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List of monarchs of Magadha

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The Kingdom of Magadha, later known as the Magadha Empire, was a kingdom and later empire in ancient north India. Many significant houses ruled the kingdom and its empire over the centuries until it was defeated by the Satavahana Empire in c. 28 BCE.

All dates are given in a single continuous BCE calendar. The chronological anchor is the accession of Chandragupta Maurya in 321 BCE, corroborated by Greek accounts of Megasthenes and the Arthashastra. The Brihadratha total of 1000 years (per Vayu Purana and Vishnu Purana) is back-calculated from the fixed endpoint of 682 BCE (fall of Ripunjaya). A gap of approximately 138 years (682–544 BCE) exists between the last Brihadratha king and Bimbisara; Indian texts are silent on this period. Dates for the post-Sahadeva Brihadratha kings use reign lengths as given in the Vayu Purana. The Pradyota dynasty is deliberately excluded; it was based in Avanti (Ujjayini), not Magadha, and ruled concurrently as a parallel dynasty.

Kings of Magadha

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House of Brihadratha

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Main article: Brihadratha Dynasty

The Brihadratha dynasty was the first ruling house of Magadha. Brihadratha (son of Uparichara Vasu) founded this dynasty in 1682 BCE. This dynasty lasted for more than ten centuries, ruling Magadha from 1682 to 682 BCE.The Capital City of Brihadratha Dynasty was Girivraja mentioned in Mahabharata which many scholars significantly Identified this ancient capital with Modern Rajgir.[1]

House of Brihadratha
Royal house of Magadha
CountryKingdom of Magadha
Current regionIndia India
Foundedc. 1682 BCE
FounderBrihadratha
Final rulerRipunjaya
TitlesKing of Magadha
Deposition682 BCE


Sr. No. King Dynasty Notes
1 Brihadratha I[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Founder of the dynasty; son of Uparichara Vasu, king of Chedi; established capital at Girivraja (modern Rajgir); the 1000-year total reign of the dynasty is back-calculated from the fall of Ripunjaya in 682 BCE
2 Kushagra[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Son and immediate successor of Brihadratha I
3 Amna[2][3][4] Brihadratha dynasty Female successor of Kushagra; mentioned in all major Puranic recensions; one of the very few female rulers recorded in ancient Indian dynastic lists
4 Vrishava (Rishava)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Kushagra
5 Pushpavanta (Pushyavanta)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Vrishava
6 Satyahita (Satyadhrita)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Pushpavanta
7 Sudhanvana (Sudharmana / Dhanusha)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Satyahita; name has multiple variant forms across Puranic recensions — Vishnu Purana gives Sudharmana, Vayu Purana Dhanusha
8 Sarva (Urja / Jantu / Jahu)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Sudhanvana; the most heavily variant name in the entire list — called Urja in the Vishnu Purana, Jantu and Jahu in other recensions
9 Sambhava[2][3][5] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Sarva; the Agni Purana makes him the direct father of Jarasandha, while the Vishnu Purana and Vayu Purana insert one further king (Brihadratha II) between them
10 Brihadratha II[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Sambhava; listed between Sambhava and Jarasandha in the Vishnu and Vayu Puranas; the actual father of Jarasandha; commonly and erroneously conflated with the dynasty founder Brihadratha I
11 Jarasandha[6][2][7] Brihadratha dynasty Greatest ruler of the dynasty; attacked Mathura repeatedly; killed by Bhima in single combat on the counsel of Krishna as narrated in the Sabha Parva of the Mahabharata; his capital Girivraja is identified with modern Rajgir
12 Sahadeva[6][2] Brihadratha dynasty Son of Jarasandha; placed on the throne of Magadha by the Pandavas after his father's death; subsequently fought on the Pandava side at the Kurukshetra War; killed in battle by Shakuni
13 Somadhi (Somapi / Somphi)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty the post-Sahadeva succession is given with specific year-lengths in the Vayu Purana; dates are calculated continuously from the 682 BCE endpoint backward
14 Srutasravas[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
15 Ayutayus[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
16 Niramitra[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
17 Sukshatra[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
18 Brihatkarman[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
19 Senajit[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
20 Srutanjaya[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
21 Vipra[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
22 Suchi[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
23 Kshemya[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
24 Subrata (Suvrata)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
25 Dharma[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
26 Susuma (Sushruma)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
27 Dridhasena[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
28 Sumati[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
29 Subala[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
30 Sunita[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
31 Satyajit[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
32 Vishvajit (Viswajit)[2][3] Brihadratha dynasty
33 Ripunjaya Brihadratha dynasty Last king of the dynasty; killed by his minister Punika (also called Pulika or Kulik)in approx. 682 BCE; Punika placed his son Pradyota on the throne of Avanti — not Magadha; Magadha itself passes to the Haryanka dynasty after an approximately 138-year gap in the textual record |}[2][3][8]
House of Haryanka
𑀳𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀦𑁆𑀓𑀸
Royal house of Magadha
CountryKingdom of Magadha
Current regionIndia India
EtymologyProbably derived from clan name "Harya"
Founded544 BCE
FounderBimbisara
Final rulerNagadasaka
SeatRajagriha
(later, Patliputra)
TitlesKing of Magadha
Deposition413 BCE, popular rebellion

