List of pharaohs

Pharaoh of Egypt
The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt
Details
Style	Five-name titulary
First monarch	Narmer or Menes (as King of Upper and Lower Egypt) Akhenaten or Thutmose III (first to be called Pharaoh)
Last monarch	Nectanebo II (last native) Cleopatra and Caesarion (last Hellenistic pharaohs) Maximinus Daza (last known to have Egyptian royal titulary)
Formation	c. 3150 BC (first King of Upper and Lower Egypt) c. 1458 BC or c. 1352 BC (first to be called a pharaoh)
Abolition	343 BC (last native pharaoh) 30 BC (last Hellenistic pharaohs) 313 AD (last use of Ancient Egyptian royal titulary)
Residence	Varies by era
Appointer	Hereditary

The title "pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the New Kingdom's Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1400 BC. Along with the title pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.

Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of pharaoh. The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt a second time.

Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daza in 314 AD.

The dates given in this list are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately.

Numeration of rulers was not used by ancient Egyptians and is modern way to distinguish pharaohs who shared the same personal name.

Ancient Egyptian king lists

Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records and, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report. An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective.

The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created):

• Den seal impressions (First Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all First Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names.
• Palermo Stone (Fifth Dynasty); carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete.
• Giza writing board (Sixth Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective.
• South Saqqara Stone (Sixth Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective.
• Karnak King List (Eighteenth Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective.
• Abydos King List of Seti I (Nineteenth Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting some of the Kings from First Intermediate Period and all the kings from Second Intermediate Period of Egypt.
• Abydos King List of Ramesses II (Nineteenth Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective, today damaged.
• Ramesseum king list (Nineteenth Dynasty); carved on limestone. Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II.
• Saqqara Tablet (Nineteenth Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the First Dynasty for unknown reasons.
• Turin King List (Nineteenth Dynasty); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged.
• Medinet Habu king list (Twentieth Dynasty); carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list.
• Genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet (Twenty-second Dynasty); carved on limestone, today damaged.
• Manetho's Aegyptiaca (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious.

Predynastic Period

Main article: Prehistoric Egypt

The Predynastic Period ended c. 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom.

Lower Egypt

Main article: Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta.

The following list may be incomplete:

Image	Horus name	Comments	Reign
	Name lost	Name destroyed on the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	…Pu	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	Hsekiu or Seka	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	Khayu	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	Tiu or Teyew	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	Thesh or Tjesh	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	Neheb	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	Wazner	Only known from the Palermo Stone	c. 3290 BC
	Mekh	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	(…)a	Only known from the Palermo Stone	Unknown
	Name lost	The Palermo Stone mentions at least fourteen predynastic pharaohs from Lower Egypt, of which at least five whose names have been fully destroyed. Four of the five destroyed names succeed "(…)a".	Unknown
	Name lost		Unknown
	Name lost		Unknown
	Name lost		Unknown
	Hedju-Hor	Only known from two clay jugs from Tura, Egypt	Naqada II c. 3250 BC
	Ny-Hor	Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada. Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".	Naqada II c. 3240 BC
	Ni-Neith	Only known from inscriptions in Helwan. Reading of name is unknown.	c. 3230 BC
	Hat-Hor	Some scholars believe that this serekh is simply a crude attempt at writing the name "Narmer".	c. 3220 BC
	(Double Falcon)	May also have ruled in Upper Egypt	c. 3210 BC
	Wash	Only known from the Narmer Palette	c. 3150 BC

Upper Egypt

Main article: Naqada III

Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt.

Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 0:

Image	Horus name	Comments	Reign
	A (?)	Only known from a graffito discovered in the Western Desert in 2004. This ruler is otherwise unattested.	Naqada III
—	(Finger Snail)	The existence of this king is very doubtful.	Naqada III
—	(Fish)	Only known from artifacts that bear his mark. He most likely never existed.	Naqada III
	(Elephant)	More than likely never existed	Naqada III
—	(Stork)		Naqada III
—	(Taurus)		Naqada III
	(Scorpion I)	—	c. 3300 BC

Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0

Main article: Dynasty 0

These rulers are prior to the First Dynasty, and as such they have informally been grouped as Dynasty 0 to separate them from the rulers before them.

The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete:

Image	Horus name	Comments	Reign
	(Crocodile) (Shendjw?)	Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed. Only attested in Tarkhan and may have been a usurper.	c. 3170 BC
	Iry-Hor	Correct chronological position unclear.	c. 3170 BC
	Ka (Ap?)	Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.	c. 3170 BC
	(Scorpion II) (Selk? or Weha?)	Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.	c. 3170 BC

Early Dynastic Period

Main article: Early Dynastic Period of Egypt

The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from c. 3100 to 2686 BC.

First Dynasty

Main article: First Dynasty of Egypt

The First Dynasty ruled from c. 3100 to c. 2890 BC.

Image	Horus name	Throne name	Comments	Reign
	Narmer	Menes?	Believed by many scholars to be the same person as Menes, due to the preponderance of evidence indicating this. His name is widely attested across Egypt, and has also been found at Nahal Tillah in Israel, which is much farther afield than his predecessors.	c. 3100 BC
	Aha (Athotís)	Teti	May also be Menes although Narmer is more likely. Trade was largely replaced by direct exploitation of resources via outposts during his reign. Possibly the son of Narmer.	c. 3085 BC
	Djer(Kénkenes)	Iti	His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. First pharaoh with a full Golden Horus name. Interest and trade with Egypt's North Eastern borders appears to have been renewed during Djer's reign.	41 years, c. 3000 BC
	Djet (Ouenephes)	Ita	Indications show that Djet did not reign for long.	10 years, c. 2980 BC
	—	Merneith	Possibly the first female pharaoh of Egypt. She may have ruled as regent for her son Den. Her tomb is notable for being on the same scale as other tombs of other kings of that period.	c. 2950 BC
	Den	Sepati (Ousaphaidos)	Den was the first pharaoh to have a Prenomen, and is the first pharaoh attested wearing the double crown (pschent) of upper and lower Egypt. A second sed festival is attested from his reign, indicating he enjoyed a long time in power. Den focused on the northeastern part of Egypt during his reign, and also led a few small battles in the northeast which are attested on the Palermo Stone.	c. 2965–2923 BC
	Adjib	Merybiap (Miebidós)	Known for his ominous nebwy-title.	9 years, c. 2930 BC
	Semerkhet (Semempsés)	Semsu	First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo Stone. Many stone vessels of his predecessor were found reinscribed for Semerkhet so he may have been a usurper.	8.5 years, c. 2920 BC
	Qa'a	Qebeh (Bienékhes)	Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs.	34 years, c. 2916 BC

The position of the following kings is unknown:

Image	Horus name	Comments	Reign
	Sneferka	Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.	c. 2900 BC
	(Horus Bird)	Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown.	c. 2900 BC

Second Dynasty

Main article: Second Dynasty of Egypt

The Second Dynasty ruled from c. 2890 to 2686 BC.

