List of piano manufacturers
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This is a partial list of piano manufacturers. Most piano professionals have access to detailed information about these brands using a Piano Atlas to reference serial numbers, which are used to determine a piano's age using the year a piano was built. This information is often used in piano appraisals.
Active brands or companies[edit]
Company | Place | Years active | Acquired by | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Atlas [1] | Hamamatsu, Japan | 1943-present | ||
Apollo[2] | Hamamatsu, Japan | 1948-present | incorporated "SSS system" in their upright piano. | |
August Förster[3] | Löbau, Germany | 1859–present[update] | ||
Baldwin Piano Company[4] | Cincinnati, OH, US | 1857–present[update] | Gibson Guitar Corporation | Acquired in 2001. Upright models are being built in Baldwin factory in Zhongshan, China. Grand pianos are being built to Baldwin specifications by Parsons Music Group, Hong Kong.[5] |
Becker | Moscow, Russia | 1841–present[update] | Nationalized in 1918 and renamed into the 'Red October' brand. Production stopped during Perestroika and relaunched later on under the Becker name.[6] | |
Belarus | Minsk, Belarus | 1935–present[update] | Only upright pianos of its own brand. | |
Beiijing HsingHai[7] | Beijing, China | 1949–present[update] | Also manufactures the Hardman brand.[7] | |
Blüthner[8] | Leipzig, Germany | 1853–present[update] | Also manufactures Haessler and Irmler brands.[8] | |
Borgato[9] | Venice, Italy | 1991–present[update] | Handcrafted concert grand pianos, | |
Bösendorfer[10] | Vienna, Austria | 1828–present[update] | Yamaha | Acquired in 2007.[10] |
C. Bechstein[11] | Berlin, Germany | 1853–present[update] | Also manufactures W. Hoffmann and Zimmerman brands.[5] | |
Cavendish Pianos[12] | Bolton Abbey, UK | 2012–present[update] | ||
Edelweiss Pianos[13] | Cambridge, UK | 1975–present[update] | All upright and grand piano come by default as player pianos.[13] | |
Estonia[14] | Tallinn, Estonia | 1950–present[update] | ||
Fazioli Pianos[15] | Sacile, Italy | 1978–present[update] | ||
Ferd. Thürmer[16] | Bochum, Germany | 1834–present[update] | ||
Feurich[17] | Leipzig, Germany | 1851–present[update] | Wendl & Lung | Acquired in 2011.[5] The bulk of manufacturing is carried out in Hailun Piano Company factory in Ningbo, China except the upright piano 123 – Vienna made in Vienna, Austria.[18][17] |
Grotrian-Steinweg[19] | Braunschweig, Germany | 1835–present[update] | Parsons Music Group | Acquired in 2015. A majority interest in Grotrian-Steinweg was purchased by Parsons Music Group.[5][18] |
Hailun Piano Company[20] | Ningbo, China | 2002–present | Also manufactures ''Cline'', ''Cunningham'' and ''Emerson'' brands and manufactures pianos for other piano companies. | |
John Broadwood & Sons[21] | London, UK | 1728–present[update] | Antique upright and grand pianos.[21] | |
Karl Rönisch[22] | Dresden, Germany | 1897–present[update] | Blüthner | Acquired in 2009.[5] |
Kawai[23] | Hamamatsu, Japan | 1927–present[update] | Also manufactures Shigeru Kawai grand pianos.[23] | |
Maene[24] | Ruiselede, Belgium | 1938–present[update] | ||
Mason & Hamlin[25] | Boston, US | 1854–present[update] | Has changed hands and factories many times in its history. See main article. | |
Parsons Music Group[26] | Hong Kong, China | 1986–present[update] | Also manufactures Yangtze River, Schönbrunn, Barrate & Robinson, and Brodmann brands.[26][5] | |