Gap of approximately 138 years (682–544 BCE) — Indian texts are silent on this period.

House of Haryanka

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Main article: Haryanka Dynasty

The Haryanka dynasty was the second ruling house of Magadha. This dynasty was founded by Bimbisara in 544 BCE. This dynasty lasted for 131 years, ruling Magadha from 544 to 413 BCE.

List of monarchs

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This dynasty had six monarchs.

Sr. No. Monarchs Dynasty Start(BCE) End(BCE) Duration Note
34 Bimbisara (Shrenika)[9][4][10] Haryanka dynasty 544 492 52 First historically verifiable king of Magadha; contemporary of both the Buddha and Mahavira; expanded Magadha through marriage alliances with Kosala, Vaishali and Madra; built royal highway from Rajgir; imprisoned and killed by his son Ajatashatru; the Haryanka dynastic name does not appear in the Puranas and is attested exclusively in Buddhist and Jain sources
35 Ajatashatru (Kunika)[9][4][10] Haryanka dynasty 492 460 32 Imprisoned and killed his father Bimbisara; waged a sixteen-year war against the Vajji confederacy; constructed the first fortifications at Pataliputra; contemporary of the Parinirvana of the Buddha
36 Udayabhadra (Udayin)[9][4] Haryanka dynasty 460 444 16 Son of Ajatashatru; permanently shifted the capital of Magadha from Rajgir to Pataliputra (modern Patna); also reported by Buddhist sources to have killed his father Ajatashatru
37 Aniruddha (Anurudha)[9][10] Haryanka dynasty 444 436 8 Reign length from the Mahavamsa
38 Munda[9][10] Haryanka dynasty 436 428 8 Reportedly killed his father Aniruddha; the dynasty's pattern of parricide is noted repeatedly in Buddhist chronicles
39 Nagadasaka (Darshaka)[9][10][8] Haryanka dynasty 428 413 24 Last king of the Haryanka dynasty; the dynasty's repeated parricides caused a popular revolt; the people of Magadha installed Shishunaga, a minister, on the throne in his place

House of Shaishunaga

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Main article: Shaishunaga dynasty

Shishunaga Dynasty (~413–345 BCE)

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The Shaishunaga dynasty, also called Shishunaga, was the third ruling house of Magadha. Shisunaga, who was originally a minister of King Nagadashaka, overthrew him in a popular rebellion and ascended the throne in 413 BCE. This dynasty lasted for only 68 years, ruling Magadha from 413 to 345 BCE.