Image	Horus name	Throne name	Comments	Reign
	Hotepsekhemwy	Bedjatau	Manetho names him Boëthos and reports that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. Hotepsekhemwy broke the tradition of being buried at the Abydos royal cemetery at Umm-el-Qa'ab, where most of the First dynasty kings are buried, and chose to be buried at Saqqara instead to be closer to the capital.	27 years, c. 2890 BC
	Nebra	Kakau (Kaíechós)	First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg.	12 years, c. 2850 BC
	Nynetjer	Banetjer (Binóthris)	May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs.	c. 2775–2730 BC
	Ba	—	May have been an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer. Alternatively, he may have ruled in the First or Third dynasties or be the same person as Horus Bird.	Unknown
	—	Weneg-Nebty (Ougotlas or Tlás)	Could be an independent ruler succeeding Nynetjer or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat, or Raneb.	c. 2740 BC
	—	Wadjenes (Tlas)	May have been a misinterpretation of the hieroglyphic sign of a flower called Weneg. May have been a crown prince or be the same person as Weneg-Nebty.	c. 2740 BC
	—	Nubnefer	May have been the birth name of Nebra. May either be the successor of Wadjenes or Nynetjer.	Unknown
	—	Senedj (Sethenes)	Possibly the same person as Seth-Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed.	47 years (supposedly)
	Seth-Peribsen	Peribsen	Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than a Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt.	c. 2740 BC
	Sekhemib	Sekhemib-Perenmaat	Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.	c. 2720 BC
	Khasekhemwy (Chenerés)	Beb(e)ty	It is probable that when Khasekhemwy acceded kingship he was a ruler of upper Egypt, he led campaigns against lower Egypt that ended in his victory, to commemorate his achievement of reunifying Egypt he changed his name to Khasekhemwy. His serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. He was one of Egypt's first master builders, his funerary enclosure known as Shunet-ez-Zebib is a colossal mudbrick structure.	c. 2704–2686 BC

The position of the following kings is unknown:

Image	Horus name	Throne name	Comments	Reign
	Horus Sa	—	May have been a short form of the Horus-name Sanakht. May have been the Horus-name of Weneg or Senedj, correct chronological position unclear.	Unknown
	—	Neferkare I (Néphercherés)	Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested.	c. 2740 BC
	—	Neferkasokar (Sesóchris)	Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long-lasting drought.	8 years, c. 2740 BC
	—	("Hudjefa I")	Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times.	11 years (according to the Turin King List)

Old Kingdom

Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt

The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the long period of stability and growth following the Early Dynastic Period and preceding the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom spanned from 2686 to 2181 BC.

Third Dynasty

Main article: Third Dynasty of Egypt

The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Image	Horus name	Throne name	Comments	Reign
	Netjerikhet	Djoser(Sesorthos or Tosórthros)	Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt, created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep.	c. 2670–2650 BC
	Sekhemkhet	Djoser-Teti (Tyréis)	In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found.	c. 2650–2643 BC
	Khaba	("Hudjefa II")	Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid, could be identical with Huni. His "Personal name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times.	2643–2637 BC
	—	Huni (Áches)	Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Sneferu, not Huni.	2637–2613 BC

The position of the following kings is unknown:

Image	Horus name	Throne name	Comments	Reign
	Sanakht	Nebka?(Necherôchis or Necherôphes)	Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka. May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin King List.	c. 2650 BC
	—	("Sedjes")	Known only from the Abydos King List, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times.	Unknown
	Qahedjet	—	Possibly be the same person as Huni or an archaistic representation of Thutmose III, correct chronological position unknown.	Unknown

Fourth Dynasty

Main article: Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fourth Dynasty ruled from c. 2613 to c. 2498 BC.

Image	Horus name	Throne name	Comments	Reign
	Nebmaat	Sneferu (Sóris)	Reigned for around 24 years, giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu's work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler.	c. 2613–2589 BC
	Medjedu	Khufu (Cheops or Suphis)	Built the Great Pyramid of Giza. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors; Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist in the Westcar Papyrus. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods.	c. 2589–2566 BC
	Kheper	Djedefre (Rátoises)	Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made.	c. 2566–2558 BC
	Userib	Khafre (Chéphren or Suphis II)	His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra. His funerary complex was the largest at the Giza plateau.	c. 2558–2532 BC
	—	Baka or Bakare (Bikheris)	Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet El Aryan. Possibly fictional.	c. 2570 BC
	Kakhet	Menkaure (Menchéres)	His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in the shape of a cow.	c. 2532–2503 BC
	Shepeskhet	Shepseskaf (Seberchéres)	Owner of the Mastabat al-Fir'aun.	c. 2503–2498 BC
—	—	Djedefptah or Djedefkaf (Thamphthis)	According to Manetho the last king of the Fourth dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional.	c. 2500 BC

Fifth Dynasty

Main article: Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fifth Dynasty ruled from c. 2498 to c. 2345 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Userkaf		Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir.	c. 2498–2491 BC
	Sahure		Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid.	c. 2491–2477 BC
	Neferirkare	Kakai	Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer	c. 2477–2460 BC
	Neferefre	Isi	Son of Neferirkare	c. 2460–2458 BC
	Shepseskare	Netjeruser	Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure.	Around a few months, c. 2458 BC
	Nyuserre	Ini	Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis.	c. 2458–2422 BC
	Menkauhor	Kaiu	Last pharaoh to build a sun temple	c. 2422–2414 BC
	Djedkare	Isesi	Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne.	c. 2414–2375 BC
	Unas		The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the Pyramid Texts. He also constructed Unas's causeway a 500m long causeway from the bank of the river Nile to his funerary complex, this is where his funerary precession would have taken place.	c. 2375–2345 BC

Sixth Dynasty

Main article: Sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixth Dynasty ruled from c. 2345 to c. 2210 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Teti		According to Manetho, he was murdered.	c. 2345–2333 BC
	Userkare	—	Reigned one to five years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti	c. 2333–2332 BC
	Meryre	Pepi I	Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty	c. 2332–2283 BC
	Merenre	Nemtyemsaf I	Reformed the administration of Upper Egypt by decentralization, received the submission of Lower Nubia	c. 2283–2278 BC
	Neferkare	Pepi II	Possibly the longest-reigning monarch in human history, with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned only 64 years.	c. 2278–2214 BC
	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II	Nemtyemsaf	Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II.	c. 2214–2213 BC
—	Neferka	—	Most likely a writing mistake for "Neferkare"	c. 2200 BC
	Netjerkare (Nitocris?)	Siptah	This male king may have gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho. Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined Seventh/Eighth Dynasties.	c. 2213–2210 BC

First Intermediate Period

Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt

The First Intermediate Period (2183–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II Neferkare. He had reigned for more than 64 and possibly up to 94 years. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. This was further exacerbated by the 4.2-kiloyear event, a climate shift around 2200 BC which caused widespread desertification and famine.

The kings of the Seventh and Eighth Dynasties, who represented the successors of the Sixth Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Heracleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. c. 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.

