List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: J
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
J[edit]
- Jacob Fugger
- the Rich [1]
- Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut
- Jacqueline of Bavaria
- Jacques de Harlay, Marquis de Chanvallon
- Beau Soleil (Handsome Sun) [2]
- Jacques, Duke of Nemours
- Jacques of Savoy, 2nd Duke of Nemours
- the Flower of Chivalry [3]
- Jadwiga of Poland
- the Saint
- James I of England
- A Royal Fool [4]
- A Second Solomon (by Henry IV of France) [5]
- Britain's Solomon [6]
- God's Sillie Vassal (by Andrew Melville) [7]
- Great Britain's Solomon [6]
- His Sowship [8]
- Queen James [9]
- Scotch Jimmy [10]
- Scottish Jimmy [11]
- the Cradle King [12]
- the English Solomon [13]
- the Heliogabalus of Scotland, the Scottish Heliogabalus [13]
- the Most Learned Fool in Christendom (by Henry IV of France) [6]
- the Royal 'Prentice in the Art of Poetry [14]
- the Scottish Solomon [14]
- the Second Solomon [15]
- the Solomon of England [14]
- the Solomon of Scotland
- the Wisest Fool in Christendom (by Sully) [8][13]
- James II of England
- James II of Majorca
- the Good King James
- the Just [18]
- James III of Majorca
- the Bold
- the Unfortunate
- James I of Scotland
- the Lawgiver
- the Captive [19]
- the Prisoner
- James II of Scotland
- James IV of Scotland
- James the Iron Belt [24]
- the Chivalric Madman [25]
- the Fiery-Pace [13]
- the Last Monarch from the Island of Great Britain to be Killed in Battle [26]
- the Moonstruck Romantic [27][28]
- the Most Successful of the Stewart Monarchs of Scotland [29]
- the Renaissance King [30]
- the Star of the Stuart Line (by Wilson) [13]
- the Thistle and the Rose (James IV of Scotland and Margaret of England) [13]
- James V of Scotland
- James I of Aragon
- James II of Aragon
- the Just [13]
- James II of Cyprus
- the Archbishop
- the Bastard
- James III of Cyprus
- the Posthumous
- the Child
- James II of Urgell
- James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley
- the Just
- James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
- Little Billy
- James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos
- the Princely Chandos
- James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormonde
- the Lame
- James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde
- the White Earl [46]
- James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry
- the Union Duke [47]
- James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas
- the Flower of Chivalry
- James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas
- the Gross
- James Douglas, 3rd Marquess of Queensberry
- James Douglas, Lord of Douglas
- James FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond
- the Queen's Earl
- the Tower Earl of Desmond
- James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond
- the Usurper
- James FitzGerald, 13th Earl of Desmond
- the Court Page [54]
- James FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond
- the Traitor Earl [54]
- James FitzThomas FitzGerald
- the Sugan Earl
- the Sham Earl
- the Earl of Straw
- James FitzMaurice
- the Arch Traitor
- James FitzMaurice
- James Geraldine, cousin of the 15h Earl of Desmond[55]
- James Francis Edward Stuart
- James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose
- the Great Marquess
- John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee
- James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton
- Captain Luckless
- James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale
- Jimmy Grasp-All
- Wicked Jimmy
- the Bad Earl
- the Gloomy Earl
- James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
- James Fitzroy
- Jemmy (by his mother)
- Lord Crofts
- Mr. Crofts [63]
- Mr. Crofts the King's Bastard [64]
- King Monmouth (by the commoners) [65]
- Monmouth
- Great Britain's Joy and Hope [66]
- England's Darling [67]
- the Bastard Son [68]
- the Darling of the English People [69]
- the King's Greatest Delight [70]
- the Protestant Duke [65]
- Young Crofts [71]
- Young Jemmy [72]
- James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn
- the Black Knight of Lorn
- James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan
- Hearty James
- the Hearty
- James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray
- the Good Regent
- James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray
- Jan III Sobieski
- King of Poland
- Jane Digby, Lady Ellenborough
- Aurora [77]
- Iolanthe, Ianthe
- Jane Digby El Mezrab [78]
- Jenny
- Engleysi (the Madwoman) [78]
- Shaikhah Umm al-Laban (literally Sheikha Mother of Milk) [79]
- One of the Most Remarkable Women of the 19th Century. [80]
- the Female Byron
- the Most Beautiful Woman He Had Ever Seen (by George IV) [81]
- the New Woman of the 1890s [82]
- Jane Grey, Queen of England
- Lady Jane Grey
- the Nine-Day Queen [83]
- Jane Gordon, Duchess of Gordon
- Jane Seymour, Queen of England
- Janusz Radziwiłł (1612-1655)
- the Traitor [88]
- the Second
- Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford
- Jean Maxwell, Duchess of Gordon
- the Gay Duchess of Gordon [91]
- Jean Tristan, Count of Valois
- the Child of Sorrow [92]
- Jean-Baptiste Dumonceau, Comte de Bergendal
- the Unblemished General [93]
- Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, !st Comte Jourdan
- the Anvile
- the Soldier of the Revolution
- the Victor of Fleurus [94]
- Jean François Paul de Gondi, cardinal de Retz
- Monsieur le Coadjuteur
- Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier, 1st Count Sérurier
- the Virgin of Italy
- Jean d'Orléans, Count of Dunois
- Jean de Poltrot, Lord of Méré
- Jean de Brosse, Marshal of France
- Marshall de Boussac
- Jean Lannes , 1st Duke of Montebello
- the Achilles of the Grand Army
- the French Ajax
- the Roland of the Army of Italy
- the Roland of the French Army [99]
- Jean II Le Maingre, Marshal of France
- Jean III, Lord of Werchin
- le Goutteux
- Jean-Andoche Junot, 1st Duke of Abrantes
- Jeanne of Luxembourg, Countess of St. Pol
- Demoiselle de Luxemburg
- Jeanne, Countess of Flanders
- Jeanne of Constantinople
- Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour
- Madame de Pompadour [104]
- Jeanne de Clisson
- the Flame
- the Lioness of Brittany
- Jelena Lijepa
- Jelena of Zadar
- the Mother of the Kingdom
- the Protectress of Orphans and Widows [106]
- Jennie Churchill, Lady Randolph Churchill
- Jérôme Bonaparte
- Jerzy Radziwiłł
- Jerzy Radziwiłł
- the Lithuanian Hercules
- Jerzy Radziwiłł
