List of sovereign debt crises

The list of sovereign debt crises involves the inability of independent countries to meet its liabilities as they become due. These include:

A sovereign default, where a government suspends debt repayments
A debt restructuring plan, where the government agrees with other countries, or unilaterally reduces its debt repayments
Requiring assistance from the International Monetary Fund or another international source

Debts could be owed either to private parties within a country, to foreign investors, or to other countries.

Table[edit]

The following table includes actual sovereign defaults and debt restructuring of independent countries since 1557.^[1]

Area	Country	Date	Type, causes, consequences, and references
Europe	France	1812	State spending during the Napoleonic Wars was extremely high due in large manner to the high level of military expenditures.
Europe	Sweden	1812	Military expenditures as a consequence of the Napoleonic Wars.
Europe	Denmark	1813	Danish state bankruptcy of 1813.^[2]
Europe	Netherlands	1814	Instability resulting from the rule of Napoleon I in France
Africa	Egypt	1876	The crisis will cause the ‘Urabi Revolt and the subsequent British invasion of Egypt.
Europe	Germany	1932	Under the Versailles Treaty ending the First World War, Germany was forced to make war reparations. The Young Plan of 1929 was meant to settle the structure, but after the Wall Street Crash, repayments were becoming impossible. In the Lausanne Conference of 1932, the UK and France agreed to a suspension of payments. The US Congress rejected it, but payments were never continued.
Europe	Romania	1933	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1982–2008	Finance Minister, Jesus Silva-Herzog, declared that it was unable to meet its debt repayment obligations as world interest rates had sharply increased since 1979. This signalled the start of a widespread Latin American debt crisis.
Europe	Yugoslavia	1983	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Thailand	1997–2007	1997 Asian financial crisis.
Europe	Russia	1998	After world commodity prices dropped on major Russian exports (particularly metals and oil) the 1998 Russian financial crisis ensued. Mounting debts led to the government declaring a moratorium on payments to international creditors.
Europe	Greece	2015	Due to the Greek government-debt crisis, Greece failed to make a €1.6 billion payment to the IMF on time (payment was made with a 20-day delay^[3]^[4]).
Asia	Republic of China (1912–49)	1921	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Republic of China (1912–49)	1932	^[2]
Asia	Republic of China (1912–49)	1939	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Japan	1942	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Japan	1946–52	^[2]
Asia	India	1958	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	India	1969	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	India	1972	^[5]
Asia	Indonesia	1966	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Iran	1992	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Iran	1990	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Jordan	1989	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Kuwait	1990–91	^[2]
Asia	Myanmar	1984	^[2]
Asia	Myanmar	1987	^[2]
Asia	Myanmar	2002	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Mongolia	1997–2000	^[2]
Asia	The Philippines	1983	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Solomon Islands	1995–2004	^[2]
Asia	Sri Lanka	1980	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Sri Lanka	1982	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Sri Lanka	1996	^[2]
Asia	Turkey	1876	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Turkey	1915	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Turkey	1931	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Turkey	1940	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Turkey	1978	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Turkey	1982	^{[citation needed]}
Asia	Vietnam	1975	^[2]
Europe	Albania	1990	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Archduchy of Austria	1796	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Archduchy of Austria	1802	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Austrian Empire	1811	^[6]
Europe	Austrian Empire	1816	Caused by the War of the Sixth Coalition. Ended by the establishment of Austria's central bank Oesterreichische Nationalbank.^[6]
Europe	Austria-Hungary	1868	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Austria	1938	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Austria	1940	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Austria	1945	^[2]
Europe	Bulgaria	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Bulgaria	1990	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Croatia	1993–96	^[2]
Europe	Germany	1939	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Germany	1948	See London Agreement on German External Debts^[2]
Europe	Germany - Hesse	1814	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Germany - Prussia	1807	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Germany - Prussia	1813	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Germany - Schleswig-Holstein	1850	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Germany - Westphalia	1812	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Greece	1826	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Greece	1843	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Greece	1860	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Greece	1893	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Greece	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Greece	2012	^[7]
Europe	Hungary	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Hungary	1941	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Poland	1936	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Poland	1981	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Portugal	1828	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Portugal	1837	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Portugal	1841	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Portugal	1845	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Portugal	1852	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Portugal	1890	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Russia	1839	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Russia	1885	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Russia	1918	Repudiation of Tsarist debts by Bolshevik revolutionaries.^[8]
Europe	Russia	1947	^[2]
Europe	Russia	1957	^[2]
Europe	Russia	1991	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1557	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1575	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1596	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1607	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1627	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1647	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1652	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1662	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1666	^[9]
Europe	Spain	1809	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1820	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1831	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1834	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1851	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1867	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1872	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1882	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Spain	1936–39	^[2]
Europe	Sweden	1812	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Ukraine	1998–2000	^[2]
Europe	Ukraine	2016	^[10]
Europe	United Kingdom	1822	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	United Kingdom	1834	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	United Kingdom	1888–89	^{[citation needed]}
Europe	United Kingdom	1932	See War bond § United Kingdom^[11]^[2]
Europe	United Kingdom	1976	The 1976 IMF Crisis was a financial crisis in the United Kingdom in 1976 which forced the government to borrow US$3.9 billion (US$17.2 billion in 2018) from the International Monetary Fund, the largest loan ever to have been requested from the IMF.^{[citation needed]}
Europe	Yugoslavia	1983	Did not default directly; default was split between the nations once part of Yugoslavia.^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Algeria	1991	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Angola	1976	^[2]
Africa	Angola	1985
Africa	Angola	1992–2002	^[2]
Africa	Cameroon	2004	^[2]
Africa	Central African Republic	1981	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Central African Republic	1983	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Congo (Kinshasa)	1979	^[2]
Africa	Côte d'Ivoire	1983	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Côte d'Ivoire	2000	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Côte d'Ivoire	2011	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Gabon	1999–2005	^[2]
Africa	Ghana	1979	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Ghana	1982	^[2]
Africa	Liberia	1989–2006	^[2]
Africa	Madagascar	2002	^[2]
Africa	Mozambique	1980	^[2]
Africa	Rwanda	1995	^[2]
Africa	Sierra Leone	1997–98	^[2]
Africa	Sudan	1991	^[2]
Africa	Tunisia Tunisia	1867	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Tunisia Tunisia	1986	^[12]
Africa	Egypt	1984	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Kenya	1994	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Kenya	2000	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Morocco	1983	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Morocco	1994	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Morocco	2000	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Nigeria	1982	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Nigeria	1986	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Nigeria	1992	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Nigeria	2001	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Nigeria	2004	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	South Africa	1985	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	South Africa	1989	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	South Africa	1993	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Zambia	1983	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Zimbabwe	1965	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Zimbabwe	2000	^{[citation needed]}