Seventh and Eighth Dynasties

Main articles: Seventh Dynasty of Egypt and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt

The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20–45 years. They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin King List, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era. Numerals have been provided based on personal names.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	—	Khui	Attested to by a relief fragment with the cartouche of Khui from a mastaba in Dara.	Duration unknown, c. 2150 BC?
	Menkare	—	Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit.	Probably short, c. 2181 BC
	Neferkare II	—	—	Unknown
	Neferkare Neby	Neferkare III	Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara.	Unknown
	Djedkare Shemai	—	—	Unknown
	Neferkare IV Khendu	—	—	Unknown
	Merenhor	—	—	Unknown
	Neferkamin I or Sneferka I	—	—	Unknown
	Nikare	—	Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal.	Unknown
	Neferkare V Tereru	—	—	Unknown
	Neferkahor	—	Attested by a cylinder seal.	Unknown
	Neferkare VI Pepiseneb	—	—	Unknown to 2171 BC
	Neferkamin Anu	—	—	c. 2170 BC
	Qakare	Ibi	Built a poorly constructed pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts	2175–2171 BC
	Neferkaure	—	Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos.	2167–2163 BC
	Neferkauhor	Khuwihapi	Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay.	2163–2161 BC
	Neferirkare II	Pepi III	Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min.	2161–2160 BC

Ninth Dynasty

Main article: Ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.

The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Meryibre	Khety I (Acthoes I)	Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty.	2160 BC–unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	Neferkare VII	—	—	Unknown
	Wahkare	Khety II (Acthoes II)	—	Unknown
—	Senen(…) or Setut	—	—	Unknown
—	Neferkare	Khety III (Acthoes III)	—	Unknown
—	Mery(…) Khety(…)	—	—	Unknown
—	Shed(…)	—	—	Unknown
—	H(…)	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	User(?)(…)	—	—	Unknown
	Imhotep	—	Ephemeral ruler of the Ninth Dynasty. Only known from two rock inscriptions in the Wadi Hammamat and may have ruled in the Tenth dynasty Correct chronological position unknown.	Unknown

Tenth Dynasty

Main article: Tenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt and ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Meryhathor	—	—	2130 BC–unknown
—	Neferkare VIII	—	—	Between 2130 and 2040 BC
	Wahkare Khety	Khety IV (Acthoes IV)	—	Unknown
	Merikare	—	—	Unknown–2040 BC
—	Name lost		—	Few months

The position of the following kings is unknown:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	Sekhemkare I	—	—	Unknown
—	Wadjkare	—	—	Unknown
—	Ity	—	Known for his now lost Pyramid.	Unknown
	Imhotep	—	May have Reigned during the Ninth Dynasty	Unknown
—	Hotep	—	—	Unknown
—	Isu	—	—	Unknown
—	Iytenu	—	—	Unknown

Eleventh Dynasty

Main article: Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

The Eleventh Dynasty originated from a group of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the Eighth, Ninth or Tenth dynasty with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC.

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
	Intef the Elder	Theban nomarch (Iry-pat) serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the Eleventh Dynasty.	Unknown
	Mentuhotep I	Ruled independently as a Theban nomarch but considered pharaoh by later rulers and given the posthumous Horus name Tepia, existence is disputed.	Unknown–2133 BC

The successors of Mentuhotep I, starting with Intef I claimed to be pharaoh and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II.

Image	Horus name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sehertawy	Intef I	Initially was only nomarch but then became the First member of the dynasty to claim kingship.	2133–2117 BC
	Wahankh	Intef II	Conquered Abydos and its nome.	2117–2068 BC
	Nakhtnebtepnefer	Intef III	Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the Seventeenth nome.	2068–2060 BC

Middle Kingdom

Main article: Middle Kingdom of Egypt

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom.

The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time.

Eleventh Dynasty cont.

The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Nebhepetre	Mentuhotep II	Mentuhotep II regained all Egypt c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom.	2060–2040 BC (King of Upper Egypt only) 2040–2009 BC (King of Upper and Lower Egypt)
	Sankhkare	Mentuhotep III	Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom	2009–1997 BC
	Nebtawyre	Mentuhotep IV	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I.	1997–1991 BC

Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Menkhkare	Segerseni	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC
	Qakare	Ini	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC
	Iyibkhentre	—	Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists, tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely a usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty.	Early 20th century BC

Twelfth Dynasty

Main article: Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sehetepibre	Amenemhat I (Ammanemes I)	Amenemhat I was not from a royal family, and built the first substantial pyramid since Pepi II Neferkare at Lisht. He restored order in Egypt, and then built a new capital called Itjtawy. Amenemhat I was probably assassinated.	1991–1962 BC
	Kheperkare	Senusret I (Sesonchosis)	Senusret I built extensively in upper Egypt, including the temple of Amun at Karnak. Senusret I claimed to have sent 17,000 people into the Wadi Hammamat to bring back stone for 150 statues and 60 sphinxes. He also constructed a pyramid at Lisht near his fathers pyramid.	1971–1926 BC
	Nubkaure	Amenemhat II (Ammenemes II)	Amenemhat II recorded his reign in now fragmented annals. The Egyptian navy may have attacked Cyprus during his campaigns. Amenemhat II also built a pyramid at Dahshur. Ruled for at least 35 years.	1929–1895 BC
	Khakheperre	Senusret II (No name given by Manetho)	Senusret II developed the Faiyum as a major agricultural resource during his reign. He also built a pyramid at Lahun.	1897–1878 BC
	Khakaure	Senusret III (Sesostris)	Senusret III reduced the power of Nomarchs and made 3 administrative districts. He also led campaigns into Lower Nubia in his Eighth, Tenth, Sixteenth, and Eighteenth regnal years. Senusret III also built his own pyramid at Dahshur and was the most powerful and influential pharaoh of the Twelfth dynasty.	1878–1839 BC
	Nimaatre	Amenemhat III (Lamares)	Amenemhat III further developed the Faiyum as an agricultural region. He also constructed a large mortuary complex at Hawara including his pyramid, the mortuary complex was probably the labyrinth that inspired the ancient Greek authors.	1860–1814 BC
	Maakherure	Amenemhat IV (Ammenemes)	Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Konosso.	1816–1807 BC
	Sobekkare	Sobekneferu (Skemiophris)	The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh.	1807–1802 BC

The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra, is unknown. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the Twelfth or Thirteenth Dynasty.

Second Intermediate Period

Main article: Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty.

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and c. 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the Fourteenth dynasty. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the Thirteenth dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the Thirteenth dynasty allowed the Sixteenth dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.