- Heracles, Hercules [88]
- Jimena Díaz
- la Belle Chimène
- Joachim I of Brandenburg
- Joachim Nestor
- Joachim II of Brandenburg
- Joachim Murat
- King of Naples
- Joachim Napoleon [117]
- Napoleon's Greatest Cavalry Commander [118]
- Abbe Murat [119]
- Franconi Uncrowned [120]
- King Franconi (by Parisian wits) [121][113]
- That Madman Murat (by future brother-in-law, General Leclerc)
- the Abbot with the Beautiful Leg
- the Administrator of Exceptional Ineptitude [122]
- the Best Cavalry Officer in Europe (by Napoleon) [123]
- the Dandy King [124][125]
- the First Horseman of Europe [118]
- the Famous Swordsman
- the French God of War, the French War God [119]
- the Handsome Swordsman (Fr. le Beau Sabreur) [126]
- the King of Feathers (by his Neapolitan subjects) [127][128]
- the Pillaging Cavalier [129]
- the Premier Chevalier [119]
- Joan I of Naples
- An Ornament of the World
- the Mary Queen of Scots of the 14th Century [130]
- the Mary Stuart of Italy
- the Sad Queen
- Joan II of Naples
- Queen Giovanella [131]
- Joan I of Navarre
- the Founder of the College of Navarre[132]
- Joan of Burgundy, Queen of France
- the Lame
- the She-Devil (by Robert of Artois) [133]
- Joan de Geneville
- the Lady of Trim
- Joan, Duchess of Brittany
- Joan of Dreux
- Joan of Penthièvre
- Joan of Acre[134]
- Joan of Kent, Princess of Wales
- the Fair Maid of Kent [135]
- Joan of Portugal (nun)
- the Saint Princess
- Joanna of Bourbon, Queen of France
- the Sun of His Kingdom (by husband Charles V) [136]
- Joan of England, Queen of Scotland
- Joan Make Peace [132]
- Joanna of the Tower
- Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton (1428–1486)
- the Dumb Lady [137]
- Juana of Castile
- Joan, Princess of Castile
- Joanna of Flanders
- the Flame (Sp. la Flamina)
- Jobst of Moravia
- Johann III, Duke of Cleves
- the Pacific
- Archduke Johann Salvator of Austria
- Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly
- the Greatest Military Leader of the Thirty Years' War
- the Monk in Armor [146]
- the Old Corporal
- John I de Balliol
- the Scot, Great Chamberlain of Scotland, son of King John of Scotland
- John, Count of Chalon
- l'Antique
- the Wise
- John I, Count of Luxemburg | John of Bohemia
- the Blind
- John I, Duke of Brittany
- the Red
- John I, Duke of Lorraine
- the God-given
- John I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1561–1623)
- the Intermediate
- John I of France
- the Posthumous
- John II of France
- John I, Duke of Mecklenburg
- the Pacific
- John I, Count of Holland
- John of Avesnes
- John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
- John I, Marquis of Montferrat
- the Belted (der Gegürtete)
- the Just
- John I of Aragon
- John II of Aragon
- John I, Lord of Mecklenburg
- the Theologian
- John I, Duke of Cleves
- the Handsome
- John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
- John of Dreux
- John I of Bohemia
- the Foreign King [157]
- John I Tzimiskes
- Tzimiskes
- John I of Sweden
- John I, Duke of Bavaria
- the Child
- John I, Duke of Brabant
- the Triumphant
- John II, Duke of Burgundy
- the Fearless [159]
- John I, Marquis of Montferrat
- the Belted
- John II, Count of Armagnac
- the Hunchback
- John II, Count of Soissons
- the Stammerer
- John II of Brienne
- John of Acre [160]
- John I of Portugal
- John II of Portugal
- the Perfect Prince (by his subjects) [164]
- John III of Portugal
- the Pious
- John IV of Portugal
- the Fortunate
- the Restorer
- John V of Portugal
- o Freirático
- the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous
- the Magnificent
- the Most Faithful King
- the Portuguese Sun King
- John VI of Portugal
- the Clement
- the Merciful [167]
- John II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor
- the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius
- the Beautiful
- the Good (Calojohannès)
- the Moor
- John II, Duke of Alençon
- John II of Brienne, Count of Eu
- John of Dreux
- John II, Duke of Brabant
- the Pacific
- John II, Duke of Bavaria
- der Gottseelige, the Mild
- John II, Duke of Cleves (1458–1521)
- John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel
- the Blind
- the One-Eyed [173]
- John III, Count of Auxerre
- the White Knight
- John III, Count of Holstein-Plön
- the Mild [174]
- John II of Nuremberg
- the Acquirer
- John II, Count of Rietberg, 1541–1562 the Mad [175][176]
- John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
- the Historian[citation needed]
- the Lame[citation needed]
- the Great
- John II of Nassau
- the Younger
- John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, 1604-1635
- the Younger
- John III, Duke of Bavaria
- John III, Duke of Brabant
- the Triumphant
- John III, Duke of Brittany
- John III the Terrible, Prince of Moldavia
- the Brave
- the Terrible
- John IV, Duke of Bavaria
- the Truthful
- Monacencis
- John IV, Duke of Brittany
- John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg
- the Elder
- John VI, Duke of Brittany
- John, Duke of Berry
- le Camus
- the Magnificent
- John, Elector of Saxony
- the Steadfast
- Steady
- Constant [181]
- John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
- John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin
- the Eye and the Council of Germany [184]
- John of Artois, Count of Eu
- the Landless
- Archduke John of Austria
- the Styrian Prince
- John of Austria
- Juan de Castilla y Haro, Lord of Vizcaya
- John of England
- John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
- John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut
- the Old
- John of Islay, Earl of Ross
- John MacDonald II
- John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
- John of Saxony
- John Balliol
- the Magister
- John Balliol, King of Scots
- Prince John of the United Kingdom
- The Lost Prince
- John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg
- John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
- the Younger
- John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
- John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony
- the Intermediate
- John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony
- the Younger
- John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania
- the Strong
- John George III, Elector of Saxony
- the Fat
- the Saxon Mars [201]
- John George, Elector of Brandenburg
- the Thrifty
- John Joseph of Austria
- the Younger
- John Maurice of Nassau
- the Brazilian
- John Parricida
- Duke of Austria & Swabia
- the Parricide (Lat. Parricida) [202]