Pearl River Piano Group[27] | Guangzhou, China | 1956–present[update] | Also manufactures Fandrich, Kayserburg and Ritmüller brands.[5] | |
Petrof[28] | Hradec Králové, Czech Republic | 1864–present[update] | Also manufactures Ant. Petrof, Ant. Dalibor, Weinbach, Rösler, Scholze, Fibich and Akord brands.[28] | |
Pfeiffer[29] | Stuttgart, Germany | 1862–present[update] | ||
Samick[30] | Incheon, South Korea | 1958–present[update] | Also manufactures Kohler & Campbell, Pramberger and Wm. Knabe brands.[30][5] | |
Sauter[31] | Spaichingen, Germany | 1819–present[update] | ||
Schimmel[32] | Braunschweig, Germany | 1885–present[update] | Pearl River Piano Group | Acquired in 2016.[5] |
Seiler[33] | Kitzingen, Germany | 1849–present[update] | Samick | Acquired in 2008.[5] |
Steingraeber & Söhne[34] | Bayreuth, Germany | 1852–present[update] | ||
Steinway & Sons[35] | New York, US and Hamburg, Germany | 1853–present[update] | Also manufactures the Boston and Essex brands.[35] | |
Stuart and Sons[36] | Newcastle, Australia | 1990–present[update] | ||
Walter Piano Company[37] | Elkhart, US | 1969–present[update] | Manufactures Charles R. Walter brand.[5][37] | |
Wilh. Steinberg[38] | Eisenberg, Germany | 1877–present[update] | Parsons Music Group | Acquired in 2013.[5][18] |
Yamaha[39] | Hamamatsu, Japan | 1887–present[update] | ||
Young Chang[40] | Seoul, South Korea | 1956–present[update] | Hyundai Development Company | Acquired in 2006.[5] Also Manufactures Weber and Albert Weber brands.[5][40] |
Defunct brands or companies[edit]
Company | Place | Years active | Acquired by | Notes
|
---|---|---|---|---|
A. B. Chase | Ohio, US | 1875–1985 | Aeolian Company | |
A. M. McPhail[41] | Boston, US | 1837–1960 | ||
A. Mittag | Berlin, Germany | 1800 | ||
Adam Schaaf | Chicago, US | 1873–1930 | Also sold as Clarion and Orpheus | |
Aeolian Company | New York City, US | 1868–1985 | Merged with Ampico in 1932. Ampico rebranded as Aeolian in 1941. | |
Albert Fahr | Zeitz, Germany | 1887–1950 | ||
Albert W. Ladd | Boston, US | 1848–1930 | ||
Alexander Herrmann KG | Sangerhausen, Germany | 1803–1993 | ||
Alfred Knight, Ltd. | London, UK | 1936–2003 | ||
Allen Brook | London, UK | |||
Alpheus Babcock | Boston, US | 1810–1829 | ||
American Piano Company | East Rochester, NY, US | 1908–1941 | Aeolian Company | aka. Ampico |
Astin Weight | Salt Lake City, US | 1959–1999 |
| |
Baumgardt Piano | Stockholm, Sweden | 1859 | ||
Baus Piano Company | New York City, US | 1895–1929 | Jacob Doll Piano Company | Factories located at Southern Blvd. and Trinity Ave. They built a full line of upright pianos, player pianos, and grand pianos. It was acquired circa 1910; went out of business in the Great Depression |
Beale Piano | Sydney, Australia | 1893–1975 | ||
Becker Brothers | New York, US | 1892–1940 | They Also built pianos under the Bennington name, and player pianos under the Mellotone and Playernola name as well. | |
Behr Brothers & Co. | New York, US | 1880–1950 | Kohler & Campbell | |
Bell Brothers | Muncie, Indiana, US | 1915–1930 | ||
Bogs & Voigt | Berlin, Germany | 1905–1939 | ||
Boisselot & Fils | Marseille, France | 1831–1908 | The brand became Boisselot Fils & Co. in 1847, after the passing of his father Jean-Louis Boisselot. | |
Brinkerhoff Piano Company | Chicago, US | 1906–1950 | ||
Brinsmead | London, UK | 1835–1921 | ||
Brødrene Hals | Oslo, Norway | 1847–1925 | ||