House of Shaishunaga
𑀰𑁃𑀰𑀼𑀗𑀸
Royal house of Magadha
CountryKingdom of Magadha
Current regionIndia India
Founded413 BCE
FounderShishunaga
Final rulerMahanandin
SeatRajgriha and Vaishali
(later, Patliputra)
TitlesKing of Magadha
Deposition345 BCE, assassination of King Mahanandin by Mahapadma Nanda
# King Reign (years) Approx. BCE Notes
40 Shishunaga[2][3][9] 40 413–395 A minister installed by popular revolt after the fall of the Haryankas; permanently destroyed the power of Avanti
41 Kalashoka (Kakavarna)[2][3][9] 28 395–367 Presided over the Second Buddhist Council held at Vaishali (~383 BCE); the Puranas mention his ten sons who ruled either simultaneously or in quick succession after him
42 Kshemadharman[2][3] 20 367–347
43 Kshemavarman (Kshatraujas)[2][3] 8 347–339
44 Nandivardhana[2][3] 40 339–319
45 Mahanandin[2][3][8] 43 319–345 Last king of the Shishunaga dynasty; his illegitimate son by a Shudra woman, Mahapadma Nanda, killed his half-brothers and usurped the throne, founding the Nanda dynasty

House of Nandas

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Nanda Dynasty (~345–321 BCE)

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Main article: Nanda Empire

Primary sources: Vishnu Purana (Book IV), Vayu Purana, the Sanskrit drama Mudrarakshasa by Vishakhadatta, and Greek accounts — Curtius and Diodorus refer to Dhana Nanda as Agrammes or Xandrames

House of Nandas
Imperial house of Magadha
CountryKingdom of Magadha
Current regionIndia India
Foundedc. 345 BCE
FounderMahapadma Nanda
Final rulerDhana Nanda
TitlesKing of Magadha
Deposition321 BCE
# King Reign (years) Approx. BCE Notes
46 Mahapadma Nanda (Ugrasena)[2][3][11] 88 345–336 Called "Destroyer of all Kshatriyas" (Sarvakshatranta-kara) in the Puranas; first empire-builder of pan-Indian scale;son of Mahanandin by a Shudra woman
47 Pandhuka[2][3] — — Son of Mahapadma Nanda
48 Panghupati[2][3] — — Son of Mahapadma Nanda
49 Bhutapala[2][3] — — Son of Mahapadma Nanda
50 Rashtrapala[2][3] — — Son of Mahapadma Nanda
51 Govishanaka[2][3] — — Son of Mahapadma Nanda
52 Dashasiddhaka[2][3] — — Son of Mahapadma Nanda
53 Kaivarta[2][3] — — Son of Mahapadma Nanda
54 Dhana Nanda[2][3][11][12] — ~336–321 Last of the Nanda dynasty; the Nanda king whose army Alexander's troops refused to fight (~326 BCE); overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya with the strategy of Chanakya/Kautilya as described in the Mudrarakshasa

House of Maurya

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Main articles: Mauryan Dynasty and List of Maurya Emperors

The Maurya dynasty was the sixth and greatest ruling house of Magadha. Chandragupta Maurya founded this dynasty with help of his mentor and grand advisor Chanakya in 322 BCE after organizing a large army and overthrowing King Dhana Nanda subsequently ruling Magadha from 322 to 184 BCE.

House of Maurya
𑀫𑁅𑀭𑁆𑀬𑀸
Imperial house of Magadha
Lion Capital in Sanchi, made by Emperor Ashoka
CountryMagadha Empire
Current regionIndia India
Pakistan Pakistan
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Nepal
Afghanistan Afghanistan
Founded322 BCE
FounderChandragupta Maurya
Final rulerBrihadratha Maurya
SeatPataliputra
Titles
Deposition185 BCE, assassination of Emperor Brihadratha by his General Pushyamitra Shunga

List of monarchs

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This dynasty ruled for a considerably longer period than the previous house and had nine rulers.