- John Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford
- John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
- the Fairborn
- John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll
- Red John of the Battles (Iain Ruaidh nan Cath) [206]
- John Campbell, 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland
- John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
- John Dundas Cochrane
- the Pedestrian Traveler
- John de Braose
- the Fatherless
- Tadody
- John de Graham
- With the Bright Sword [219]
- John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk
- the Trimming Duke
- John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln
- the Surety, the Magna Carta Baron
- John de Scotia, 9th Earl of Huntingdon
- the Scot
- John de Vere, 7th Earl of Oxford
- the Fighting Earl of Oxford
- the Fighting Vere
- John Erskine, Earl of Mar
- John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1558–1634)
- Jock o' the Slates (Jocky o'Sclaittes) [21]
- John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland
- Rapid Westmorland
- John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel
- the English Achilles [222]
- John FitzEdmund FitzGerald
- the Chief Man of Service Among the Rebels [55]
- John FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Kildare
- Crouchback
- Shane Cam [55]
- John Graham, 1st Viscount of Dundee
- John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey
- John Hunyadi
- Janus Hunyadi
- Jakula, Janko of Byzantium, Jansekula, Magyar Janos, 'Ugrin Janko, Sibinyanin Janko [226]
- That Damned Devil, Janko
- the Champion of Christ (Lat. Athleta Christi) [227]
- the Champion of Christendom
- the Defender of Christendom [228]
- the Devil
- the Devil of Lancut [229]
- the Great Champion of Christianity [230]
- the Old Governor [231]
- the Savior of Christianity
- the Scourge of the Turks [232]
- the Valiant of Valiants
- the White Knight of the Christian Crusaders
- John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham
- Radical Jack [233]
- John MacDonald, 1st Lord of the Isles
- John Menteith
- the False Menteith [234]
- John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu
- the Planter
- Planter John
- John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich
- Jeremy Twitcher [235]
- John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
- Finality Jack
- the Widow's Mite
- John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
- John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer
- John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute
- John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
- the English Achilles
- the Terror of France [235]
- John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
- John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery
- the Lewdest Man of His Age (by Samuel Pepys) [240]
- John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester
- John "the Black" Comyn
- the Black
- John "the Red" Comyn
- the Red
- Red Comyn [245]
- Joscelin I, Count of Edessa
- Joseph I of Portugal
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
- Joseph Bonaparte
- King of Spain
- King of Naples
- el Rey Errante [252]
- el Rey Intruso [252]
- el Rey Sin Tierra [252]
- el Rey Transhumante [252]
- Pepe Jose [252]
- Pepe Botella (Joe Bottles) [103][253][254]
- Pepino (Cucumber) [103]
- Rey Pepino [252]
- Uncle Cups (Tio Copas) [103]
- Uncle Joe (Sp. Tio Pepe) [103]
- the King of Cups (Sp. el Rey de Copas) [103]
- the King of Small Plazas (Sp. el Rey Plazuelas) [255]
- Joseph Fouché
- the Father of the Modern Police State
- the Father of Modern Espionage
- the Father of Modern Political Espionage
- the Hebertist of the Terror
- the Machinegunner of Lyon [256]
- Joseph Rauscher, Prince-Bishop of Vienna
- Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of the French
- Josephine, Empress of the French
- Empress Josephine
- Madame Bonaparte [259]
- Our Lady of Bounty [260]
- Our Lady of Victories (Notre Dame des Victoires) [259]
- the Good Josephine [261]
- the Incomparable Josephine
- the Pretty Creole (by her neighbours) [260]See p.7
- the Rose of Beauharnais
- the Rose of Martinique [262][263]
- Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll
- My Darling Lion (by Idina Sackville) [264]
- Joshua Allen, 6th Viscount Allen
- King Allen [265]
- Jotapian, Roman Emperor
- the Barracks Emperor
- the Emperor of the Army
- Jovan Vladimir
- the Saint
- Józef Antoni Poniatowski
- the Polish Bayard [56]
- Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena
- the Author, the Writer
- Juan Téllez-Girón, 4th Count of Ureña
- the Saint
- Juana Núñez, Lady of Lara
- the Little Dove (la Palomilla)
- the Little Turtle Dove
- Judicael (of Domnonia & Brittany)
- the Saint
- Judith, Duchess of Bavaria
- the Fair
- Judith of Lens
- the Countess (Comitissa)
- Julia Domna
- Jocasta
- Júlia Hunyady de Kéthely
- Juppy [266]
- Julian
- the Apostate
- the Philosopher
- Julie Clary
- la Intrusa
- Pope Julius II
- la Giulia [267]
- Julius Caesar
- Julius Constantius
- the Patrician, son of Constantius Chlorus
- Julius Jacob von Haynau
- General Hyena (by the British) [270]
- the Austrian Butcher [271]
- the Austrian Hyena [272]
- the Butcher of Brescia [270]
- the Enforcer of Imperial Austria [271]
- the Habsburg Tiger (by his soldiers & Austrian admirers) [271]
- the Hangman of Arad (by Hungarians) [271]
- the Hyena
- the Hyena of Brescia [273]
- the Wolf of Arad [273]
- the Women Lasher of Brescia [274]
- the Woman Flogger [271]
- Justin I
- the Great
- Justin II
- the Thracian (Lat. Thrax)
- the Younger
- Justinian I
- the Great
- Justinian II
- the Slit-Nosed, the Cut-Nose (Gr. Rhinotmetus)
List of group nicknames[edit]
List of nicknamed persons associated with royalty and nobility[edit]
- Jean-François Joseph Debelle
- the Apollo of the Army [275]
- Jeanne Geneviève Fortunée Lormier-Lagrave, Madame Hamelin
- Jessica Christina Sykes, Lady Sykes
- Lady Satin Tights [210]
List of persons with the same/similar nicknames[edit]
- the Jesuit in Berkeley Square: William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne
- the Jesuit King: Sigismund III Vasa of Sweden
- the Jesuit's Bigotry: Urszula Meyerin
Jezebel: Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France; Isabelle of France, Queen of England
- the Jezebel of England: Isabelle of Angouleme, Queen of England
- Judge Gripus: Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke (1690-1764)
- the Judge: Pietro II of Arborea