Bush & Gerts | Chicago, US | 1884–1942 | Bought by Haddorff Piano co. in 1942
| |
Cable and Sons | New York, US | 1852–1936 | ||
Cable Piano Company | Chicago, US | 1880–1937 | ||
Camp & Company | New York City, US | 1879–1930 | Kohler & Campbell | |
Carl Dörr | Vienna, Austria | 1817–1920 | ||
Carl Ecke | Posen, Germany | 1843–1930 | ||
Challen Pianos | London, UK | 1804–1980 | ||
Chappell & Co. | London, UK | 1811–1980 | Kemble | |
Charles Albrecht | Philadelphia, PA and Long Island, NY, US | 1789–1887 | Schultz & Sons Manufacturing Corp. | One of the earliest pianos made in America. The first known piano by Albrecht is located at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[42] |
Charles Stieff | Baltimore, US | 1856–1951 | Often referred to as "The poor man's Steinway" | |
Chas. S. Norris | Boston, US | 1930 | ||
Chickering and Sons | Boston, US | 1823–1983 | American Piano Company | Acquired in 1908 |
Christian Baumann | Zweibrücken, Germany | 1740–1816 | ||
Clementi & Company | London, UK | 1767–1929 | ||
Collard & Collard | London, UK | 1767–1929 | ||
Cunningham Piano Company | Philadelphia, US | 1891 | Pianos are made in China by Hailun Pianos | |
Currier Piano Co. | Boston and Marion, NC, US | 1823–1969 | Acquisition details
| |
Danemann Pianos | London, UK | 1893–1994 | Also made a Waldberg brand however 'Waldberg Berlin' may be a different company | |
Decker Brothers | New York, US | 1862–1900 |
| |
Ed. Westermayer | Berlin, Germany | 1863 | ||
Ellington Piano | Cincinnati, US | 1893–1930 | Upright and grand pianos. | |
Emerson Piano Company | Boston, US | 1849–1945 | ||
Érard | Paris, France | 1777–1971 | ||
Ernst Kaps | Dresden, Germany | 1858–1930 | ||
Estey Piano Company | New York, US | 1846–1961 | ||
Euterpe Piano | New York, US | 1820–1930 |
| |
F. G. Smith | New York, US | 1866 | ||
Falcone[43] | Haverhill, MA, US | 1982–1993 | American Sejung Corp. | |
Francis Connor | New York, US | 1871–1933 |
| |
G. Rösler | Česká Lípa, Bohemia | 1878–1948 | Petrof | Acquired in 1993 |
G. Schwechten | Berlin, Germany | 1854–1902 | The name "Schwechten" is used in China by Shanghai Piano Co. | |
Gabler | New York, US | 1851–1866 | ||
Gaveau | Paris, France | 1847–1994 | ||
Gebr. Perzina | Schwerin,Germany | 1871–1989 | The Perzina name was revived as "Yantai Perzina" in China. | |
George Steck | New York, US | 1857–1985 | American Sejung Corp. | |
George Wilkinson | London, UK | 1811–1835 | ||
Grinnell | Detroit, Michigan, US | 1902–1960 | In the 1990s, the Grinnell name was revived in a limited number of pianos built by Samick. | |
Gulbransen | Chicago, US | 1904–1969 |
| |
H. Kohl | Hamburg, Germany | 1855–1909 | ||
Haddorf Piano Company | Rockford, IL, US | 1902–1960 | Maker of Steinbach, Clarendon & Dreher, Bush & Gerts | |
Haines Brothers | New York, US | 1851–1945 | ||
Hallet, Davis & Co. | Boston, US | 1835–1985 | North American Music, Inc. | The brand are made in China by Beijing Hsinghai Piano Group, Silbermann Piano Co., and Parsons Music for the importer, North American Music Inc. |
Hardman Peck | New York, US | 1842–1990 | The name "Hardman" is used in China by Beiijing HsingHai. | |
Haynes | Chicago, US | |||
Heintzman & Co. | Toronto, Canada | 1866–1929 | ||
Hobart M. Cable | La Porte, Indiana, US | 1900–1960 | American Sejung Corp. | |
Hornung & Møller | Copenhagen, Denmark | 1827–1972 | ||
Hupfield | Dresden, Germany | 1880–1990 |
| |