Sr. No Name Dynasty Start (BCE) End (BCE) Duration Note
55 Chandragupta Maurya[13][9][11][14] Maurya dynasty 321 297 24 Chronological anchor — 321 BCE; founder of the Maurya Empire; overthrew Dhana Nanda with the counsel of Chanakya; defeated Seleucus I Nicator c. 305–303 BCE; corroborated by Megasthenes' Indica, the Arthashastra, and the Mudrarakshasa; abdicated in favour of his son and became a Jain monk according to tradition
56 Bindusara (Amitraghata / Bhadrasara)[2][3][9] Maurya dynasty 297 272 25 Son of Chandragupta; called Amitrochates ("Slayer of Enemies") by Greek sources; extended the empire southward into the Deccan; maintained diplomatic correspondence with Seleucid and Ptolemaic courts; received Greek ambassadors Deimakos and Dionysius
57 Ashoka (Devanampiya Piyadasi)[15][2][9] Maurya dynasty 272 236 36 Greatest ruler of the dynasty; conquered Kalinga (c. 261 BCE) and renounced military expansion thereafter; propagated Dhamma throughout his empire; issued the Edicts of Ashoka — the only contemporaneous epigraphic source for the Mauryan period; dispatched Buddhist missions to Hellenistic kingdoms; known in his own inscriptions exclusively as Devanampiya Piyadasi
58 Kunala (Suyashas)[2][3][16] Maurya dynasty 236 228 8 Son of Ashoka; the Vishnu Purana names him Suyashas, identified by scholars with Kunala; according to the Divyavadana and Ashokavadana, he was blinded at the instigation of a jealous stepmother
59 Dasharatha Maurya[2][3][15] Maurya dynasty 228 220 8 Grandson of Ashoka; dedicated the Nagarjuni Hill caves to the Ajivikas; his cave inscriptions use the title Devanampiya, identical to Ashoka's; the empire appears to have divided between Dasharatha (east, Pataliputra) and Samprati (west, Ujjain) following Ashoka's death
60 Samprati[2][3][17] Maurya dynasty 220 211 9 Son of Kunala (per Buddhist and Jain sources) or son of Dasharatha (per Puranas); devout Jain whose patronage of Jainism is described in Hemachandra's Parishishtaparvan; credited with building thousands of Jain temples across the subcontinent
61 Shalishuka (Salisuka)[2][3][18] Maurya dynasty 211 198 13 Described in the Garga Samhita as quarrelsome, cunning, irreligious and oppressive; his reign marked the onset of serious imperial fragmentation; the Yuga Purana records that Indo-Greek (Yavana) forces began pressing on the empire's northwestern frontiers during this period
62 Devavarman[2][3] Maurya dynasty 198 191 7 Named in both Vishnu and Vayu Puranas; continued decentralization of imperial authority
63 Shatadhanvan (Shatadhanush)[2][3] Maurya dynasty 191 183 8 Named consistently in all Puranic recensions; the Vayu Purana variant gives the name as Shatadhanush
64 Brihadratha Maurya[2][3][19] Maurya dynasty 183 185 3 Last emperor of the Maurya Empire; the Harshacharita of Banabhatta (7th century CE) describes how his general Pushyamitra Shunga murdered him during a military review parade in 185 BCE; with his death the Maurya imperial line ended

House of Shunga

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Main article: Shunga Dynasty

The Shunga dynasty was the seventh ruling house of Magadha. Pushyamitra Shunga, the Commander-in-Chief of Emperor Brihadratha Maurya, organized a coup d'état and killed the emperor, usurping the throne in 184 BCE. This dynasty lasted for 112 years, ruling Magadha from 184 to 72 BCE.

House of Shunga
𑀰𑀼𑀗𑀸
Imperial house of Magadha
CountryMagadha Empire
Current regionIndia India
Pakistan Pakistan
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Foundedc. 185 BCE
FounderPushyamitra
Final rulerDevabhuti
SeatPatliputra and Vidisha
TitlesEmperor of Magadha
Deposition72 BCE

List of monarchs

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This dynasty had nine monarchs.