- the Judge of Nature: Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset
- the Judge of the Visigoths: Athanaric
- the Justinian of England: Edward I of England
- the Justinian of Lithuania: Albrycht Radziwiłł
- the Justinian of Poland: Casimir III of Poland
- the Justinian of Saxony: Augustus, Elector of Saxony
- the Justinian of Scotland: David I of Scotland
List of regnal names[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Flynn, John Thomas (1941). Men of Wealth: The Story of Twelve Significant Fortunes from the Renaissance to the Present Day. ISBN 9781610163293. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Freer, Martha Walker (1858). "Henry III". Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ "Margaret of France, duchess of Savoy, 1523-74; a biography .." See". Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ "Leaves of Healing, Volume 12". 1903. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1892). "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Volume 4". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ a b c "Bible Society record, Volumes 56-58". 1911. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Royal Subjects: Essays on the Writings of James VI and I. 2002. ISBN 0814328776. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ a b "New Outlook: 1892, Volume 45". 1892. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ "Sandman #75 Annotations". Enjolrasworld.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Durie, Bruce (29 February 2012). Bloody Scottish History: Glasgow. ISBN 9780752483139. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Ash, Russell (5 May 2009). Top 10 of Britain: 250 Quintessentially British Lists. ISBN 9780600622512. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Stewart, Alan (31 October 2011). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I. ISBN 9781448104574. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Sobriquets and Nicknames". Ticknor And Company. 1888. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ a b c Wheeler, William Adolphus (1865). "An Explanatory and Pronouncing Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1880). "The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, References, Plots and Stories". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Mike Mahoney. "Kings and Queens of England - Charles II". English Monarchs. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Zuvich, Andrea (19 September 2020). Sex and Sexuality in Stuart Britain. ISBN 9781526753106. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
- ^ "James II of Mallorca". Grec.net. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Sanderson, Edgar (1882). "A History of the British Empire". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Cannon, John Ashton (2004). The Kings & Queens of Britain. ISBN 978-0-19-955922-0. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ^ a b c d Magnusson, Magnus (2003). Scotland: The Story of a Nation. ISBN 9780802139320. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ^ {{cite web url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheStewarts/JamesII.aspx |title=History of James II of Scotland|access-date=2013-02-25}}
- ^ "scotlandspast.org". scotlandspast.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1892). "Historic Note-book". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Coleman, Keith John (26 April 2019). The Afterlife of King James IV: Otherworld Legends Of The Scottish King. ISBN 9781789041187. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ Burns, William E. (2009). Brief History: Brief History of Great Britain. ISBN 9781438127378. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Robinson, Jon (30 November 2017). Court Politics, Culture and Literature in Scotland and England, 1500-1540. ISBN 9781351125802. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Coleman, Keith John (26 April 2019). The Afterlife of King James IV: Otherworld Legends Of The Scottish King. ISBN 9781789041187. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Winn, Christopher (May 2012). I Never Knew That About the Scottish. ISBN 9781407028934. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Magnusson, Magnus (2003). Scotland: The Story of a Nation. ISBN 9780802139320. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Wheeler, William Adolphus (1866). "A Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Scott, Walter (1811). "The Lady of the Lake: A Poem". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "New Outlook: 1892, Volume 45". 1892. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Adam, Frank (1970). The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands. ISBN 9780806304489. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Ritchie, Fiona; Orr, Doug (29 September 2014). Wayfaring Strangers: The Musical Voyage from Scotland and Ulster to Appalachia. ISBN 9781469618234. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ a b Cannon, John Ashton (2004). The Kings & Queens of Britain. ISBN 978-0-19-955922-0. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ^ Royle, Trevor (6 January 2012). The Mainstream Companion to Scottish Literature. ISBN 9781780574196. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Whitney, William Dwight (1904). "The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Plunket, Irene (2 December 2017). Europe in the Middle Ages. ISBN 9781537820781. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (15 April 2013). A History of Medieval Spain. ISBN 9780801468728. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
- ^ Abulafia, David S. H.; Bates, David (17 June 2014). The Western Mediterranean Kingdoms: The Struggle for Dominion, 1200-1500. ISBN 9781317897415. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
- ^ Williams, Nicola; Roddis, Miles (2009). Lonely Planet Languedoc-Roussillon. ISBN 9781741792805. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