Africa	Zimbabwe	2006	See Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe^[2]
Americas	Antigua and Barbuda	1998–2005	^[2]
Americas	Argentina	1827	Default.^[13]
Americas	Argentina	1890	Default. Panic of 1890^[13]
Americas	Argentina	1915	Provincial default.^[13]
Americas	Argentina	1930	Provincial default.^[13]
Americas	Argentina	1982	Default. Latin American debt crisis^[13]
Americas	Argentina	1988–89	Internal debt default. Latin American debt crisis^[13]
Americas	Argentina	2001	Default. Following years of instability, the Argentine economic crisis (1999–2002) came to a head, and a new government announced it could not meet its public debt obligations.^[13]
Americas	Argentina	2005–16	Argentine debt restructuring.
Americas	Argentina	2014	^[14]^[15]
Americas	Barbados	2018	Defaulted on its Eurobonds after the uncovering of its high sovereign debt in terms of debt-to-GDP ratio.^[16]
Americas	Bolivia	1875	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Bolivia	1927	^[2]
Americas	Bolivia	1931	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Bolivia	1980	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Bolivia	1986	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Bolivia	1989	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1898	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1902	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1914	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1931	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1937	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1961	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1964	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1983	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Brazil	1986–87	^[2]
Americas	Brazil	1990	^[2]
Americas	Canada - Alberta	1935	^[2]
Americas	Chile	1826	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1880	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1931	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1961	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1963	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1966	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1972	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1974	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Chile	1983	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Colombia	1826	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Colombia	1850	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Colombia	1873	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Colombia	1880	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Colombia	1900	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Colombia	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Colombia	1935	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1828	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1874	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1895	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1901	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1962	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1981	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1983	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Costa Rica	1984	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Dominica	2003–05	^[2]
Americas	Dominican Republic	1872	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Dominican Republic	1892	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Dominican Republic	1897	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Dominican Republic	1899	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Dominican Republic	1931	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Dominican Republic	1975–2001	Latin American debt crisis^[2]
Americas	Dominican Republic	2005	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1826	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1868	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1894	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1906	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1909	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1914	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1929	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1982	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	1984	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	2000	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Ecuador	2008	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1828	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1876	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1894	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1899	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1921	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1938	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	El Salvador	1981–96	^[2]
Americas	Grenada	2004–05	^[2]
Americas	Guatemala	1933	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Guatemala	1986	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Guatemala	1989	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Guyana	1982	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Honduras	1828	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Honduras	1873	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Honduras	1981	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Jamaica	1978	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1827	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1833	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1844	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1850	^[2]
Americas	Mexico	1866	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1898	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1914	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1928–30s	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Mexico	1982	Latin American debt crisis
Americas	Nicaragua	1828	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Nicaragua	1894	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Nicaragua	1911	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Nicaragua	1915	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Nicaragua	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Nicaragua	1979	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Panama	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Panama	1983	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Panama	1987	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Panama	1988–89	^[2]
Americas	Paraguay	1874	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Paraguay	1892	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Paraguay	1920	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Paraguay	1932	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Paraguay	1986	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Paraguay	2003	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1826	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1850	^[2]
Americas	Peru	1876	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1931	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1969	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1976	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1978	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1980	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Peru	1984	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Surinam	2001–02	^[2]
Americas	Trinidad and Tobago	1989	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	United States	1779	Rapid devaluation of the Continental Dollar due to Congress's inability to levy taxes. During a later Constitutional Convention, memory of the suffering inspired the inclusion of the Contract Clause in the modern U.S. Constitution.^[17]
Americas	United States	1790	Crisis began in 1782. Ended by the Compromise of 1790 and the Funding Act of 1790.^[17]^[18]
Americas	United States	1798	Quasi-War
Americas	United States	1862	The Greenback Default^[19]^[17]
Americas	United States	1933	Executive Order 6102^[2]
Americas	United States	1971	Nixon Shock ^[20]^[21]
Americas	United States - 9 states	1841–42	^[2]
Americas	United States - 10 states and many local governments	1873–84	^[2]
Americas	Uruguay	1876	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Uruguay	1891	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Uruguay	1915	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Uruguay	1933	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Uruguay	1937	^[2]
Americas	Uruguay	1983	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Uruguay	1987	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Uruguay	1990	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1826	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1848	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1860	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1865	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1892	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1898	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1982	Latin American debt crisis^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1990	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	1995–97	^[2]
Americas	Venezuela	1998	^[2]
Americas	Venezuela	2004	^{[citation needed]}
Americas	Venezuela	2017	Venezuela defaulted on US$65 billion in external debt in November 2017 after years of unsustainable borrowing and a crash in global oil prices.^[22]

