List of modern names for biblical place names
While a number of biblical place names like Jerusalem, Athens, Damascus, Alexandria, Babylon and Rome have been used for centuries, some have changed over the years. Many place names in the Land of Israel/Holy Land/Palestine are Arabised forms of ancient Hebrew and Canaanite place-names used during biblical times[1][2][3] or later Aramaic or Greek formations.[4][5] Most of these names have been handed down for thousands of years though their meaning was understood by only a few.
Hebrew Bible / Old Testament[edit]
New Testament[edit]
See also[edit]
- Place names of Palestine
- List of minor biblical places
- Cities in the Book of Joshua
- List of Biblical place names in North America
Notes[edit]
- ^ Tentatively identified by Conder & Kitchener with the biblical city of Rabba (Josh. 15:60) because of their phonetic similarity, and which site is located in the territory given by lot to the tribe of Judah. Still, it is only a conjecture, without any valid oral tradition to substantiate the claim, or otherwise refute the claim.[167] Others have speculated that the Rabbah of Joshua 15:60 may be the town known as Rbt, an unidentified town believed to have been near the biblical Gezer and mentioned in Thutmosis III’s list of Canaanite cities (no. 105), and what is also thought to be mentioned in a cuneiform letter found at Taanach. According to two el-Amarna letters (289, 290) sent by the king of Jerusalem to the pharaoh, Milkilu, the king of Gezer, together with Shuwardata captured Rubutu with the aid of mercenaries.[168] The problem with this identification, however, is that no one has yet found a city near Gezer by the name of Rbt or Rubutu, and even if they had, Gezer - and by way of extension, Rabbah - would not be in the territorial domain of the tribe of Judah, but rather in what belonged to Ephraim (cf. Josh. 21:20–21). It was, therefore, imperative to look for the Rabbah in the tribal inheritance of Judah.
References[edit]
- ^ Conder, C. R. (1881). Palmer, E. H. (ed.). "Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists". Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund: iv–v.
To determine the exact meaning of Arabic topographical names is by no means easy. Some are descriptive of physical features, but even these are often either obsolete or distorted words. Others are derived from long since forgotten incidents, or owners whose memory has passed away. Others again are survivals of older Nabathean, Hebrew, Canaanite, and other names, either quite meaningless in Arabic, or having an Arabic form in which the original sound is perhaps more or less preserved, but the sense entirely lost. Occasionally Hebrew, especially Biblical and Talmudic names, remain scarcely altered.
- ^ Rainey, 1978, p.230: “What surprised western scholars and explorers the most was the amazing degree to which biblical names were still preserved in the Arabic toponymy of Palestine”
- ^ Swedenburg, Ted (31 December 2014). Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past. p. 49. ISBN 9781610752633.
Robinson concluded that the surest way to identify biblical place names in Palestine was to read the Bible conjointly with existing Arab nomenclature, and during a three-month stay in Palestine during 1839 used this method to identify over a hundred biblical sites.
- ^ Rainey, 1978, p.231: “In the majority of cases, a Greek or Latin name assigned by Hellenistic or Roman authorities enjoyed an existence only in official and literary circles while the Semitic- speaking populace continued to use the Hebrew or Aramaic original. The latter comes back into public use with the Arab conquest. The Arabic names Ludd, Beisan, and Saffurieh, representing original Lod, Bet Se’an and Sippori, leave no hint concerning their imposing Greco-Roman names, viz., Diospolis, Scythopolis, and Diocaesarea, respectively”
- ^ Mila Neishtadt. 'The Lexical Substrate of Aramaic in Palestinian Arabic,' in Aaron Butts (ed.) Semitic Languages in Contact, BRILL 2015 pp.281-282:'As in other cases of language shift, the supplanting language (Arabic) was not left untouched by the supplanted language (Aramaic) and the existence of an Aramaic substrate in Syro-Palestinian colloquial Arabic has been widely accepted. The influence of the Aramaic substrate is especially evidence in many Palestinian place names, and in the vocabularies of traditional life and industrials: agriculture, flora, fauna, food, tools, utensils etc.'