- ^ "Enciclopèdia Catalana". Grec.cat. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James II of Urgell". Grec.net. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "James II of Urgell". Grec.net. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Irish Builder and Engineer, Volume 36". 1894. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ "Overview of James Douglas". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Scot Clans". 27 June 2011. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Winn, Christopher (May 2012). I Never Knew That About the Scottish. ISBN 9781407028934. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "Overview of James Douglas". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Royle, Trevor (6 January 2012). The Mainstream Companion to Scottish Literature. ISBN 9781780574196. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "James Lord of Douglas". Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Overview of Sir James Douglas". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter D". Booksulster.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c "A Compendium of Irish Biography - Letter F". Booksulster.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol. 1". Manybooks.net. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Webmaster, John Duncan, UK - http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/ (2010-02-11). "History of the Jacobites, The Scottish Jacobites - UK History". Scotshistoryonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)|author=
- ^ Webmaster, John Duncan, UK - http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/ (2010-02-11). "Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Jacobites, Scotland - UK History". Scotshistoryonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)|author=
- ^ Deane, Fannie Parmelee (1897). "Nicknames and Pseudonyms of Prominent People with Dates of Birth and Death". Retrieved 2021-10-27.
- ^ Peake, Elizabeth (1874). "History of the German Emperors and Their Contemporaries". Retrieved 2021-10-15.
- ^ Winn, Christopher (May 2012). I Never Knew That About the Scottish. ISBN 9781407028934. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
- ^ Winn, Christopher (May 2012). I Never Knew That About the Scottish. ISBN 9781407028934. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
- ^ "James ("Mr Crofts", 1st Duke of Monmouth) (Pepys' Diary)". Pepysdiary.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Pepys, Samuel (5 April 2018). The Diary of Samuel Pepys M.A. F.R.S.: 1662. ISBN 9783732652976. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ a b Fea, Allan (1902). "King Monmouth". Retrieved 2021-10-27.
- ^ Chappell, William (1859). "Popular Music of the Olden Time: A Collection of Ancient Songs, Ballads and Dance Tunes, Volume 2". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Todd, Janet (28 March 1996). Aphra Behn Studies. ISBN 9780521471695. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Keay, Anna (19 May 2016). The Last Royal Rebel: The Life and Death of James, Duke of Monmouth. ISBN 9781408846087. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Parodi, Pietro (1850). "Choice Lessons of English History and Literature Compiled for the Use of Schools". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Roberts, George (1844). "The Life, Progresses and Rebellion of James Duke of Monmouth, Volume 1". Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Melville, Lewis (January 2005). The Windsor Beauties: Ladies of the Court of Charles II. ISBN 9781932690132. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Claverhouse, by Mowbray Morris". Gutenberg.org. 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Easton, Robert (15 July 2010). Royal Dates With Destiny. ISBN 9781445620312. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
- ^ Campbell, Campbell Alastair (28 January 2015). History of Clan Campbell: From Flodden to the Restoration. ISBN 9781474408387. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
- ^ Varvounis, Miltiades (16 February 2012). Jan Sobieski: The King Who Saved Europe. ISBN 9781462880829. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ^ Zaba, Napoleon Felix (1833). "The Polish Exile". Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ^ Storey, Nicholas (January 2012). Great British Adventurers. ISBN 9781844681303. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ a b "The wilder shores of love - Part I". Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ "Jane Digby El Mezrab, Umm El-Laban". 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ "All for Love - The Life of Jane Digby". Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Rogers, J. A. (15 September 2014). Nature Knows No Color-Line: Research into the Negro Ancestry in the White Race. ISBN 9780819575517. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "Sir William Charles Ross (British, 1794-1860)". Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ Lamont-Brown, Raymond (4 April 2016). How Fat Was Henry VIII?: And 100 Other Questions on Royal History. ISBN 9780750968621. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ a b Peill, James (6 June 2019). Glorious Goodwood: A Biography of England's Greatest Sporting Estate. ISBN 9781472128232. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ "Jane Gordon, Duchess of Gordon (c1748-1812)". Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ Weir, Alison (7 May 2019). Jane Seymour, the Haunted Queen. ISBN 9781101966563. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ Pipe, Jim (20 January 2012). The Tudors, A Very Peculiar History. ISBN 9781908759429. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
- ^ a b c "Radziwill Portraits". Radziwill.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Brooke, Richard (1857). "Visits to Fields of Battle, in England, of the Fifteenth Century". Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- ^ Breverton, Terry (15 August 2014). Jasper Tudor: Dynasty Maker. ISBN 9781445634029. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- ^ "Robert Burns Country: The Burns Encyclopedia: Gordon, Jane, Duchess of Gordon (1746–1812)". Robertburns.org. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "300-9". Members.pcug.org.au. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "General Jean-Baptiste Dumonceau: The Unblemished General". Napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Adversaries". Wellington15.tripod.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Wilson-Smith, Timothy (21 October 2011). Joan of Arc: Maid, Myth and History. ISBN 9780752472263. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ^ "Jean Bastard of Orleans, later Count of Dunois". Perso.orange.fr. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Baird, Henry Martyn (1880). "History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France, Volume 2". Retrieved 2021-12-05.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 17. .
