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Camper Club la Granda Italia: Home" . camperclublagranda.it. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ "Campagne e città europee nel XVI secolo | babilonia61" . babilonia61.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Tuchman, B.W. (2011). A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century . Random House Publishing Group. p. 96. ISBN 9780307793690 .
^ Marino, J.A. (2010). Becoming Neapolitan: Citizen Culture in Baroque Naples . Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 36. ISBN 9780801899393 .
^ P. Faiella, A.P.M.Z. (2007). Naples . Bonechi. ISBN 9788847621053 .
^ The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the time of the Carolingians By Edda Claus.
^ Sear, F. (1983). Roman Architecture . Cornell University Press. p. 213. ISBN 9780801492457 .
^ Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2013). Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136639517 .
^ Mihalevich (25 September 2013). "The Roman Aqueduct of Nîmes, France" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Late Ancient and Medieval Population By Josiah Cox Russell.
^ van Gelderen, M.; Skinner, Q. (2002). Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage . Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780521802031 .
^ Coon, L.L.; Haldane, K.J.; Sommer, E.W. (1990). That Gentle Strength: Historical Perspectives on Women in Christianity . University Press of Virginia. p. 142. ISBN 9780813912936 .
^ a b c McKitterick, R.; Jones, M. (2000). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 6, C.1300-c.1415 . Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 9780521362900 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google178" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google178" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ Ring, T.; Salkin, R.M.; Boda, S.L. (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe . Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 50. ISBN 9781884964022 .
^ Clarke, J.R. (1991). The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration (pt. 250). University of California Press. p. 268. ISBN 9780520084292 .
^ Archaeological Rome By Lozzi Roma.
^ Paul Norton. ":: TRAVEL THRU HISTORY - History ::" . travelthruhistory.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Tigay, A.M. (1994). The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights . Jason Aronson. p. 436. ISBN 9781568210780 .
^ Garwood, D. (2009). Mediterranean Europe . Lonely Planet. p. 467. ISBN 9781741048568 .
^ Mansbach, R.W.; Taylor, K.L. (2013). Introduction to Global Politics . Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 9781136517389 .
^ Introduction to Global Politics By Richard W. Mansbach and Kirsten L. Taylor.
^ "Regeneration" . english.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Frassetto, M. (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne [2 Volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 444. ISBN 9781598849967 .
^ Kibler, W.W. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia . Garland Pub. p. 1316. ISBN 9780824044442 .
^ Lodge, R.A. (2013). French . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134894147 .
^ a b Bowman, A.; Wilson, A. (2011). Settlement, Urbanization, and Population . OUP Oxford. p. 148. ISBN 9780199602353 . Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "google187" defined multiple times with different content (see ) (see the ).
^ MacArthur, J.F. (1996). Acts 13-28 MacArthur New Testament Commentary . Moody Publishers. p. 364. ISBN 9781575676005 .
^ Scheidel, W. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy . Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 9781107495562 .
^ a b HOHENBERG, P.M.; Lees, L.H.; Hohenberg, P.M. (2009). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1994 . Harvard University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780674038738 .
^ Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present By Paul Bairoch.
^ AD 381: Heretics, Pagans and the Christian State By Charles Freeman.
^ Rome in the Age of Enlightenment: The Post-Tridentine Syndrome and the Ancien Régime By Hanns Gross.
^ The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200-1000 By Peter Brown.
^ Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present By Paul Bairoch.
^ The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation (World Ecological Degradation) By Sing C. Chew.
^ The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City By Grant Heiken, Renato Funiciello and Donatella de Rita.
^ Lane, M.Y. (2013). Approach the Throne: . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 378. ISBN 9781482705744 .
^ Lodge, R.A. (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard . Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 9780415080712 .
^ Zelnik, R.E.; Columbia University. Russian Institute (1971). Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia: The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg, 1855-1870 (v. 1). Stanford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780804707404 .
^ Bairoch, P.; Braider, C. (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present . University of Chicago Press. p. 161. ISBN 9780226034669 .
^ Butlin, R.A.; Dodgshon, R.A. (1998). An Historical Geography of Europe . Clarendon Press. p. 302. ISBN 9780198741794 .