Thirteenth Dynasty

Main article: Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to c. 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sekhemre Khutawy	Amenemhat Sobekhotep I	Founded the Thirteenth Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies	1802–1800 BC
	Sekhemkare	Amenemhat Senebef	Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV	1800–1796 BC
	Nerikare	Sobek(…)	Attested on a Nile record from Semna.	1796 BC
	Sekhemkare	Amenemhat V	Ruled for 3 to 4 years	1796–1793 BC
	—	Ameny Qemau	Buried in his pyramid in south Dahshur	1795–1792 BC
	Hotepibre	Qemau Siharnedjheritef	Also called Sehotepibre	1792–1790 BC
—	Iufni	—	Only attested on the Turin King List	Very short reign, possibly c. 1790–1788 BC
	Seankhibre	Amenemhat VI	Attested on the Turin King List.	1788–1785 BC
	Semenkare	Nebnuni	Attested on the Turin King List	1785–1783 BC or 1739 BC
	Sehetepibre	—	Attested on the Turin King List.	1783–1781 BC
—	Sewadjkare I	—	Known only from the Turin King List	1781 BC
—	Nedjemibre	—	Known only from the Turin King List	7 months, 1780 BC or 1736 BC
	Khaankhre	Sobekhotep II	Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies	Reigned c. 3 years, 1780–1777 BC
—	Renseneb	—	4 months	1777 BC
	Awybre	Hor	Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue	Reigned 1 year and 6 months, 1777–1775 BC
	Sekhemrekhutawy	—	Possibly a son of Hor Awibre	Estimated reign 3 years, 1775–1772 BC
	Djedkheperew	—	Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with Khendjer	Estimated reign 2 years, 1772–1770 BC
	—	Sebkay	Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.	—
	Sedjefakare	Kay Amenemhat VII	A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents.	5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC
	Khutawyre	Wegaf	Founder of the dynasty in old studies	c. 1767 BC
	Userkare	Khendjer	Possibly the first Semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid at Saqqara	Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC
	Smenkhkare	Imyremeshaw	Attested by two colossal statues	Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC or 1711 BC
	Sehetepkare	Intef IV	—	Less than 10 years
	Seth Meribre	—	—	Reign ended 1749 BC
	Sekhemresewadjtawy	Sobekhotep III	4 years and 2 months	1755–1751 BC
	Khasekhemre	Neferhotep I	11 years	1751–1740 BC
	Ra Sihathor	Menwadjre	Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently.	1739 BC
	Khaneferre	Sobekhotep IV	10 or 11 years	1740–1730 BC
	Merhotepre	Sobekhotep V	—	1730 BC
	Khahotepre	Sobekhotep VI	4 years 8 months and 29 days	c. 1725 BC
	Wahibre	Ibiau	10 years and 8 months	1725–1714 BC or 1712–1701 BC
	Merneferre	Ay I	Longest reigning king of the dynasty, and the last to be attested in both Lower and Upper Egypt	23 years, 8 months and 18 days, 1701–1677 BC or 1714–1691 BC

All Thirteenth Dynasty rulers following Merneferre Ay are only attested in Upper Egypt. The capital of Itjtawy was also abandoned around this time in favor of the old capital of Thebes. This indicates a significant decline of power for the Thirteenth Dynasty and to some, the end of the middle kingdom.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Merhotepre	Ini	Possibly a son of his predecessor	2 years, 3 or 4 months and 9 days, 1677–1675 BC or 1691–1689 BC
—	Sankhenre Sewadjtu	—	Attested only on the Turin King List	3 years and 2–4 months, 1675–1672 BC
	Mersekhemre Ined	Neferhotep II (?)	it is disputed whether Neferhotep II and Mersekhemre Ined are the same person	3 years, 1672–1669 BC
—	Sewadjkare II	Hori	Reigned 5 years	5 years
	Merkawre	Sobekhotep VII	Reigned 2 years and 6 months	1664–1663 BC
—	Name lost		Seven Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin King List	1663 BC –?
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	Name lost
—	(…)r(…)re	—	—	Unknown
	Merkheperre	—	—	Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC
—	Merkare	—	Attested only on the Turin King List	Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	(…)mose	—	—	Unknown
—	(…)maat(…)re Ibi	—	—	Unknown
—	(…)webenre Hor	—	—	Unknown
—	(…)kare	—	Unknown	Unknown
	Seheqenre	Sankhptahi	May be the son of his predecessor	Between 1663 and 1649 BC
—	(…)re (…)	—	Unknown	Unknown
—	(…)en(…)	—	Unknown	Unknown–1649 BC

The position of the following kings is unknown:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Djedhotepre	Dedumose I	Possibly a king of the Sixteenth Dynasty	c. 1654 BC
	Djedneferre	Dedumose II	Possibly a king of the Sixteenth Dynasty	Unknown
	Maare	Sobekhotep IX	Late Thirteenth dynasty.	Unknown
	Sewahenre	Senebmiu	Late Thirteenth dynasty.	After 1660 BC
	Mershepsesre	Ini II	Late Thirteenth dynasty.	Unknown
	Menkhaure	Snaaib	Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty	Unknown
	Sewadjare	Mentuhotep V	—	Unknown

Fourteenth Dynasty

Main article: Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris, that ruled from either 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until c. 1650 BC.

Some of the contested rulers of the Fourteenth Dynasty (proposed by Kim Ryholt) are commonly identified by Egyptologists as being of Canaanite (Semitic) descent, owing to the distinct origins of the names of some of their kings and princes. However, the dynasty rulers are not referred to as Hyksos in the Turin kings list. It is here given according to Ryholt; however, this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sekhaenre	Yakbim	Chronological position unknown, here given according to Ryholt	1805–1780 BC
	Nubwoserre	Ya'ammu	Chronological position unknown, here given per Ryholt	1780–1770 BC
	Khawoserre	Qareh	Chronological position unknown, here given per Ryholt	1770–1760 BC
	Aahotepre	'Ammu	Chronological position unknown, here given per Ryholt	1760–1745 BC
	Maaibre	Sheshi	Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule unknown, here given according to Ryholt. Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the Fifteenth Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos.	1745–1705 BC
	Aasehre	Nehesy	Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi	c. 1705 BC
—	Khakherewre	—	—	Unknown
—	Nebefawre	—	—	c. 1704 BC
—	Sehebre	—	Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh	c. 1704 to 1699 BC
	Merdjefare	—	Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh	c. 1699 BC
—	Sewadjkare III	—	—	Unknown
—	Nebdjefare	—	—	1694 BC
—	Webenre	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	(…)djefare	—	—	Unknown
—	(…)benre	—	—	c. 1690 BC
—	(…)autibre	—	—	Unknown
—	Heribre	—	—	Unknown
	Nebsenre	—	Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen	At least 5 months of reign, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	(…)re (…)	—	—	Unknown
	Sekheperenre	—	Attested by a single scarab seal	2 months, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Djedkherewre	—	—	Unknown
—	Seankhibre	—	—	Unknown
—	Nefertum(…)re	—	—	Unknown
—	Sekhem(…)re	—	—	Unknown
—	Ka(…)kemure	—	—	Unknown
—	Neferib(…)re	—	—	Unknown
—	Dj(…)re	—	—	Unknown
—	Khakare	—	—	Unknown
—	Aakare	—	Only known from the Turin King List	Unknown
—	Semenenre	Hapu	—	Unknown
—	Djedkare	Nebnati	Only known from the Turin King List	Unknown
—	(…)ka(…)	Bebnum	Only known from the Turin King List	Some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	(…)re (…)	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	Name lost		—	Unknown
—	(…)re (…)	—	—	Unknown
—	(…)re (…)	—	—	Unknown
—	Senefer(…)re	—	—	Unknown
—	Men(…)re	—	—	Unknown
—	(…)Djed(…)	—	—	Unknown
—	Name lost		Three lines lost in the Turin King List	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Inenek(…)	—	—	Unknown
—	'A(…)	—	Only known from the Turin King List. Name may be read as "Ineb" according to Alan Gardiner.	Unknown
	'Apepi	—	Possibly attested as a king's son by 5 scarabs-seals	c. 1650 BC
—	Name lost		Five lines lost in the Turin King List	Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown
—	Name lost			Unknown

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is unknown:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	—	Khamure	—	Unknown
	—	Nuya	Attested by a scarab-seal	Unknown
	—	Sheneh	May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare	Unknown
	—	Shenshek	Attested by a scarab-seal	Unknown
	—	Wazad	May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare	c. 1700 BC ?
	—	Yakareb	—	Unknown
	Meruserre Yaqub-Har	Yaqub-Har	May belong to the Fourteenth Dynasty, the Fifteenth Dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos.	17th–16th centuries BC

The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.