- ^ Delderfield, R. F. (4 March 2002). Napoleon's Marshals. ISBN 9781461661191. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ a b c Rogers, Clifford J.; Caferro, William; Reid, Shelley (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ "Napoleon and His Adopted Son: Eugène de Beauharnais and His Relations with the Emperor". Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ Asprey, Robert (6 August 2008). The Rise Of Napoleon Bonaparte. ISBN 9780786725397. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ^ a b c d e f Esdaile, Charles (2 October 2003). The Peninsular War: A New History. ISBN 9780141927855. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ "Madame de Pompadour Jeanne Antoinette Poisson Maitresse du Roi, Mistress of King". Madamedepompadour.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "zvonimir". Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "kresimir2". Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Sebba, Anne (20 December 2010). American Jennie: The Remarkable Life of Lady Randolph Churchill. ISBN 9780393079685. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ Lee, Celia; Lee, John (19 January 2010). The Churchills: A Family Portrait. ISBN 9780230104921. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ "Edward VII — The British Playboy King With An Insatiable Sexual Appetite". 12 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ Keegan, John (30 October 2007). Winston Churchill: A Life. ISBN 9781440684531. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ Ridley, Jane (4 November 2021). George V: Never a Dull Moment. ISBN 9781448190737. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
- ^ "Germany from the Earliest Period". 1900. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- ^ a b c "The North American Review, Volume 161". 1895. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ a b Opfell, Olga S. (June 2001). Royalty Who Wait: The 21 Heads of Formerly Regnant Houses of Europe. ISBN 9780786450572. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ^ "The Prince Regents Set". Georgian Index. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b ), George Boyle (Professor (1887). "William I.: German Emperor and King of Prussia". Retrieved 2021-11-04.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Rogers, J. A. (6 July 2010). World's Great Men of Color, Volume II, Volume 2. ISBN 9781451603071. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ a b Tate, George Willis (22 February 2011). Twice A Princess. ISBN 9781456821876. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ a b c "Warfare History Network". 15 November 2015. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Nicassio, Susan Vandiver (15 October 2009). Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon. ISBN 9780226579740. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Wheeler, William Adolphus (1879). "An Explanatory and Pronouncing Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction". Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Jordan, David P. (24 July 2012). Napoleon and the Revolution. ISBN 9780230362819. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "Chambers's Journal". 1844. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "Regency Explorer". Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "The Oddment Emporium". Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Wheeler, William Adolphus (1879). "An Explanatory and Pronouncing Dictionary of the Noted Names of Fiction". Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Zarzeczny, Matthew D. (16 November 2012). Meteors that Enlighten the Earth: Napoleon and the Cult of Great Men. ISBN 9781443843102. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "The British Quarterly Review, Volume 61". 1875. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
- ^ Jordan, David P. (24 July 2012). Napoleon and the Revolution. ISBN 9780230362819. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Gallenga, Antonio Carlo Napoleone. Italy, Past and Present, Volume 1. ISBN 9780461124880. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ Jameson (Anna), Mrs (1838). "Memoirs of Celebrated Female Sovereigns". Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ a b Weir, Alison (2005). Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England. ISBN 9780345453198. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
- ^ Green, Vivian (21 October 2016). Madness of Kings. ISBN 9780750981651. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
- ^ Kathryn Warner (2006-05-03). "Edward II: Edward II's brothers and sisters (1)". Edwardthesecond.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Hall, Simon (7 December 2018). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. ISBN 9781135934859. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- ^ "The Kings of France, Their Wives and Mistresses". Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ "John, 2nd Earl of Morton". Douglashistory.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Rodríguez Gutiérrez, Milena (August 14, 2013). "Juana, la reina que no fue". Granada Hoy. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
- ^ Griffin, Julia Ortiz; Griffin, William D. (2007). Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. ISBN 9780816074761. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Farquhar, Michael (May 2001). A Treasury of Royal Scandals. ISBN 9781101010396. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
- ^ Crow, John A. (10 May 2005). the Root and the Flower: An Interpretation of Spain. ISBN 9780520244962. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
- ^ Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500. ISBN 9780313305887. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ^ Rogers, Clifford J.; Caferro, William; Reid, Shelley (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6. Retrieved 2021-10-29.
- ^ Bousfield, Jonathan; Humphreys, Rob (2001). The Rough Guide to Austria. ISBN 9781858287096. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ "Johann Orth: Habsburg (ret'd)". Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ "Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly: Information from". Answers.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b Peake, Elizabeth (1874). "History of the German Emperors and Their Contemporaries". Retrieved 2021-11-05.
- ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1892). "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Volume 2". Retrieved 2021-10-13.
- ^ a b c Metge, Bernat (25 September 2013). The Book of Fortune and Prudence. ISBN 9789027271051. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ Bonner, John (1894). "A Child's History of Spain". Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ a b c "King René d'Anjou and his Seven Queens". Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ a b Rawson, Andrew (10 December 2015). A Clash of Thrones. ISBN 9780750966788. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
- ^ Tyler, Royall (1909). "Spain, a Study of Her Life and Arts". Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ H.J. Chaytor. "Chapter 13: A History of Aragon and Catalonia". Libro.uca.edu. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "John I of Catalonia-Arago". Grec.net. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Downey, Kirstin (2015). Isabella: The Warrior Queen. ISBN 9780307742162. Retrieved 2021-10-24.