J. & C. Fischer | New York, US | 1840–1985 | ||
J. B. Cramer & Co. | London, UK | 1824–1964 | ||
J. G. Irmler | Leipzig, Germany | 1818–1950 | Blüthner | |
J. Gunther[44] | Brussels, Belgium | 1845–1960 | ||
J. Strauss & Son | Chicago, US | 1925 | ||
J. W. Jenkins | St. Louis, MO, US | 1910–1964 | ||
Johann Heichele | Ljubljana, Trieste, Italy | 1790–1813 | ||
Julius Bauer & Co. | Chicago, US | 1857–1930 | ||
Kemble & Co. | London, UK | 1911–2009 | Yamaha | |
Kirschner | New York, US | |||
Kohler & Campbell[45] | New York, US | 1894–1985 | Samick | Adquired the name |
Krakauer Brothers | New York, US | 1869–1980 | ||
Kranich & Bach | New York, US | 1864–1985 | ||
Kurtzmann | New York, US | 1848–1938 |
| |
Lauter Piano Co. | Newark, NJ, US | 1862–1930 | ||
Lesage Piano Company[46] | Quebec, Canada | 1884–1911 | Willis & Co. | Acquired in 1907 |
Lester Piano Company[47] | Lester, PA, US | 1888–1960 | Also manufactured brands Channing, Alden, Bellaire, Schubert and Leonard | |
Lindeman & Sons | New York, US | 1836–2003 | ||
Ludwig & Co. | St. Louis, MO, US | 1889–1933 |
| |
M. Schulz Piano Co. | Chicago, US | 1869–1930 | Company manufactured and sold pianos under the names of M. Schulz, Walworth, Bradford, Irving, and Maynard, and Aria Divina. They were also sold under the names Brinkerhoff (from teens until about 1950s) and Schriver & Sons. | |
Marshall & Wendell | New York, US | 1875–1953 | ||
Mason & Risch | Ontario, Canada | 1871–1972 | ||
Mathushek Piano Co. | New York, US | 1852–1879 | ||
Mehlin & Sons | New York, US | 1853–1960 | ||
Melville Clark | DeKalb, IL, US | 1900–1940 | Baldwin Piano Company | Purchased by Baldwin in 1919 |
Mendelssohn | Toronto, Canada | 1870–1960 | ||
Monington & Weston | London, UK | 1858–1975 | ||
Moore and Moore | London, UK | 1900–1920 | ||
Muir, Wood and Company[48] | Edinburgh, Scotland | 1798–1818 | Wood, Small and Company | Wood, Small and Company was formed at John Muir's Death in 1818 |
Murdoch, McKillop & Co | Edinburgh, Scotland | 1903 |
| |
Newman Brothers | Chicago, US | 1880–1930 | ||
Nordheimer | Toronto, Canada | 1844–1960 |
| |
P. A. Starck Piano | Chicago, US | 1891–1965 | ||
Pape | Paris, France | 1817–1875 | ||
Petzold | Paris, France | 1806 | ||
Pirsson | New York, US | 1822–1855 | ||
Pleyel et Cie[49] | Paris, France | 1807–2013 | At the end of 2013, the company announced it would cease manufacturing pianos in France[50]
| |
R. Lipp & Sohn | Stuttgart, Germany | 1831–1998 | ||
R. Görs & Kallmann | Berlin, Germany | 1877–1990 | ||
R. S. Williams & Sons[51] | Toronto, Canada | 1856–1931 | Manufactured mandolins, banjos, melodeons, organs and pianos | |
Reed & Sons | Chicago, US | 1842–1920 | ||
Robert Wornum & Sons | London, UK | 1811–1900 | ||
Rud. Ibach Sohn | Düsseldorf, Germany | 1794–2007 |
| |
Schiedmayer | Stuttgart, Germany | 1809 | ||
Schiller Piano Company[52] | Oregon, IL, US | 1890–1936 | Cable Company | |
Schweighofer | Vienna, Austria | 1792–1938 | ||
Sears, Roebuck & Company[53] | Chicago, US | 1900–1930 | Also manufactured/sold brands Beckwith, American Home, Maywood, Beverley, and Caldwell | |
Sezemsky | Chicago, US | 1886–1901 | ||
Sherman, Clay & Co. | San Francisco, US | 1853–2013 | ||
Shondorff | Woodbridge, CT, US | 1850–1938 | National Piano Manufacturing Company | |
Shoninger & Son | New York, US | 1850–1965 | ||
Simpson & Son Piano Co. | Albuquerque, NM, US | 1940–1990 | Simpson & Son was the only piano manufacturer west of the Mississippi during that time. They specialized in custom spinet upright pianos. | |