- ^ a b Marom, Nimrod; Bechar, Shlomit; Panitz-Cohen, Nava; Mullins, Robert A.; Yahalom-Mack, Naama (2020). "Faunal remains from Tel Abel Beth Maacah: Social change in the late second millennium BCE Hula Valley". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 32: 102394. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102394. ISSN 2352-409X. S2CID 219480588.
- ^ Thomson (1886)
- ^ Glueck (1951), p. 378.
- ^ Glueck (1943), p. 15.
- ^ Miller & Tucker (1974)
- ^ Harrison (1983)
- ^ MacDonald (2000)
- ^ "Joshua 7 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ W.F. Birch, On the Identification of "Ai", Palestine Exploration Fund - Quarterly Statement for 1877, London 1878, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Watson E. Mills & Roger Aubrey Bullard, Mercer Dictionary of the Bible, Mercer University Press 1990, p. 18 ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7
- ^ "Joshua 21 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "The Cities of the Tribe of Benjamin". www.jewish-history.com.
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 109
- ^ Noegel, Scott B. (2006-12-31), "Edward Lipiński, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion", Perspectives on Hebrew Scriptures I, Gorgias Press, pp. 670–673, doi:10.31826/9781463210823-068, ISBN 9781463210823, retrieved 2022-04-10
- ^ Kaye, Alan S.; Elitzur, Yoel (2004). "Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 124 (4): 779. doi:10.2307/4132119. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 4132119.
- ^ Overview, Ataruz Project
- ^ Albright, 1922/3, pp. 156–157
- ^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon, eds. (2001). Hizma. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York and London: Continuum. p. 231. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- ^ Babylonian Talmud (Shabbat 36a)
- ^ Babylon
- ^ "II Kings 4:42 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Eusebius, Onomasticon, in whose time the town was called Beth Sarisa; site, now Khirbet Sirisia, is shown on SWP map no. 14, east, southeast of Kafr Qasim.
- ^ "II Samuel 3:16 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Amar, Z.; Serri, Yaron (2004). The Land of Israel and Syria as Described by al-Tamimi – Jerusalem Physician of the 10th Century (in Hebrew). Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University. pp. 79–80 (note 262). ISBN 965-226-252-8. OCLC 607157392., citing French archaeologist and historical geographer, Victor Guérin, in his Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine, vol. 4, pp. 106–108, published in French in 1868. Amar makes note of the fact that the village underwent a metamorphosis in name change; the name evolving from Būrīs, or Wadīs by another account, to what it is today. According to Amar, the name can be traced back, etymologically, to its earlier Greek pronunciation Baoureis (Baoureim) (with the absence of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative "chet", which has a slight aspirated sound in Hebrew, since it does not exist in Greek pronunciation).
- ^ "Joshua 19:38 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Albright, W.F. (1923). "Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine". Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2–3: 19–20. Albright's view is supported by Neubauer (Géographie du Talmud, p. 235–ff.), Abel ("La Liste géographique du Papyrus 71 de Zénon", RB 1928, pp. 409–415; idem. Géog. II, p. 266), Alt (PJB 22, 1926, pp. 55–ff.; 24, 1928, p. 87), Saarisalo ("Boundary", p. 189), Safrai ("Beth-Anath", Sinai 78, 1976, pp. 18–34), Rafael Frankel (Settlement dynamics and regional diversity in ancient Upper Galilee, 2001, p. 136), Yoel Elitzur (Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land, 2004, p. 374).
- ^ "Hosea 10 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Beth-arbel". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "I Kings 12:29 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land, Jerusalem 1993, p.101, ISBN 965-220-186-3
- ^ Frumkin, Amos; Elitzur, Yoel (2002). "Historic Dead Sea Level Fluctuations Calibrated with Geological and Archaeological Evidence". Quaternary Research. 57 (3): 341. doi:10.1006/qres.2002.2330. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129375298.
- ^ "Joshua 15 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ See page 310 in:Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ^ a b "Amos 1 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Bozrah". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Lester L. Grabbe; Oded Lipschits (28 July 2011). Judah Between East and West: The Transition from Persian to Greek Rule (ca. 400-200 BCE). A&C Black. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-567-04684-0.
- ^ "Joshua 15:10 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.268, ISBN 965-220-186-3
- ^ Yizhaqi, Arie (ed.): Madrich Israel (Israel Guide: An Encyclopedia for the Study of the Land), Vol.9: Judaea, Jerusalem 1980, Keter Press, p.383 (in Hebrew)
- ^ Freedman et al, 2000, p. 236.