Fifteenth Dynasty

Main article: Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	—	("Salitis")	Ruled Lower Egypt and founded the Fifteenth Dynasty	c. 1650 BC
—	—	Sakir-Har	—	Unknown
	Seuserenre	Khyan	Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign	likely 30–35 years
	—	Yanassi	Status as pharaoh is debated	At least 10 years
	Nebkhepeshre or Aqenenre or Auserre	Apepi	—	1590 BC?
	Nakhtyre or Hotepibre	Khamudi	—	1555–1544 BC

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is unknown:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	—	Semqen	Chronological position unknown.	1649 BC–Unknown
	—	'Aper-'Anat	Chronological position unknown.	Unknown
	Meruserre Yaqub-Har	Yaqub-Har	May belong to the Thirteenth Dynasty, or the fourteenth dynasty	either 8 or 18 years
	—	Sharek	Chronological position unknown.	Unknown
—	—	Apachnas	Chronological position unknown.	Unknown
—	—	Beon	Chronological position unknown.	Unknown

Abydos Dynasty

Main article: Abydos Dynasty

The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC.

Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Woseribre	Senebkay	Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woser(…)re of the Turin King List.	c. 1650 BC
	Menkhaure	Snaaib	May belong to the late Thirteenth Dynasty.	unknown
	Sekhemrekhutawy	Pantjeny	May belong to the late Sixteenth Dynasty	unknown
	Sekhemraneferkhau	Wepwawetemsaf	May belong to the late Sixteenth Dynasty	unknown
—	(…)hebre	—	Only known from the Turin King List. Believed by Kim Ryholt to have been part of the Abydos dynasty.	unknown

Sixteenth Dynasty

Main article: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based Thirteenth dynasty c. 1650 BC. They were finally conquered by the Hyksos Fifteenth dynasty c. 1580 BC.

The Sixteenth dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
—	Name lost		Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered	Unknown
	Sekhemre Sementawy	Djehuty	—	3 years
	Sekhemreseusertawy	Sobekhotep VIII	—	16 years
	Sekhemresankhtawy	Neferhotep III	—	1 year
	Seankhenre	Mentuhotepi	May be a king of the Seventeenth Dynasty	< 1 year
	Sewadjenre	Nebiryraw I	—	26 years
	Neferkare (?)	Nebiryraw II	—	c. 1600 BC
	Semenre	—	—	c. 1600 BC
	Seuserenre	Bebiankh	—	12 years
	Sekhemre Shedwaset	—	May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II	Unknown
	Djedhotepre	Dedumose I	May be a king of the Thirteenth Dynasty	c. 1588–1582 BC
	Djedneferre	Dedumose II	—	c. 1588–1582 BC
	Djedankhre	Montemsaf	—	c. 1590 BC
	Merankhre	Mentuhotep VI	—	Short reign, c. 1585 BC
	Seneferibre	Senusret IV	—	Unknown

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is unknown:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Seneferankhre Pepi	Pepi IV	—	Unknown
	Nebmaatre	—	—	Unknown
	—	Nikare II	—	Unknown
—	—	Yoam	—	Unknown
—	—	Amu	—	Unknown
—	Anetjerire	—	—	Unknown
—	Meribre	—	—	Unknown
—	Nubankhre	—	—	Unknown

Seventeenth Dynasty

Main article: Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1580 to 1550 BC and comprised the family of rulers that would eventually overthrow the Hyksos and establish the Eighteenth Dynasty and New Kingdom

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sekhemre Wahkhaw	Rahotep	—	c. 1580
	Sekhemre Wadjkhaw	Sobekemsaf I	—	At least 7 years
	Sekhemre Shedtawy	Sobekemsaf II	His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX.	Unknown to c. 1573 BC
	Sekhemre-Wepmaat	Intef V Aa	—	c. 1573–1571 BC
	Nubkheperre	Intef VI	Reigned more than 3 years	c. 1571 to the mid–1560s BC
	Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat	Intef VII	—	Late 1560s BC
	Senakhtenre	Ahmose	—	c. 1558 BC
	Seqenenre	Tao	Died in battle against the Hyksos.	1558–1554 BC
	Wadjkheperre	Kamose	—	1554–1549 BC

The early Seventeenth Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is unknown.

New Kingdom

Main article: New Kingdom of Egypt

The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.

Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Kadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II.

Eighteenth Dynasty

Main article: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Nebpehtire	Ahmose I (Ahmosis I)	Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos.	1551–1515 BC or 1539–1515 BC
	Djeserkare	Amenhotep I	Son of Ahmose I. Amenhotep I led campaigns in Nubia down to the Third Nile cataract. He also introduced the practice of having the tomb and funerary temple in separate locations rather than in the same location. It is possible that Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari founded the tomb workers village of Deir-el-Medina, the two were honored as gods by later residents.	1515–1494 BC or 1514–1494 BC
	Aakheperkare	Thutmose I	Believed to be of non-royal origin. His mother is known to be Senseneb. Thutmose I established family control over the Egyptian throne for the next 175 years. Thutmose I defeated the Kingdom of Kush and destroyed Kerma in Nubia, he campaigned in Syria as far as the Euphrates River. He is also the father of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut.	1494–1482 BC or 1493–1483 BC
	Aakheperenre	Thutmose II	Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Ahmose I through his mother, Mutnofret.	1482–1480/1479 BC
	Maatkare	Hatshepsut	The second known female ruler of Egypt. Ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III. Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II.	1479–1458 BC
	Menkheperre	Thutmose III	Son of Thutmose II. He ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of his reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments.	1479–1425 BC
	Aakheperrure	Amenhotep II	Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.	1425–1400 BC
	Menkheperure	Thutmose IV	Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power.	1400–1390 BC
	Nebmaatre	Amenhotep III	Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous Mortuary Temple. Was the son of Thutmose IV.	1390–1352 BC
	Neferkheperure Waenre	Akhenaten (originally Amenhotep IV)	Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep (Amun is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change.	1352–1336 BC
	Ankhkheperure	Smenkhkare	Married to Meritaten, daughter of Akhenaten. Identity and sex of Smenkhare is unknown, with suggestions they were either male relative of Akhenaten, or Queen Nefertiti, main wife of Akhenaten, who took ceremonial male identity as King. It's unknown if Smenkhkare ever was sole ruler, or if they died as co-regent of Akhenaten.	1340–1337 BC or 1336–1334
	Ankhetkheperure Merwaenre	Neferneferuaten	Female pharaoh. Speculated to be former queen consort Neferneferuaten Nefertiti, because of name similarity. Often supposed to have been the same person as Smenkhkare, as they shared the same throne name; most scholars now see Neferneferuaten as ruling queen, while Smenkhkare was a male king.	1336–1332 BC
	Nebkheperure	Tutankhamun (originally Tutankhaten)	Believed to be a son of Akhenaten. He reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen.	1332–1323 BC
	Kheperkheperure Irmaat	Ay II	Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir.	1323–1320 BC
	Djeserkheperure Setepenre	Horemheb	Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir.	1320–1292 BC