Sr. No Name Dynasty Start (BCE) End (BCE) Duration Note
65 Pushyamitra Shunga[2][19][20][21] Shunga dynasty 185 149 36 Founder of the Shunga dynasty; Brahmin commander-in-chief (senapati) of the Mauryan army who murdered Brihadratha Maurya in front of his own forces; performed two Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice) ceremonies to legitimize his rule as recorded in the Ayodhya inscription of Dhanadeva; successfully repelled Indo-Greek invasions; his reign and exploits are central to Kalidasa's play Malavikagnimitra
66 Agnimitra[2][20] Shunga dynasty 149 141 8 Son of Pushyamitra; served as viceroy of Vidisha during his father's reign; the central protagonist of Kalidasa's play Malavikagnimitra
67 Vasujyeshtha (Sujyeshtha)[2][3] Shunga dynasty 141 134 7 Named Sujyeshtha in the Vishnu Purana; son of Agnimitra
68 Vasumitra[2][20] Shunga dynasty 134 124 10 Grandson of Pushyamitra; defeated an Indo-Greek cavalry squadron on the banks of the Sindhu river while serving as guardian of the horse in his grandfather's Ashvamedha sacrifice; this event is attested in the Malavikagnimitra
69 Andhraka (Ardraka / Bhadraka)[2][3] Shunga dynasty 124 122 2 Named Ardraka in the Vishnu Purana and Andhraka in some recensions; brief and historically obscure reign
70 Pulindaka[2][3] Shunga dynasty 122 119 3
71 Ghosha (Ghoshavasu)[2][3] Shunga dynasty 119 116 3 Named Ghoshavasu in the Vishnu Purana
72 Vajramitra[2][3] Shunga dynasty 116 107 9
73 Bhagavata (Bhagabhadra)[2][22] Shunga dynasty 107 75 32 The Heliodorus pillar at Vidisha, dated c. 110 BCE, records that the Greek ambassador Heliodorus — dispatched by the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas from Taxila — visited the court of "Bhagabhadra", identified with this king; Heliodorus describes himself as a devotee of Vasudeva (Vishnu), providing one of the earliest records of a Greek convert to Vaishnavism
74 Devabhuti (Devabhumi)[2][3][19] Shunga dynasty 75 73 10 Last king of the Shunga dynasty; the Harshacharita of Banabhatta describes him as dissolute; murdered by his Brahmin minister Vasudeva Kanva, who then founded the Kanva dynasty

House of Kanva

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Main article: Kanva Dynasty

The Kanva dynasty was the eighth and last ruling house of Magadha. This dynasty was founded by Vasudeva Kanva who overthrow the Emperor Devabhuti in 73 BCE. This dynasty lasted for only 45 years, ruling Magadha from 73 to 28 BCE. On 28 BCE, the last emperor, Susarman Kanva was killed by the Satavahana Emperor Satakarni II and the Magadha Empire subsequently collapsed.

House of Kanva
𑀓𑀦𑁆𑀯𑀸
Imperial house of Magadha
CountryMagadha Empire
Current regionIndia India
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Founded73 BCE
FounderVasudeva Kanva
Final rulerSusarman Kanva
SeatPataliputra and Vidisha
TitlesEmperor of Magadha
Deposition28 BCE, invaded by Satavahana Empire

List of monarchs

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Sr. No Name Dynasty Start (BCE) End (BCE) Duration Note
75 Vasudeva Kanva[2][3][19] Kanva dynasty 73 64 9 Founder of the dynasty; Brahmin minister (amatya) of the last Shunga king Devabhuti, whom he murdered; the dynasty name derives from his gotra (Kanva), descended from the Vedic sage Kanva; the Puranas describe the Kanvas as Sungabhrityas ("servants of the Shungas")
76 Bhumimitra[2][3][23] Kanva dynasty 64 50 14 Son of Vasudeva Kanva; the longest-reigning Kanva king; copper coins bearing the legend Bhumimitra and Kanvasya have been recovered from Panchala, Vidisha, and Kaushambi, providing numismatic corroboration of his reign
77 Narayana[2][3] Kanva dynasty 50 38 12 Son of Bhumimitra; named consistently in Vishnu, Matsya, and Vayu Puranas; no independent epigraphic or numismatic record beyond the Puranic succession list
78 Susharman (Susarman / Susarmaka)[2][3][8] Kanva dynasty 38 28 10 Last king of the Kanva dynasty and the final king of the unbroken line of Magadha; killed by Simuka, founder of the Satavahana dynasty, c. 28 BCE; the Vishnu Purana states explicitly: In succession to them, the earth will pass to the Andhras; with Susharman's death, Magadha's extensive role as the political centre of northern India came to an end