- ^ Aharoni, 1979, pp. 120, 257.
- ^ "Genesis 38 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Eusebius, Onomasticon - The Place Names of Divine Scripture, (ed.) R. Steven Notley & Ze'ev Safrai, Brill: Leiden 2005, p. 161 (§945), note 945
- ^ "2 Kings 17 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Cuthah". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Ezekiel 38 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "The Incense Road: Dedan". nabataea.net.
- ^ Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 588. ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.
- ^ W. F. Albright, The Fourth Joint Campaign of Excavation at Tell Beit Mirsim, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 47 (Oct., 1932), pp. 3-17.]
- ^ "Ezra 6 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Hegmataneh Hamedan". hegmataneh.ir. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ van Bekkum, Koert (2011). From Conquest to Coexistence: Ideology and Antiquarian Intent in the Historiography of Israel's Settlement in Canaan. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 158. ISBN 978-90-04-19480-9.. Note: this citation supports the claim that Eglon is only mentioned in Joshua. It does not make any comment as to whether Eglon stayed in the possession of the tribe of Judah.
- ^ Seymour Gitin and Trude Dothan (1987). "The Rise and Fall of Ekron of the Philistines: Recent Excavations at an Urban Border Site". The Biblical Archaeologist. 50 (4): 197–222. doi:10.2307/3210048. JSTOR 3210048. S2CID 165410578.
- ^ Seymour Gitin (1989). "Tel Miqne-Ekron: A type-site for the inner coastal plain in the Iron Age II period". In Seymour Gitin and William Dever (ed.). Recent Excavations in Israel: Studies in Iron Age Archaeology. Eisenbrauns. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-89757-049-7.
- ^ "Exodus 16 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Lion Tracks Photo QnA -- Elim. Second stop in the Sinai wilderness after crossing the Red Sea during the exodus from Egypt". www.bibleistrue.com.
- ^ "Joshua 19:21 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach, vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 65 (note 168) (Hebrew)
- ^ a b "Genesis 10 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Erech". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Joshua 21:14 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon, eds. (2001). Eshtemoa. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (snippet view). New York and London: Continuum. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ^ Eusebius, Onomasticon - The Place Names of Divine Scripture, (ed.) R. Steven Notley & Ze'ev Safrai, Brill: Leiden 2005, p. 84 (§429), note 429 ISBN 0-391-04217-3
- ^ "2 Chronicles 11 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews (Book viii, chapter vii, section 3; 8:186); Burial Places of the Fathers, published by Yehuda Levi Nahum in book: Ṣohar la-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (Heb. צהר לחשיפת גנזי תימן), Tel-Aviv 1986, p. 253, who quotes from an ancient rabbinic source: "Between Beth-Lehem and Hebron is the great pool, being the [water] duct that Hezekiah made, and the pool that he made, and it is [known as] Ein Etam." Rashi, who had not seen Josephus' writings, surmised that Ein Etam was the place known as "the waters of Nephtoah" (cf. Rashi's commentary on Yoma 31a and Zevahim 54b, s.v. עין עיטם); see also Rashi's comments on Joshua 15:8 and Deuteronomy 33.
- ^ Victor Guérin, Description de la Palestine, Judée, Description de la Judée, Paris 1869, pp. 104–119, 303–309
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach, vol. II, chapter 11, s.v. ויבנה בארץ פלשתים, (3rd edition) Jerusalem 2007, p. 78 (Hebrew)
- ^ B. Mazar (1954). "Gath and Gittaim". Israel Exploration Journal. 4 (3/4): 227–235.