Sohmer & Co. | New York, US | 1872–1996 | ||
Søren Jensen | Copenhagen, Denmark | 1893–1921 | ||
Starr Piano Company | Richmond, IN, US | 1872–1950 | Originally named the Trayser Piano Company, after one of its founders, George Trayser. They also produced a more affordable, yet exceptional quality, piano line, the "Richmond Piano Company", which was sold alongside theirs in showrooms. Also known for founding Gennett Records. | |
Steger & Sons | Chicago, US | 1879–1959 | "Steger & Sons is one of the few American manufacturers to survive the Great Depression without being absorbed into a larger conglomerate. "[54] | |
Steinbach & Dreher | Rockford, IL, US | 1902–1960 | Actually made by Haddorff Piano company. | |
Sterling Piano Company | Derby, CT, US | 1866–1967 | Founded in 1845 as The Sterling Organ Company by Charles A. Sterling, the company merged with the Winter Piano Company after the Great Depression. They also produced the cheaper, but reputable, Huntington Piano. | |
Story & Clark | Chicago, US | 1884–1993 | ||
Straube Piano Company | Downers Grove, IL, US (1895–1904) Hammond, IN, US (1904–1940) Chicago Heights, IL, US (1940–1942) Rockford, IL, US (1942–1949) |
1895–1949 | C.G. Conn | Manufactured Straube, Hammond, Gilmore, and Woodward; receiver's sale in 1934; bankruptcy in 1937 – remaining assets, including name and patents continued in 1937 in the newly formed Indiana corporation, Straube Pianos Inc. |
Strich & Zeidler[55][56] | New York City, US | 1889–1930 | Also manufactured Homer brand | |
Stuyvesant | New York, US | 1886–1930 |
| |
Th. Mann & Co. | Bielefeld, Germany | 1836–1942 | ||
Thomas Goggan & Brother | Galveston, TX, US | 1866–1915 | ||
Timothy Gilbert | Boston, US | 1829–1868 |
| |
Uebel & Lechleiter | Heilbronn, Germany | 1872–1987 | ||
United Piano Makers | New York, US | 1860–1880 |
| |
Vose & Sons | Boston, US | 1851–1985 | Aeolian Company |
|
W. Ritmüller & Sohn | Göttingen, Germany | 1795–1933 | Pearl River Piano Group in China use the brand name "Ritmüller" for their pianos | |
W. W. Kimball and Company | Chicago, US | 1857–1996 | see Kimball International | |
Weber Piano Company[46][57] | New York, US | 1852–1985 | Young Chang | Young Chang acquired the Weber name in 1985.[5] |
Weber (Ontario)[46] | Kingston, ON, Canada | 1865–1961 | Lesage Piano Company | |
Welmar Pianos | London, UK | 1925–2003 | ||
Wendl & Lung[58] | Vienna, Austria | 1910–2021 | Wendl & Lung piano models were renamed Feurich. The company was renamed Feurich Pianoforte GmbH in 2021. | |
Wertheim Piano | Melbourne, Australia | 1908–1935 | ||
Whaley-Royce | Toronto, Canada | 1888–1969 | ||
Wilhelm Spaethe | Gera, Germany | 1858–1920 | ||
Willis & Co.[59] | Montreal, Canada | 1889–1979 | Acquired Lesage Piano Company in 1907. Also manufactured Newcombe | |
Wm. Knabe & Co. | Baltimore, US | 1837–1982 | Samick | Adquired the name in 2001 |
Wolfframm | Dresden, Germany | 1872–1930 | Started out under brand name Apollo | |
Wood, Small and Company[60] | Edinburgh, Scotland | 1818–1829 | Successive firms were Wood and Company, J. Muir Wood Company, and Small, Bruce and Company. Continued until Andrew Wood's Death in 1829 | |
Wurlitzer | Cincinnati, OH, US | 1856–1988 | Baldwin Piano Company | Also sold under the names Apollo, De Kalb, Julius Bauer, Farney, Kingston, Kurtzman, Merrium. Schaff Bros. and Underwood.