^ Magocsi, P.R. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples . University of Toronto Press. p. 89. ISBN 9781442610217 .
^ "Golden Horde (ancient division, Mongol Empire) -- Encyclopedia Britannica" . britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Smith, T.B.; Steinhoff, J.B. (2012). Art as Politics in Late Medieval and Renaissance Siena . Ashgate. p. 77. ISBN 9781409400660 .
^ Treadgold, W.T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press. p. 702. ISBN 9780804726306 .
^ Karl Kaser (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History . Lit. p. 196. ISBN 9783643501905 .
^ Barber, R. (2004). Once Upon a Time . Sword of the Lord Publishers. p. 335. ISBN 9780873986397 .
^ Wilton, C.C. (2012). The Wilton Translation of the New Testament . Trafford Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 9781466908567 .
^ "AntiquitiesCard" (PDF) . TRIER THE CENTER OF ANTIQUITY IN GERMANY. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ LaVerne, F.K. Europe by Eurail 2010: Touring Europe by Train . Globe Pequot Press. p. 337. ISBN 9780762761630 .
^ Baker, M. (2013). Beyond Our World: The Exciting Story of a Treasure Hunter, Historian, and Adventurer . Dorrance Publishing Company. p. 182. ISBN 9781480901872 .
^ "" The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind" | Svante Fischer - Academia.edu" . academia.edu. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Benedict, P. (2005). Cities and Social Change in Early Modern France . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781134892181 .
^ Lepage, J.D.G.G. (2010). Castles and Fortified Cities of Medieval Europe: An Illustrated History . McFarland. p. 275. ISBN 9780786460274 .
^ Lot, F. (2013). The End of the Ancient World . Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN 9781136202339 .
^ Dursteler, E. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797 . Brill. p. 257. ISBN 9789004252523 .
^ Abulafia, D. (2004). Italy in the Central Middle Ages . OUP Oxford. p. 51. ISBN 9780199247042 .
^ Miller, M.C. (1993). The Formation of a Medieval Church: Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950-1150 . Cornell University Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780801428371 .
^ Jonassohn, K.; Björnson, K.S. Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective . Transaction Publishers. p. 202. ISBN 9781412824453 .
^ "OpenStax CNX" . cnx.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Ungewitter, F.H. (1852). Europe,past and Present: A Comprehensive Manual of European Geography and History,[etc.] . G.P.Putnam. p. 50.
^ Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia, 980-1584 . Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780521859165 .
^ Singh, S.J.; Haberl, H.; Chertow, M.; Mirtl, M.; Schmid, M. (2012). Long Term Socio-Ecological Research: Studies in Society-Nature Interactions Across Spatial and Temporal Scales . Springer. p. 251. ISBN 9789400711778 .
^ Unvergängliches Wien: ein Gang durch die Geschichte von der Urzeit bis zur Gegenwart By Karl Ziak.
^ Serrano, A.; Viguera, M.J.; López, J.P.; Méndez, J.M.C.; Fundación José Manuel Lara; Legado Andalusí; Alcázar (Seville, Spain) (2006). IBN JALDUN: STUDIES . Fundación El Legado Andalusí. p. 193. ISBN 9788496556348 .
^ Life & Work In Medieval Europe By Boissonnade.
^ "See chapter 5.6.2 (in Dutch)" . Ethesis.net. 1914-11-23. Retrieved 2013-09-13 .
^ Nicholas, D.M.; Nicholas, P.H.D. (2014). Medieval Flanders . Taylor & Francis. p. 130. ISBN 9781317901556 .
^ Zimmerman, L.M.; Veith, I. (1993). Great Ideas in the History of Surgery . Norman Pub. p. 130. ISBN 9780930405533 .
^ Encyclopedia Americana: Wilmot Proviso to Zygote Scholastic Library Pub., 2006
^ "Ypres (Belgium) -- Encyclopedia Britannica" . global.britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-09-24 .
^ Hohenberg, Paul M.; Lees, Lynn Hollen (1985). The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 11.