Nineteenth Dynasty

Main article: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the most famous pharaohs: Ramesses II the Great.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Menpehtire	Ramesses I	Already Grand Vizier, of non-royal birth. Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir.	1292–1290 BC
	Menmaatre	Seti I	Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten.	1290–1279 BC
	Usermaatre Setepenre (Ozymandias)	Ramesses II (Ramesses the Great)	Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the famous Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. Known for his large scale construction projects, including many now famous monuments.	1279–1213 BC
	Baenre Meriamun	Merneptah	Thirteenth son of Ramesses II.	1213–1203 BC
	Userkheperure Setepenre	Seti II	Son of Merneptah. May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne.	1204–1198 BC
	Menmire Setepenre	Amenmesse	Most likely a rival king ruling in Upper Egypt in opposition to Seti II. Suggested son of Merneptah.	1203–1200 BC
	Akhenre Setepenre (originally Sekhaienre Meryamun)	Merneptah Siptah (originally Ramesses Siptah)	Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse, ascended to throne at a young age.	1198–1192 BC
	Sitre Meritamun	Tausret	Seti II's widow, initially regent for Pharaoh Siptah, then briefly sole Pharaoh. Also known as Twosret or Tawosret.	1192–1190 BC

Twentieth Dynasty

Main article: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Userkhaure Setepenre	Setnakhte	Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt.	1190–1186 BC
	Usermaatre Meriamun	Ramesses III	Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. assassinated in Harem conspiracy.	1186–1155 BC
	Heqamaatre Setepenamun (originally Usermaatre Heqamaatre Setepenamun)	Ramesses IV	Son of Ramesses III. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline.	1155–1149 BC
	Usermaatre Sekheperenre	Ramesses V	Son of Ramesses IV	1149–1145 BC
	Nebmaatre Meriamun	Ramesses VI	Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses V.	1145–1137 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenre Meriamun	Ramesses VII	Son of Ramesses VI.	1137–1130 BC
	Usermaatre Akhenamun	Ramesses VIII	An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. He is the sole pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found.	1130–1129 BC
	Neferkare Setpenre	Ramesses IX	Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father, Montuherkhopshef. First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII.	1129–1111 BC
	Khepermaatre Setepenre	Ramesses X	Possibly a son of Ramesses X. A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was about 3 years long, though previously estimated at 10 years.	1111–1107 BC
	Menmaatre Setepenptah	Ramesses XI	Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes, limiting his power to Lower (Northern) Egypt. He was eventually succeeded in the north by Smendes, possibly after an intervening reign.	1107–1075 BC
	Usermaatre Heqawast	Ramesses XII	Possibly a son and successor of Ramesses XI, ruling before the succession of Herihor in the south and Smendes in the north.	1075–1069 BC

Third Intermediate Period

Main article: Third Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire at the end of the Bronze Age. Two dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

Twenty-First Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Nesbanebdjed (Smendes I)	Married to Tentamun, possible daughter of Ramesses XI.	1069–1043 BC
	Neferkare Heqawast	Amenemnisu	Obscure four-year reign.	1043–1039 BC
	Aakheperre Setepenamun	Pasebakhenniut Meriamun (Psusennes I)	Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun and Pharaoh. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis. Known as "The Silver Pharaoh" due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty.	1039–991 BC
	Usermaatre Setepenamun	Amenemope	Probably son of Psusennes I.	991–981 BC
	Aakheperre Setepenre	Osorkon the Elder (Osochor)	Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya).	981–975 BC
	Netjerikheperre Setpenamun	Siamun	Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty.	975–957 BC
	Titkheperre Setepenre	Hor Pasebakhenniut (Psusennes II)	Possibly son of Siamun.	957–943 BC

High Priests of Amun

Main article: High Priest of Amun

The High Priest of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs. Some even went as far to adopt a royal titulary making them official Pharaohs.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	—	Piankh	Previously believed to have governed after Herihor.	1085–1079 BC
	Hemnetjertepienamun	Herihor	Previously believed to have governed before Piankh. Eventually adopted royal titulary at Thebes, thus becoming ruler in the South and alongside the Tanite pharaoh in the North.	1079–1068 BC
	Khakheperre Setepenamun	Pinedjem I	Son of Piankh and successor of Herihor. Father of Psusennes I. High Priest for many years, eventually gave his seat to his son Masaharta, and declared himself king.	1063–1054 BC (High Priest) 1054–1031 BC (Pharaoh)
	—	Masaharta	Son of Pinedjem I.	1054–1046 BC
—	—	Djedkhonsuefankh	Son of Pinedjem I.	1046–1045 BC
	Hemnetjertepienamun	Menkheperre	Son of Pinedjem I. Temporary (?) assumption of kingship after father's death.	1045–990 BC
	—	Nesbanebdjed II (Smendes II)	Son of Menkheperre.	990–988 BC
	—	Pinedjem II	Son of Menkheperre, Father of Psusennes II.	988–967 BC
—	—	Psusennes III	Son of Pinedjem II. Possibly the same person as Pharoah Psusennes II.	967–post 957 BC

Twenty-Second Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt

The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from c. 943 to 731 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Shoshenq I	Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libyans). Possibly the biblical Shishak	943–922 BC
	Sekhemkheperre Setepenre	Osorkon I	Son of Shoshenq I.	922–887 BC
	Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Takelot I	Son of Osorkon I.	887–874 BC
	Heqakheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IIa	Obscure pharaoh, placement and identification unknown.	880s BC?
—	Tutkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IIb	Obscure pharaoh, placement and identification unknown.	880s BC?
	Maatkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IIc	Obscure pharaoh, placement and identification unknown.	880s BC?
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Osorkon II	Son of Takelot I.	873–830 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenre	Shoshenq III	—	830–post 791 BC
	Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq IV	—	788–778 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenre	Pami I	—	778–769 BC
	Aakheperre	Shoshenq V	Son of Pami I	769–731 BC

Twenty-Third Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt

The designation Twenty-Third Dynasty is applied variously by scholars to branches of the Twenty-Second Dynasty ruling in mostly Upper Egypt (at least intermittently at Thebes), to various local rulers based at Heracleopolis Magna, Hermopolis, Leontopolis, and to a line of kings who succeeded the Twenty-Second Dynasty at Tanis, all of Libyan origin.

Upper Egyptian lines

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Hedjkheperre Setepenamun	Harsiese	An obscure rival pharaoh at Thebes.	880–860 BC?
	Hedjkheperre Setpenre	Takelot II	Previously thought to be a Twenty-second Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the Twenty-Third.	834–809 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Pedubast I	A rival king, who seized Thebes from Takelot II.	822–799 BC
—	—	Iuput I	Contemporary with Pedubast I; apparent successor to Takelot II	809–798 BC
—	Usermaatre Meryamun	Shoshenq VI	Successor to Pedubast I.	799–793 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Osorkon III	Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king.	791–764 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Takelot III	Co-ruler with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign.	768–756 BC
	Usermaatre Setpenamun	Rudamun	Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III.	756–750 BC
—	Uasnetjerre or Hedjkheperre Setepenre	Shoshenq VII	A poorly attested king, whose existence is disputed.	—
	Menkheperre	Ini	Reigned at Thebes and Abydos; possibly a contemporary of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.	750–745 BC

Rulers of Hermopolis, order unknown:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Neferkheperre Khaikhau	Djehutyemhat	Possibly reigned after Nimlot I.	745–735 BC?
	—	Nimlot I	Possibly reigned before Djehutyemhat; submitted to Piye.	745–735 BC?