- ^ "Charles IV". Pyykkonen.net. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b Cronholm, Neander Nicolas (1902). "A History of Sweden from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Volume 1". Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ Tom Oberhofer. "Jean sans Peur/John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy". Home.eckerd.edu. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Innes, Cosmo (1861). "Sketches of Early Scotch History and Social Progress". Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ a b Sagres: A Strategic Revolution. 2002. ISBN 9788522503889. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ Prestage, Edgar (1909). "Portuguese Literature to the End of the 18th Century". Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ Camões, Luís de (1880). "The Lusiad of Camoens". Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ John II of Portugal Summary. BookRags.com. 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Coxe, William (1882). "History of the House of Austria, Volume 1". Retrieved 2021-10-27.
- ^ Camões, Luís de (1880). "The Lusiad of Camoens". Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ a b Newitt, Malyn (15 October 2019). The Braganzas: The Rise and Fall of the Ruling Dynasties of Portugal and Brazil, 1640-1910. ISBN 9781789141658. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ^ "Jean d'Alençon". Pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Jehanne la Pucelle". Stjoan-center.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Watkins, Sarah-Beth (26 October 2018). Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Unwanted Wife. ISBN 9781785359057. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Loo, Bart Van (28 October 2021). The Burgundians: A Vanished Empire. ISBN 9781789543452. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ "Krefeld Immigrants and Their Descendants, Volumes 13-17". 1996. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Ulwencreutz, Lars (November 2013). Ulwencreutz's The Royal Families in Europe V. ISBN 9781304581358. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Higgins, Sophia Elizabeth. Women of Europe in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, Volume 1. ISBN 9780722217023. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ "Google Translate". Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Google Translate". Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "History Of The Netherlands - Ch. 5". Oldandsold.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Grattan, Thomas Colley (1913). "Holland and Belgium". Retrieved 2021-11-28.
- ^ Tom Oberhofer. "Normandy and Brittany: French feudal coins". Home.eckerd.edu. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b Shoberl, Frederic (1816). "A Historical Account of the House of Saxony". Retrieved 2021-10-29.
- ^ "Every Saturday, Volume 8". 1869. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ "RBH Biography: Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751)". Berkshirehistory.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Eulenberg, Herbert (3 July 2019). The Hohenzollerns. ISBN 9781000007596. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
- ^ Quayle, William Alfred (1900). "A Hero and Some Other Folk". Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ Chesterton, G. K. (6 June 2012). Lepanto. ISBN 9781681492926. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ a b c Archer, Thomas Andrew (1894). "The Story of the Crusades". Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ "Why 'Bad King John' was actually good". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ a b Hughes, David (2007). The British Chronicles, Volume 1. ISBN 9780788444906. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Wilkes, Aaron (September 2003). Invasion, Plague and Murder Britain 1066-1485. ISBN 9781843034056. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ^ "Why 'Bad King John' was actually good". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Halsted, Caroline Amelia (1839). "Life of Margaret Beaufort: Countess of Richmond and Derby; Mother of King King Henry the Seventh". Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- ^ "Catholic World, Volume 27". 1878. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
- ^ Carr, Helen (15 April 2021). The Red Prince: The Life of John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster. ISBN 9780861540839. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- ^ a b "The Art Journal, Part 1". 1867. Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ Scott, Walter (1885). "The Complete Works of Sir WalterScott, Volume 6". Retrieved 2021-11-06.
- ^ "History of John Balliol". Retrieved 2013-02-25.
- ^ "The Story of Alsace&Lorraine, and How They Were Lost by Germany". 1871. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ a b Burford, Tim (2007). Bradt City Guide Dresden. ISBN 9781841622132. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Peake, Elizabeth (1874). "History of the German Emperors and Their Contemporaries". Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ Zabecki, David T. (28 October 2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. ISBN 9781598849813. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ "John 'the Parricide'". Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ a b Wagner, John A.; Wagner, Edward Ed (2001). Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses. ISBN 9781851093588. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- ^ a b Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1889). "The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, References, Plots and Stories". Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ Brooke, Richard (1857). "Visits to Fields of Battle, in England, of the Fifteenth Century". Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- ^ Smith, David James (19 July 2019). Only the Smiths. ISBN 9780244802929. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
- ^ "Glencoe - Myth & Reality". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Overview of John Campbel". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1895). "Dictionary of Phrase and Fable". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ a b c Shaw, Karl (13 April 2017). Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know: The Extraordinary Exploits of the British and European Aristocracy. ISBN 9781472136701. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
- ^ Frey, Albert Romer (1887). "Sobriquets and Nickname". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Marshall, Alan (1999). The Age of Faction: Court Politics, 1660-1702. ISBN 9780719049750. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1891). "The Historic Note-book: With an Appendix of Battles". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ a b "All the Year Round: A Weekly Journal, Volume 65". 1889. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Thomso, Katherine (1861). "The Queens of Society". Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Frey, Albert Romer (1887). "Sobriquets and Nicknames". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ Marshall, Alan (1999). The Age of Faction: Court Politics, 1660-170. ISBN 9780719049750. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ a b Notes of Conversations with the Duke of Wellington 1831-1851. 20 January 2011. ISBN 9781908692351. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "Clan Graham". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "John Erskine 6th (or 11th) earl of Mar Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about John Erskine 6th (or 11th) earl of Mar". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Overview of John Erskine". Scottish-places.info. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "www.castles-abbeys.co.uk". www.castles-abbeys.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b "People and Places in Playford". Freewebs.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Caroline, the illustrious". Retrieved 2021-10-11.