|
Zimmermann | Seifhennersdorf, Germany | 1884–2011 | C. Bechstein | Acquired in 1992 |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Atlas Malaysia Distributor". Atlas Malaysia. 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ "APOLLO | TOYO PIANO MFG.Co., LTD". toyoapollo.com. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ August Forster website
- ^ Baldwin website
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Piano Buying Guide | The Successor To The Piano Book | Piano Buyer". PianoBuyer. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
- ^ "About the Company Becker". Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ^ a b "北京星海钢琴集团有限公司-官方网站". www.xhpiano.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ a b Blüthner website
- ^ Borgato website
- ^ a b Bösendorfer website
- ^ C. Bechstein website
- ^ Cavendish Pianos website
- ^ a b Edelweiss Pianos website
- ^ Estonia website
- ^ Fazioli website
- ^ Ferd. Thürmer website
- ^ a b Feurich website
- ^ a b c Berlin, Derek Scally in. "Facing the music: how China is buying Germany's piano industry". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
- ^ Grotrian-Steinweg website
- ^ "Official Hailun Piano Co Website". hailunpianoco.com. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
- ^ a b Broadwood and Sons website
- ^ Rönisch website
- ^ a b Kawai website
- ^ Maene website
- ^ Mason & Hamlin
- ^ a b "柏斯音乐集团 Parsons Music Corporation". www1.parsonsmusic.com. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ^ Pearl River website
- ^ a b Petrof website
- ^ "Pfeiffer Pianos - Home". www.pfeiffer-pianos.com. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
- ^ a b Samick website
- ^ "Sauter Piano Manufaktur". www.sauter-pianos.de. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
- ^ website
- ^ "Seiler Pianos". Seiler Pianos Com (in German). Retrieved 2020-11-16.
- ^ "Steingraeber & Söhne - the premium manufacturer for upright and grand pianos". Steingraeber. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ^ a b Steinway and Sons website
- ^ Stuart and Sons piano website
- ^ a b "Charles R. Walter Piano Company - Grand Pianos - Studio Pianos - Console Pianos". www.walterpiano.com. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
- ^ "首页 Wilh. Steinberg". www.wilhsteinberg.de. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ^ Yamaha Pianos website
- ^ a b Young Chang Piano America website
- ^ "Antique Piano Shop, McPhail".
- ^ Bob Pierce, Larry Ashley Pierce Piano Atlas, 10th Edition, September 26, 1996
- ^ "Falcone, The Handmade American Piano".
- ^ "Antique Piano Shop, Gunther".
- ^ Kohler & Campbell website
- ^ a b c "Antique Piano Shop, Weber".
- ^ "Lester Piano Company". Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^ Palmieri, Robert (2003). The Piano: An Encyclopedia. New York City, NY, US: Taylor & Francis. p. 243.
- ^ Pleyel website
- ^ "Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
- ^ "R.S. Williams & Sons". The Canadian Encyclopedia, by Helmut Kallmann, Carl Morey, and Florence Hayes, February 7, 2006
- ^ Novak, Alice (29 November 2012), NRHP Nomination: Oregon Commercial Historic District (PDF), Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015 CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^ The Antique Piano Shop. "Sears, Roebuck & Company". Retrieved 14 December 2012. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^ "Steger & Sons". antiquepianoshop.com.
- ^ "Antique Piano Shop, Strich & Zeidler".
- ^ Dolge, Alfred (1913). Pianos and Their Makers: Development of the piano industry in America Since the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876; Volume II. Covina Publishing Company.
- ^ Weber pianos website
- ^ "Wendl & Lung". Wendl & Lung. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
- ^ "The Canadian Encyclopedia, Willis & Company Ltd". Retrieved 4 December 2012. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^ Palmieri, Robert (2003). The Piano: An Encyclopedia. New York City, NY, US: Taylor & Francis. p. 435.