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cunningham, Alexander (1871). The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang. Cambridge library collection. Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-51998-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs Wilson, Horace Hayman (1840). The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition. London: John Murray.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl Tagare, G. V. (1987). The Vayu Purana. Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, Vol. 37–38. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120803329.
  4. ^ a b c d Mani, Vettam (2015). Puranic Encyclopaedia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2.
  5. ^ "Chapter 272". Agni Purana. Note: Lists Sambhava as direct father of Jarasandha, diverging from the Vishnu and Vayu Puranas which insert Brihadratha II between Sambhava and Jarasandha.
  6. ^ a b "Sabha Parva, Chapters 17–24". Mahabharata. Note: Birth, reign, military campaigns and death of Jarasandha described in detail}}
  7. ^ Tagare, G. V. (1978). The Bhagavata Purana. Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, Vol. 9. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120803282.
  8. ^ a b c d Misra, V. S. (2007). Ancient Indian Dynasties. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 129–136. ISBN 978-81-7276-413-5.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Geiger, Wilhelm (1912). The Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon. London: Pali Text Society.
  10. ^ a b c d e Oldenberg, Hermann (1879). The Dipavamsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record. London: Williams and Norgate.
  11. ^ a b c Vishakhadatta (1900). Mudrarakshasa. Translated by M. R. Kale. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
  12. ^ Curtius, Quintus (1984). History of Alexander. Translated by John Yardley. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044412-0. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help) Note: Curtius refers to the Nanda king as Agrammes/Xandrames.
  13. ^ Kautilya (1915). Arthashastra. Translated by R. Shamasastry. Mysore: Government Press.
  14. ^ Megasthenes (1877). Indica. Fragments collected and translated by J. W. McCrindle. London: Trübner.
  15. ^ a b Hultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  16. ^ Divyavadana. Translated by Andy Rotman. Boston: Wisdom Publications. 2008. ISBN 978-0-86171-491-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  17. ^ Hemachandra (c. 1200). Parishishtaparvan. Note: Jain text; describes Samprati as a devout Jain who spread Jainism across India and built thousands of temples
  18. ^ Garga Samhita. Note: Describes Shalishuka as quarrelsome, irreligious, and oppressive toward his subjects; marks the onset of serious Mauryan imperial decline.
  19. ^ a b c d Banabhatta (1897). Harshacharita. Translated by E. B. Cowell and F. W. Thomas. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
  20. ^ a b c Kalidasa (1891). Malavikagnimitra. Translated by C. H. Tawney. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.
  21. ^ Lüders, Heinrich (1912). A List of Brahmi Inscriptions. Calcutta: Archaeological Survey of India. Note: The Ayodhya inscription of Dhanadeva records Pushyamitra's two Ashvamedha sacrifices.
  22. ^ Bhandarkar, D. R. (1981). Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Note: The Heliodorus pillar at Vidisha, dated c. 110 BCE, records the Greek ambassador Heliodorus at the court of Bhagabhadra, identified with Bhagavata of the Shunga dynasty.
  23. ^ Mitchiner, Michael (1978). The Ancient and Classical World, 600 BC–AD 650. London: Hawkins Publications. ISBN 978-0-904173-16-1. Note: Copper coins bearing the legend Bhumimitra and Kanvasya found at Panchala, Vidisha, and Kaushambi.
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