- ^ Frey, Albert Romer (1888). "Sobriquets and Nicknames". Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ "Hungarian History". Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ From Albania to Sicily. 29 August 2014. ISBN 9781291980684. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ Muresanu, Camil (15 October 2018). John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom. ISBN 9781592111152. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ "The Devil of Lancut". Retrieved 2021-09-28.
- ^ Vámbéry, Ármin; Heilprin, Louis (1886). "Hungary". Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ Cazacu, Matei (10 July 2017). Dracula. ISBN 9789004349216. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
- ^ Lajosi, Krisztina (27 February 2018). Staging the Nation: Opera and Nationalism in 19th-Century Hungary. ISBN 9789004347229. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
- ^ "John George Lambton 1st earl of Durham Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about John George Lambton 1st earl of Durham". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "The Earldom of Menteith". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b c "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ a b Wilson, John Harold (1976). Court Satires of the Restoration. ISBN 9780814202494. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Doyle, Mark (11 August 2016). Communal Violence in the British Empire: Disturbing the Pax. ISBN 9781474268271. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Pearson, John (December 2011). Blood Royal: The Story of the Spencers and the Royals. ISBN 9781448207770. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
- ^ a b c "The ministry of John Stuart, third Earl of Bute (May 1762-April 1763)". Historyhome.co.uk. 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Major, Joanne; Murden, Sarah (28 February 2021). A History Of The Dukes of Bolton 1600-1815: Love Loyalty. ISBN 9781473863521. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ "A History of Homoerotica". Retrieved 2021-09-26.
- ^ "The Merry Gang: The 17th Century's Most Offensive Gentlemen". 18 May 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- ^ "Portrait of John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (1647–1680)". Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- ^ "Invitation to a Funeral". Okima.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Durie, Bruce (3 November 2014). The Story of Stirling. ISBN 9780750960403. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ^ Lees, Beatrice Adelaide (1910). "The Central Period of the Middle Age, 918-1273". Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ Newitt, Malyn (15 October 2019). The Braganzas. ISBN 9781789141658. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
- ^ Vámbéry, Ármin; Heilprin, Louis (1886). "The Story of Hungary". Retrieved 2021-10-02.
- ^ Hargittai, István; Hargittai, Magdolna (26 March 2015). Budapest Scientific: A Guidebook. ISBN 978-0-19-106849-2. Retrieved 2021-10-02.
- ^ "Biographies". Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Vovk, Justin C. (19 January 2010). In Destiny's Hands: Five Tragic Rulers, Children of Maria Theresa. ISBN 9781450200820. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ a b c d e f Dwyer, Philip (26 November 2013). Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power. ISBN 9780300190663. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ^ "York Staters: What's in a Name #4: Lake Bonapart". Yorkstaters.blogspot.com. 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Madrid (Spain) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Madrid (Spain) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
- ^ "Explorations in Politics". Interzone.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Hamann, Brigitte (5 April 2012). The Reluctant Empress: A Biography of Empress Elisabeth of Austria. ISBN 9780571287567. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ Wolfsgruber, Cölestin (1911). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ a b "The English Illustrated Magazine". 1898. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ a b Stuart, Andrea (16 May 2011). Josephine: The Rose of Martinique. ISBN 9781447204732. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ Sanderson, Edgar; Rogers, Joseph Morgan (1900). "Famous women". Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ Stuart, Andrea (16 May 2011). Josephine: The Rose of Martinique. ISBN 9781447204732. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ "The Rose of Martinique". Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ Osborne, Frances (2010). The Bolter. ISBN 9780307476425. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- ^ Monvel, Roger Boutet de; Craven, Mary (1908). "Beau Brummell and His Times". Retrieved 2021-12-07.
- ^ Harding, Bertita (April 2008). Phantom Crown: The Story of Maximilian & Carlota of Mexico. ISBN 9781434468932. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
- ^ Fletcher, Catherine (8 July 2020). The Beauty and the Terror: The Italian Renaissance and the Rise of the West. ISBN 978-0-19-090849-2. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
- ^ "An Abridged History Of Rome - Part I - Vii - From Tiberius To Nero". Romeartlover.it. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Frey, Albert Romer (1887). Sobriquets and Nicknames. Retrieved 2011-09-21 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "The Humbling of "General Hyena" 1850". Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ a b c d e "The Women-flogger, General Hyena": Images of Julius Jacob von Haynau (1786-1853), Enforcer of Imperial Austria". Retrieved 2021-10-16.
- ^ "Fact, Fancy, and Fable: A New Handbook for Ready Reference on Subjects Commonly Omitted from Cyclopaedias". 1892. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ a b "The Women-flogger, General Hyena": Images of Julius Jacob von Haynau (1786-1853), Enforcer of Imperial Austria". Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ Murad, Anatol (1968). "Franz Joseph I of Austria and His Empire". Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ^ Fraser, Flora (11 March 2012). Venus of Empire: The Life of Pauline Bonaparte. ISBN 9781408832554. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
- ^ Rogers, J. A. (15 September 2014). Nature Knows No Color-Line: Research into the Negro Ancestry in the White Race. ISBN 9780819575517. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
- ^ a b c "The House Inhabited by Mme Hamelin and Victor Hugo". 20 April 2016. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
- ^ Rogers, J. A. (15 September 2014). Nature Knows No Color-Line: Research into the Negro Ancestry in the White Race. ISBN 9780819575517. Retrieved 2021-12-10.