Rulers of Herakleopolis:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Neferkare	Peftjauawybast	Submitted to Piye	750–720 BC?

Rulers of Leontopolis:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Usermaatre Setepenre	Iuput II Sibaste Meriamun	Submitted to Piye	730–710 BC?

Tanite Twenty-Third Dynasty

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Sehetepibre	Pedubast II	Probable successor of Shoshenq V; throne name identification varies among scholars.	731–725 BC?
	Usermaatre	Osorkon IV	Submitted to Piye and treated with Assyrians; suppressed by the Twenty-Forth Dynasty?	725–716 BC?
—	Neferkare	Pami II	Suppressed by the Twenty-fifth Dynasty?	712–702 BC?
	Shepseskare Irenre	Gemenefkhonsbak	Local ruler of Tanis.	unknown
—	Sekhemkare	—	Local ruler of Tanis.	unknown
—	—	Pedubast III	Assyrian vassal.	fl. in 670–667 BC

Twenty-Fourth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two rulers ruling from 731 to 712 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Shepsesre	Tefnakht	Assumption of kingship disputed (King Shepsesre Tefnakht could belong in the early Twenty-sixth Dynasty)	731–717 BC
	Wahkare	Bakenranef (Bocchoris)	Son of Tefnakhte. Asserted his rule over Memphis and Tanis but eliminated by Shebitku	717–712 BC

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt

Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Maa-Ra	Kashta	King of Nubia; gave himself royal titles, an inscription from Elephantine proclaims him as King of Upper and Lower Egypt. Considered by some as the first ruler of Twenty-fifth Dynasty.	c. 760–743 BC
	Usermaatre	Piye	King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in his Twentieth year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years	743–713 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau
	Djedkaure	Shebitku	Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s	713–705 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau
	Neferkare	Shabaka	Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s	705–690 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau
	Nefertemkhure	Taharqa	Died in 664 BC	690–664 BC
	Bakare	Tantamani	Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year.	664–653 BC

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC–AD 500).

Late Period

Main article: Late Period of Egypt

The Late Period runs from c. 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians.

Twenty-Sixth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from c. 664 to 525 BC.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Menibre? Iribre?	Tefnakht II (Stephinates)	Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of Necho I.	685–678 BC
—	—	Nekauba (Nechepsos)	Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned.	678–672 BC
	Menkheperre	Nekau I (Necho I)	Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani. Father of Psamtik I.	672–664 BC

The son and successor of Nekau I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Wahibre	Psamtik I (Psammetichus I)	Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I and father of Necho II.	664–610 BC
	Wehemibre	Nekau II (Necho II)	Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II.	610–595 BC
	Neferibre	Psamtik II (Psammetichus II)	Son of Necho II and father of Apries.	595–589 BC
	Haaibre	Wahibre (Apries)	Fled Egypt after Amasis II (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of Psamtik II.	589–570 BC
	Khnemibre	Ahmose II Netza (Amasis II)	He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III.	570–526 BC
	Ankhkaenre	Psamtik III (Psammetichus III)	Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt.	526–525 BC

Twenty-Seventh Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt

Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC by king Cambyses II, the son of Cyrus the Great, and remained Persian satrapy for more than one hundred years until regaining independence in 404 BC. The Achaemenid kings were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the Twenty-seventh Dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Mesutre	Kembydjet (Cambyses II)	Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC.	525–1 July 522 BC
	—	Bardiya (Smerdis) or Gaumata	Son of Cyrus the Great.	522 BC
	Seteture	Deriush (Darius I)	Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata	522 – November 486 BC
	—	Kheshayarusha (Xerxes I)	Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia.	November 486 – December 465 BC
	—	Arutakhshashas (Artaxerxes I)	Died in 424 BC	464–424 BC
	—	Xerxes II	A claimant.	424–423 BC
	—	Sogdianus	A claimant.	423 – July 423 BC
	—	Darius II	Died in 404 BC	July 423 – March 404 BC

Several native rebellions took place during the Twenty-seventh dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Seheruibre	Petubastis III	A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta.	522/21–520 BC
—	Ahmose? Nebkaenre?	Psammetichus IV	A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date unknown.	Possibly in the 480s BC

Twenty-Eighth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh:

Image	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Amunirdisu (Amyrtaeus)	Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians.	404–398 BC

Twenty-Ninth Dynasty

Main article: Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Baenre Merynetjeru	Nefaarud I (Nepherites I)	Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed.	398–393 BC
	Khnemmaatre Setepenkhnemu	Hakor (Achoris)	Son of Nefaarud I.	c. 392–391 BC and c. 390–379 BC
	Userre Setepenptah	Pasherienmut (Psammuthes)	Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year.	c. 391 BC
—	—	Nefaarud II (Nepherites II)	Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor.	c. 379 BC
—	—	Muthis	Possible pharaoh attested in Eusebius's epitome; not known archaeologically and his chronological placement is disputed.	Possibly between 393 and 380 BC

Thirtieth Dynasty

Main article: Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 379/8 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule c. 340 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Kheperkare	Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I)	Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos.	379/8–361/0 BC
	Irimaatenre	Djedher Setepeninhuret (Teos)	Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta.	361/0–359/8 BC
	Snedjemibre Setepenanhur	Nakhthorhebyt Merihathor (Nectanebo II)	Last native ruler of ancient Egypt to be recognized by Manetho.	359/8–341/0 BC

Thirty-First Dynasty

Main article: Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt

Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 340 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-First Dynasty:

Image	Name	Comments	Reign
	Artaxerxes III	Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.	c. 341/339–338 BC
	Artaxerxes IV Arses	Only reigned in Lower Egypt. Did not adopt any pharaonic titulary.	338–336 BC
	Deriush (Darius III)	Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC. His name, Deriush, was written in a cartouche as a pharaonic nomen would be.	336–332 BC

Native rebellions again took place during the Thirty-first dynasty:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Senensetepuniptah	Khabash	Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia.	338–335 BC

Hellenistic period

Main article: Hellenistic period

Argead Dynasty

Main article: Argead dynasty

The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Setpenre Meryamun	Alexander the Great	Also King of Macedon as Alexander III. Conquered Persia and Egypt.	332–13 June 323 BC
	—	Philip Arrhidaeus	Also King of Macedon as Philip III. Mentally disabled half-brother of Alexander the Great.	323–317 BC
	Khaibre Setepenamun	Alexander IV	Also King of Macedon. Son of Alexander the Great and Roxana.	317–309 BC

Ptolemaic Dynasty

Main article: Ptolemaic dynasty

The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them.

Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.

Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own death in late August 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. Ultimately, he was killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus. While younger children of Cleopatra did survive Egyptian-Roman war, Octavian denied them inheritance of Egypt.