References[edit]

^ Reinhart, Carmen M.; Rogoff, Kenneth S. (2009). This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press. pp. 23, 87, 91, 95, 96. ISBN 978-0-691-14216-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax Reinhart, Carmen M.; Rogoff, Kenneth S. (2011). "The Forgotten History of Domestic Debt" (PDF). Economic Journal. 121 (552): 319–350 [pp. 343ff]. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02426.x. JSTOR 41236982.
^ "IMF: Greece makes overdue payments, no longer in default". eKathimerini. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ "IMF: Greece makes overdue payments, no longer in default". EUBusiness. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
^ Ghate, Chetan (2012-03-13). The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Economy. p. 627. ISBN 9780199734580 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Kann, Robert A. (1980). A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. Campus of the University of California: University of California Press (published November 26, 1980). p. 241. ISBN 0520042069.
^ Zettelmeyer, Jeromin; Trebesch, Christoph; Gulati, Mitu (July 2013). The Greek Debt Restructuring - An Autopsy.
^ Kim Oosterlinck. Hope Springs Eternal: French Bondholders and the Repudiation of Russian Sovereign debt Yale University Press. 2016
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Fernández-Renau Atienza, Daniel; Howden, David (21 January 2016), Three Centuries of Boom-Bust in Spain, Mises Institute
^ "Украина к исходу 31 декабря не заплатила Москве 3 миллиарда долларов для погашения и обслуживания долга". Echo of Moscow. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
^ https://www.bondvigilantes.com/blog/2010/02/02/what-happened-the-last-time-the-uk-defaulted/
^ MZ Bechri. "The Political Economy of Development Policy in Tunisia" (PDF). The University of Tunisia. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Boggiano, Miguel Ángel. "Historia del Default en Argentina". Carta Financiera.
^ Russo, Camila (2014-07-31). "Argentina Declared in Default by S&P as Talks Fail". Bloomberg.
^ D&Apos, Andres (2014-07-31). "Argentina defaults on international debt, blames U.S". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Barbados announced a technical default on coupon of Eurobonds with maturity in 2035". www.cbonds.com. Retrieved 2018-06-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chamberlain, John S. (2011-07-14). "A Short History of US Credit Defaults". Mises Institute. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
^ Kratz, Jessie (2015-05-31). "The Compromise of 1790". Pieces of History. Retrieved 2018-06-27.
^ kanopiadmin (2011-07-14). "A Short History of US Credit Defaults | John S. Chamberlain". Mises Institute. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
^ Ghizoni, Sandra Kollen. "Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage/Price Controls | Federal Reserve History". www.federalreservehistory.org. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
^ "1971 Termination of Gold/Dollar Convertability - Timeline - Slaying the Dragon of Debt - Regional Oral History Office - University of California, Berkeley". bancroft.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/francescoppola/2017/11/14/venezuela-defaults/#dea39642755e. Missing or empty |title= (help)