- ^ "Joshua 19:13 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud (Kila'im 9:3; Genesis Rabba § 98:15; not a ruin, per se, but a recognised land feature (i.e. "wine press") known to the ancients, situate some 3 biblical miles from Sepphoris. Conder and Kitchener, in their Survey of Western Palestine (vol. 1, p. 365), thinks this place to have been the village of el-Messhed, about 2.5 miles south-east of Sepphoris and where is now the alleged tomb of Jonah the prophet, a view corroborated by Jerome (in his Proaem. to Jonah) and by Benjamin of Tudela. Marcus Jastrow explains "Gob'batha" as meanings "hills". In J. Payne Smith's A Compendious Syriac Dictionary the word is explained as meaning "a pit, hole, den, cavern." In the Leiden MS. of the Jerusalem Talmud, the name is written in a variant form, גו פפתה, while in the Rome MS. of the Jerusalem Talmud the word is written גופפתה. The place is said to have been the birthplace of Jonah the prophet.
- ^ Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund., p. 9
- ^ Israel, Finkelstein. The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-58983-910-6. OCLC 949151323.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 9 10
- ^ Ehrlich, Carl S. (1992). "Gederah". The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. 2. doi:10.5040/9780300261882-714.
- ^ I Chronicles. Jacob M. Myers ([1st ed.] ed.). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1965. p. 96. ISBN 0-385-01259-4. OCLC 917910.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic Translation of the word Gerar (Judeo-Arabic: אלכ'לוץ = al-Khalūṣ) in the Pentateuch (Tafsir), s.v. Genesis 10:19, Genesis 20:2, Genesis 26:17, 20. On Haluza's proximity to Gerar, see: M. Naor, Gerar — Tell el Far'a, Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society (1955), pp. 99–102 (Hebrew)
- ^ Spivak, Polina: “Tel Malot: Final Report.” Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel, vol. 129, 2017, p.1-11
- ^ "Joshua 18:28 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Ful, Tell El-". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford University Press. January 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-506512-1.
- ^ "Joshua 15:51 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Victor Guérin, Description de la Palestine, Judée, Description de la Judée, Paris 1869, p. 298; See: Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. Others identify Giloh with Khirbet Jala, ca. 8 km. (5 mi.) north, northwest of Hebron. See: David Noel Freedman and Allen C. Myers, Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Grand Rapids 2000, p. 505 (s.v. Giloh) ISBN 0-8028-2400-5
- ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. 2000. p. 505. ISBN 0-8028-2400-5.
Eerdmans Giloh.
- ^ "1 Chronicles 5:26 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Joshua 19:25 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land, Jerusalem 1993, p.71, ISBN 965-220-186-3
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 393
- ^ a b "Judges 4 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Long time archaeological riddle solved".
- ^ "2 Samuel 8 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Hamath". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Joshua 19 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Erubin 5:7; Tosefta, Erubin 7:2; cf. Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah 1:1 (2a). Hammath was, originally, an independent town (separate from Rakkath where Tiberias stands), but the suburbs of both towns merged into one. The Jerusalem Talmud mentions that Hammath was within the Sabbath-day walking distance, meaning, less than 1 biblical mile from Tiberias.
- ^ "Joshua 19:19 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Thought by Yeshayahu Press, editor of Topographical-Historical Encyclopedia of the Land of Israel, to be the biblical Hapharaim, in the territory given to tribe of Issachar. Ishtori Haparchi, differing in view, thought that the old namesake is represented in the nearby village of Kefrah (see: Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach, vol. 2, [3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet], chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 63 -- note 144)
- ^ "Genesis 14 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Targum Onkelos on Genesis 14:7; Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Ben-Uzziel on Genesis 7:14 and II Chronicles 20:2.
- ^ Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce (2006). Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1576079195.
- ^ Magen 2007, p. 185.
- ^ "Joshua 19:34 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 54 (note 24) (Hebrew)
- ^ "Joshua 17:11 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 63 (note 145) (Hebrew); Site now a ruin, seen on Palestine Exploration Fund Map: Jezreel (Sheet IX). Others, including Aaron Demsky, thought that Ibleam was to be identified with Belameh, located a little over one mile (1.6 km) south of Jenin.
- ^ "Bible Map: Yiron". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Gass, E. (2004). "Die Ortsnamen des Richterbuchs in historischer und redaktioneller Perspektive". ADPV 35 Wiesbaden: 504–509.
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Koch, Ido (2012). "The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.". Ugarit-Forschungen ; Band 43 (2011). [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-86835-086-9. OCLC 1101929531.
- ^ Glueck, Nelson (February 1943). "Jabesh-Gilead". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 89 (89): 2–6. doi:10.2307/3218934. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 3218934. S2CID 222428752.