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Setpenre Meryamun	Ptolemy I Soter	—	7 November 305 – January 282 BC
	Weserkare Meryamun	Ptolemy II Philadelphus	—	28 March 284–28 January 246 BC
—	—	Ptolemy Epigonos	Proclaimed co-regent by Ptolemy II. His status of co-regent was revoked sometime in 259 or 258 after Ptolemy revolted with Timarchus. He was allowed by Ptolemy II to govern the city of Telmessos from 258 until his death in 240 BC.	c. 267–259/258 BC
	Iwaensenwinetjerwy Setepenre Sekhemankhenamun	Ptolemy III Euergetes	—	28 January 246–November/December 222 BC
	Iwaennetjerwymenekhwy Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy IV Philopator	Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder.	November/December 222–July/August 204 BC
	Iwaennetjerwymerwyit Setepenptah Userkare Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistus	Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC	July/August 204 – September 180 BC
	Iwaennetjerwyperu Setepenptahkheperi Irymaatamunre	Ptolemy VI Philometor	Lived under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; restored 163 BC Died 145 BC	c. May 180 – October 164 BC and 163–c. July 145 BC
	—	Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira	Wife of Ptolemy VI. Married Ptolemy VIII c. 145 BC; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. Later reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII until 116 BC.	170 – October 164 BC and 163–127 BC and 124–116 BC
	Iwaennetjerwyperwy Setepenptah Irymaatre Sekhemankhenamun	Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon	Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Restored 145–131 BC and again in 127 BC. Died 116 BC	171–163 BC and 145–131 BC and 127–116 BC
	Panetjerhunu Meriyetef	Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator	Traditionally identified with a surviving son of Ptolemy VI who existed but never ruled; the posthumous designation Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator was probably applied to Ptolemy Memphites	145 BC (supposedly)
	—	Cleopatra III	Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Restored with Ptolemy VIII in 127 BC; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and Ptolemy X. Murdered by her own son Ptolemy X.	142–131 BC and 127–107 BC
	Iwaennetjermenekh netjeretmeretmutesnedjetet Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhamun	Ptolemy IX Soter	Died 80 BC	28 June 116 – October 110 BC and 88–81 BC
	Iwaennetjermenekhe Netjeretmenkhetre Setepenptah Irimaatre Senenankhenamun	Ptolemy X Alexander	Died 88 BC	October 110 – February 109 BC and 107–88 BC
	Cleopatra Berenice	Berenice III	Forced to marry Ptolemy XI Alexander; murdered on his orders 19 days later	81–80 BC
	—	Ptolemy XI Alexander	Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III	80 BC
	Iwaenpanetjernehem Setepenptah Irimaatenre Sekhemankhamen	Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus	Son of Ptolemy IX; deposed in 58 BC, then restored in 55 BC.	80–58 BC and 55–51 BC
	—	Cleopatra V Tryphaena	Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV	79–68 BC
—	—	Cleopatra VI Tryphaena	Supposed daughter of Ptolemy XII, theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as Cleopatra V.	58–57 BC
	—	Berenice IV Epiphaneia	Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled; later married Archelaos of Comana. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC.	58–55 BC
	—	Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator	Son and designated heir of Ptolemy XII Auletes alongside his sister Cleopatra. Supposedly drowned during Battle of the Nile (47 BC).	51–47 BC
	—	Ptolemy XIV Philopator	Brother-husband and nominal co-ruler with Cleopatra. Died young, allegedly poisoned by his sister-wife.	47–44 BC
	—	Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator	Ruled jointly with her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV. In modern usage, the stand-alone use of "Cleopatra" with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Believed to have committed suicide.	51 – 12 August 30 BC
	—	Arsinoe IV	In opposition to Cleopatra VII	December 48 – January 47 BC
	Iwapanetjernetynehem Setepenptah Irimaatre Sekhemankhenamun	Ptolemy XV Caesar Theos Philopator Philometor	Eldest son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over.	2 September 44–late August 30 BC

Native rebellions also took place under Greek rule:

Personal name	Comments	Reign
Horwennefer	Rebel pharaoh in the South	205–199 BC
Ankhwennefer	Rebel pharaoh in the South	199–185 BC
Harsiesi Sausir	Rebel pharaoh in the South	131–130 BC

Queens considered Pharaohs by Sally-Ann Ashton:

Image	Throne name	Personal name	Comments	Reign
	Khenemetibenmaat Meretnetjru	Arsinoe II Philadelphos	Wife of Ptolemy II	c. 277 – July 270 BC
	—	Berenice II Euergetis	Wife of Ptolemy III. Murdered.	244/243–222 BC
	—	Arsinoe III Thea Philopator	Wife of Ptolemy IV. Murdered.	220–204 BC
	—	Cleopatra I Thea Epiphanes Syra	Wife of Ptolemy V, regent of her son Ptolemy VI during his minority. Possible nominal co-ruler with her husband and son.	c. February 193–176 BC

Rome

Main article: Roman pharaoh

Egyptian relief depicting the Roman Emperor Trajan (right, reigned 98–117 AD) in full pharaonic style.

Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus) that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively only while in Egypt.

The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daza (reigned 311–313 AD).

See also

• Egyptian chronology
• History of Egypt
• List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts

Further reading

• Beckerath, Jürgen von, Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1997.
• Breasted, J. H., History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909
• Cerny, J. 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in: The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, 1975 ISBN 0-521-08691-4
• Clayton, Peter A. (1995). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The Chronicles Series (Reprinted ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
• Depuydt, Leo (2006). "Saite and Persian Egypt, 664 BC–332 BCE". In Erik Hornung; Rolf Krauss; David A. Warburton (eds.). Ancient Egyptian Chronology (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 265–283. ISBN 978-90-04-11385-5.
• Depuydt, Leo (2010). "New Date for the Second Persian Conquest, End of Pharaonic and Manethonian Egypt: 340/39 B.C.E.". Journal of Egyptian History. 3 (2): 191–230. doi:10.1163/187416610X541709.
• Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3
• Gardiner, Sir Alan, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76.
• Grimal, Nicolas, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books: 1992
• Hornung, Erik, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Leiden: Brill, 2006.
• Krauss, Rolf, "Egyptian Chronology: Ramesses II through Shoshenq III, with analysis of the lunar dates of Thutmoses III," Ägypten und Levante 25 (2015): 335–382.
• Leprohon, Ronald J., The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary, Society of Biblical Literature: Atlanta, 2013.
• Lloyd, Alan B. (1994). "Egypt, 404–332 B.C.". In D.M. Lewis; John Boardman; Simon Hornblower & M. Ostwald (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History VI: The Fourth Century B.C. (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–360. ISBN 0-521-23348-8.
• Mladjov, Ian, "The Transition between the Twentieth and Twenty-First Dynasties Revisited," Birmingham Egyptology Journal 5 (2017): 1–23.
• Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977
• Payraudeau, Frédéric, L'Égypte et la vallée du Nil Tome 3: Les époques tardives (1069–332 av. J.-C.), Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2020.
• Rice, Michael, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999
• Ryholt, Kim & Bardrum, Steven, The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127. 2000.
• Shaw, Garry. The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign, Thames and Hudson, 2012.
• Wilkinson, Toby A. H., Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1
• Ventura Dr. R., Egypt, History & Civilisation Published by Osiris, PO Box 107 Cairo.
• Verner, Miroslav, The Pyramids – Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8

External links

• Egyptian Royal Genealogy (Old Broken Link) Archived 2009-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
• Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists
• Chronology Table – 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English
• Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings
• Comparing the major Egyptian king lists Compares the Karnak, Adydos and Saqqara king lists
• Digital Egypt for Universities