v t e Financial crises
Banking panic Bear market Credit crunch Credit cycle Currency crisis Debt crisis Energy crisis Flash crash Hyperinflation Liquidity crisis Minsky moment Stock market crash
Pre–1000	Crisis of the Third Century (CE 235–284)
1000–1760	Great Bullion Famine (c. 1400–c. 1500) The Great Debasement (1544–1551) Kipper und Wipper (1621–1623) Tulip mania crash (1637) South Sea bubble crash (1720) Mississippi bubble crash (1720–1721)
1760–1840	Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763 Bengal bubble crash (1769–1784) Crisis of 1772 Dutch Republic financial collapse (c. 1780–1795) Panic of 1785 Copper Panic of 1789 Panic of 1792 Panic of 1796–97 Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 Panic of 1819 Panic of 1825 Panic of 1837
1840–1870	Panic of 1847 Panic of 1857 Panic of 1866 Black Friday (1869)
1870–1914	Panic of 1873 Paris Bourse crash of 1882 Panic of 1884 Arendal crash (1886) Baring crisis (1890) Encilhamento (1890–1893) Panic of 1893 Australian banking crisis of 1893 Black Monday (1894) Panic of 1896 Panic of 1901 Panic of 1907 Shanghai rubber stock market crisis (1910) Panic of 1910–11
1918–1939	Early Soviet hyperinflation (1917–1924) Weimar Republic hyperinflation (1921–1923) Shōwa financial crisis (1927) Wall Street Crash of 1929 Panic of 1930
1945–1973	Kennedy Slide of 1962
1973–1982	1970s energy crisis (1973–1980) 1973 oil crisis 1973–74 stock market crash Secondary banking crisis of 1973–1975 Latin American debt crisis (1975–1982) 1976 IMF crisis 1979 oil crisis Brazilian hyperinflation (1980–1982)
1982–2007	Brazilian hyperinflation (1982–1994) Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash (1982) Chilean crisis of 1982 1983 Israel bank stock crisis Black Saturday (1983) Savings and loan crisis (1986–1995) Black Monday (1987) 1988–1992 Norwegian banking crisis Friday the 13th mini-crash (1989) Japanese asset price bubble crash (1990–1992) 1990 oil price shock Rhode Island banking crisis (1990–1992) 1991 Indian economic crisis 1990s Swedish banking crisis (1991–1992) 1990s Finnish banking crisis (1991–1993) 1990s Armenian energy crisis (1991–1995) Cuban Special Period (1991–2000) Black Wednesday (1992) Yugoslav hyperinflation (1992–1994) 1992 Colombian energy crisis 1994 bond market crisis Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994 Mexican peso crisis (1994) 1997 Asian financial crisis October 27, 1997 mini-crash 1998 Russian financial crisis 1998–99 Ecuador financial crisis Samba effect (1999) California electricity crisis (2000–01) Dot-com bubble crash (2000–2004) 2001 Turkish economic crisis 9/11 stock market crash (2001) Stock market downturn of 2002 South American economic crisis of 2002 2002 Uruguay banking crisis 2003 Myanmar banking crisis 2000s energy crisis (2003–2008) 2004 Argentine energy crisis Nigerian energy supply crisis (2005–) 2007 Chinese stock bubble crash Zimbabwean hyperinflation (2007–)
2007–08	U.S. housing market correction (2006–07) 2008 Bulgarian energy crisis 2008 Central Asia energy crisis 2008 Latvian financial crisis 2008–09 Belgian financial crisis 2008–09 Russian financial crisis 2008–09 Ukrainian financial crisis 2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis 2008–2011 Irish banking crisis 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis European debt crisis Greek government-debt crisis Subprime mortgage crisis U.S. bear market of 2007–2009
Post–2008	2009 Ecuador electricity crisis 2009 Dubai debt standstill Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–10 2010 Flash Crash 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis Energy crisis in Venezuela (2010–) 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami stock market crash August 2011 stock markets fall 2011 Bangladesh share market scam 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis 2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis Venezuela economic crisis (2013–) Gaza electricity crisis (2013–) 2014–2016 Brazilian economic crisis Puerto Rican government-debt crisis (2014–) 2014–2017 Russian financial crisis 2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence 2015–16 stock market selloff Zulia energy collapse (2015–) Brexit stock market crash (2016) 2016 Southeastern U.S. gas shortage Venezuelan hyperinflation (2016–) 2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis Ghana banking crisis (2017–18) 2018 cryptocurrency crash 2018 Turkish currency and debt crisis
List of banking crises List of economic crises List of sovereign debt crises List of stock market crashes and bear markets

List of sovereign debt crises

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References[edit]

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