- ^ Fischer, Peter M.; Herrmann, Georgina (January 1995). "A Carved Bone Object from Tell Abu al-Kharaz in Jordan: A Palestinian Workshop for Bone and Ivory?". Levant. 27 (1): 145–163. doi:10.1179/lev.1995.27.1.145. ISSN 0075-8914.
- ^ "Jonah 1 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Joppa". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Niels Peter Lemche (9 April 2010). The A to Z of Ancient Israel. Scarecrow Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-4616-7172-5.
- ^ "I Kings 18:45 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Itinerary from Bordeaux to Jerusalem - 'The Bordeaux Pilgrim' (333 A.D.)", translated by Aubrey Stewart, pub. in: Palestine Pilgrim's Text Society, vol. 1, London 1887, p. 17 (note 5)
- ^ Oded, B. (1971-01-01). "Jogbehah and Rujm El-Jebēha". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 103 (1): 33–34. doi:10.1179/peq.1971.103.1.33. ISSN 0031-0328.
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Koch, Ido (2012). "The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.". Ugarit-Forschungen ; Band 43 (2011). [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-86835-086-9. OCLC 1101929531.
- ^ Carta's Official Guide to Israel and Complete Gazetteer to all Sites in the Holy Land. (3rd edition 1993) Jerusalem, Carta, p.479f, ISBN 965-220-186-3
Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 550. ISBN 9780826485717. - ^ Juttah. Smith's Bible Dictionary. Retrieved 23 February 2021 – via Christianity.com.
- ^ Place name translated by Onkelos in all places as Rekem (Hebrew: רקם). Not to be mistaken with the Kadesh of Upper Galilee.
- ^ Josephus (1961) [1930]. "Antiquities of the Jews (iv.vii.§1)". London: Loeb Classical Library. doi:10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) – via digital Loeb Classical Library (subscription required)) - ^ Place name translated by Onkelos in all places as Rekem-Giah (Hebrew: רקם גיאה). Not to be mistaken with the Kadesh of transjordan.
- ^ Joel F. Drinkard, Jr. (1990). Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7.
- ^ A. Neubauer, La Géographie du Talmud, Paris 1868, pp. 224–225
- ^ "Isaiah 15 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Kir". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica (vol. 2), Jerusalem 1971, p. 182 (s.v. Abu Ghosh)
- ^ "Judges 1 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach, vol. II (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 64 (Hebrew), where he cites the Babylonian Talmud (Megillah 6a).
- ^ King, Philip J. (August 2005). "Why Lachish Matters". Biblical Archaeology Review. 31 (4). Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ^ "the identification of Tell ed-Duweir with Lachish has been generally accepted." Avi-Yonah, Michael; Stern, Ephraim (1977). Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol III. Englewood Cliffs N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 735. ISBN 0132751313.)
- ^ "Judges 18 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Joshua 19 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". www.mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach, vol. II (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 53 (Hebrew)
- ^ McKinny, Chris; Tavger, Aharon (2018). "6: From Lebonah to Libnah". In Gurevich, David; Kidron, Anat (eds.). Exploring the Holy Land: 150 Years of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. ISBN 9781781797068.
- ^ a b Finkelstein, Israel; Lipschits, Oded; Koch, Ido (2012). "The Biblical Gilead: Observations on Identifications, Geographic Divisions and Territorial History.". Ugarit-Forschungen ; Band 43 (2011). [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]. p. 146. ISBN 978-3-86835-086-9. OCLC 1101929531.
- ^ Reinhard, Jochen; Rasink, Bernd. "A preliminary report of the Tulul adh-Dhahab (Wadi az-Zarqa) survey and excavation seasons 2005 - 2011": 85.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Numbers 21 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Joshua 13 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Visit Madaba". www.visitmadaba.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008.
- ^ Finkelstein, Israel (2008). "Archaeology and the List of Returnees in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 140 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1179/003103208x269105. ISSN 0031-0328. S2CID 161214671.
- ^ Miller, J. Maxwell (1975). "Geba/Gibeah of Benjamin". Vetus Testamentum. 25 (2): 145–166. doi:10.2307/1517263. ISSN 0042-4935. JSTOR 1517263.
- ^ "Joshua 15 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ List of Geographical Names, (A Memo of the National Committee to the Government of the Land of Israel on the Method of Spelling Transliterated Geographical and Personal Names, plus Two Lists of Geographical Names), Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects, Benjamin Maisler, Tel-Aviv 1932, p. 51
- ^ See p. 51 in: Maisler, Benjamin (1932). "A Memo of the National Committee to the Government of the Land of Israel on the Method of Spelling Transliterated Geographical and Personal Names, plus Two Lists of Geographical Names". Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects. 4 (3): 1–92. JSTOR 24384308. (Hebrew)
- ^ Israel Antiquities Authority
- ^ Jonathan ben Uzziel's Aramaic Targum on Ezekiel 30:14; Commentary of Rabbi David Kimhi (RADAK) on Ezekiel 30:14. Jewish tradition differs from the modern identification of this place name. Modern historical geographers place No with the ancient city of Thebes, in Egypt.
- ^ a b c d "Ezekiel 30 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Nahum 3 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Memphis". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Jonathan ben Uzziel's Aramaic Targum on Ezekiel 30:16
- ^ "Genesis 46 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: On". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Maisler (Mazar), Benjamin (1932). "The Method of Transcribing Geographical and Personal Names". Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects: 19. JSTOR 24384308.; Shmuel Klein, Eretz Yehudah (Heb. ארץ יהודה : מימי העליה מבבל עד חתימת התלמוד), Tel-Aviv 1939, s.v. אונו (Ono)
- ^ "Joshua 18:23 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ James Elmer Dean (ed.), Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures, Chicago University Press: Chicago 1935, pp. 72–73 (s.v. Ḥafrå); W.F. Albright, "The Site of Tirzah and the Topography of Western Manasseh", in: The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, vol. XI, Jerusalem 1931, p. 248, who says that the Arabic name eṭ Ṭaiyibeh (shortened for Ṭaiyibet al-Ism) was given to the city Ophrah as a euphemism, meaning "the goodly," to offset the name Afrīn which, in Arabic connotation, means "demons" (cf. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research [AASOR], IV, pp. 130–ff.; ibid. VI (1926), p. 35; Albrecht Alt, PJB 1926, pp. 68–ff.). Although the meaning of "Ophrah" in Hebrew has nothing to do with its Arabic connotation, nevertheless, such appellations for cities were thought of as being offensive, warranting its name change.
- ^ "Pnuel". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
- ^ Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 109
- ^ "Joshua 14 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Kiriath-arba (Hebron)". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Judges 12:15 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 58 (note 74) (Hebrew)
- ^ "Joshua 15:60 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ C.R. Conder & H.H. Kitchener, The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology, vol. 3, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund: London 1883, p. 314.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd edition), volume 17 (Ra–Sam), Keter Publishing House Ltd.: Jerusalem 2007, p. 7
- ^ "Bible Map: Rabbah". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Robinson, 1856, pp. 64-65.
- ^ "Joshua 18:25 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ministry of Tourism, Government of Israel, Er Ram (Ramah), accessed 25 November 2016
- ^ Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology (Judaea). Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund., p. 13, s.v. Er Râm.
- ^ "TIBERIAS - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ "1 Kings 17 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Obadiah 1 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon (2001) [1972]. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: The Continuum Publishing Group. p. 451. ISBN 9780826485717.
- ^ "Psalms 72 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews (book 2, chapter 10, section 2) [Paragraph # 249]
- ^ Garfinkel, Yosef (2009-12-31), "Khirbet Qeiyafa: Sha'arayim", Perspectives on Hebrew Scriptures V, Gorgias Press, pp. 429–438, doi:10.31826/9781463219178-025, ISBN 9781463219178, retrieved 2022-01-23
- ^ "1 Kings 10 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Kenneth A. Kitchen: The World of Ancient Arabia Series. Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part I. Chronological Framework and Historical Sources p.110; Sefer Me'or ha-Afelah of Rabbi Nethanel ben Isaiah (ed. Yosef Qafih), Kiryat Ono 1983, p. 74 (Parashat Noah) (Hebrew), being an eponym for one of the sons of Joktan.
- ^ "SHECHEM - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ "Isaiah 8 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Lopez, Tim; Stripling, Scott; Ben-Shlomo, David (2019). "A Ceramic Pomegranate from Shiloh". Judea and Samaria Research Studies (28): *37–*56. doi:10.26351/JSRS/28-1/7.
- ^ "Shiloh, Israel's Capital for 400 Years, Being Uncovered," Gil Ronen, July 28, 2010, Jerusalem Post.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews (Book xv, chapter viii, §5)
- ^ "2 Kings 4:8 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Ishtori Haparchi, Kaftor wa-Ferach, vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 62 (note 130) (Hebrew)
- ^ "Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt - Archaeology Magazine Archive". www.archaeology.org.
- ^ "Joshua 15:35 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ See p. 53 in: Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ^ a b "Joshua 13:27 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud (Shevi'it 9:2), where it says: "Sukkot (of Joshua 13:27) is Dar'ellah".
- ^ Franken, H.J. (1992). Deir Alla, tell (archaeology). Vol. 2. Anchor Bible Dictionary. p. 126.
- ^ "Nehemiah 1 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Susa - Livius". www.livius.org.
- ^ "Ezekiel 29 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Syene". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Bar, Shay; Zertal, Adam (2021-03-25). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey Volume 6. BRILL. pp. 74–75. doi:10.1163/9789004463233. ISBN 978-90-04-46323-3. S2CID 233550054.
- ^ "2 Chronicles 8 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Tadmor". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Art, Author: Department of Ancient Near Eastern. "Palmyra - Essay - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.
{{cite web}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "Jeremiah 44 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Tahpanhes". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Judges 14 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". www.mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Page 214 in:Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ^ "Joshua 19 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". www.mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Schürer, E. (1891). Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi [A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ]. Geschichte de jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi.English. Vol. 1. Translated by Miss Taylor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 158 (note 438).
- ^ List of Geographical Names, (A Memo of the National Committee to the Government of the Land of Israel on the Method of Spelling Transliterated Geographical and Personal Names, plus Two Lists of Geographical Names), Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects, Benjamin Maisler, Tel-Aviv 1932, p. 38 (Part II)
- ^ According to the Samaritan Chronicle, in Kefr Ghuweirah (now called Awarta) is found the tomb of Joshua bin Nun. Conder and Kitchener, citing another Samaritan tradition, say rather that it was Eleazer the priest who was buried a "little way west of Awarta (at al 'Azeir)," while Joshua bin Nun was buried at Kefr Haris. See: Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 218 - 219
- ^ If, however, the site is Kifl Haris, as some propose, the region is in Salfit Governorate.
- ^ "Song of Songs 6:4 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. 31 December 2000. pp. 1314–1315. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
- ^ Marvin Alan Sweeney (September 2007). I & II Kings: a commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-664-22084-6.
- ^ Robinson, E. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions - A Journal of Travels in the Year 1852. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. p. 303.. Others have disputed its identity, saying that it may have been located where Tayasir is now located.
- ^ "Genesis 11 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Nehemiah 9 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud (Shevi'it 9:2), where it says: "Zaphon (of Joshua 13:27) is Amathus".
- ^ Pfeiffer and Vos, 1967, p. 113.
- ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah 1:1 (2a)
- ^ "Numbers 13 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Zoan". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Joshua 15:33 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org.
- ^ E. Robinson & E. Smith, Biblical researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea (vol. 2), Boston 1841, pp. 339–340, 343; C.R. Conder, Tent Work in Palestine (vol. 1), London 1879, pp. 274–275; Ishtori Haparchi, Kaphtor u'ferach (3rd edition), vol. II -- chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 78 (note 282) (Hebrew), et al.
- ^ Victor Guérin, Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine (vol. 3), Paris 1869, p. 323
- ^ "Bible Map: Syrian Antioch". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Antipatris". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Assos". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Attalia". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ Franken, H.J. (1992). Gerasenes. Anchor Bible Dictionary (D–G), vol. 2. p. 991.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ "Bible Map: Lod". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Kilistra (Gökyurt) - English". kilistra.org.tr. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ "Bible Map: Mitylene". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Myra". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Neapolis". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Nicopolis". bibleatlas.org.
- ^ "Bible Map: Philadelphia". bibleatlas.org.