List of tallest buildings
Tall buildings, such as skyscrapers, are intended here as enclosed structures with continuously occupiable floors and a height of at least 340 metres (1,120 ft). Such definition excludes non-building structures, such as towers.
History
Historically, the world's tallest man-made structure was the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which held the position for over 3800 years[3] until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1311. The Strasbourg Cathedral in France, completed in 1439, was the world's tallest building until 1874.
The first skyscraper was pioneered in Chicago with the 138 ft (42.1 m) Home Insurance Building in 1885. The United States would remain the location of the world's tallest building throughout the 20th century until 1998, when the Petronas Towers were completed. Since then, two other buildings have gained the title: Taipei 101 in 2004 and Burj Khalifa in 2010.[4] Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Middle East, China, and Southeast Asia have experienced booms in skyscraper construction.[5]
Ranking criteria and alternatives
The international non-profit organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) was formed in 1969 and announces the title of "The World's Tallest Building" and sets the standards by which buildings are measured. It maintains a list of the 100 tallest completed buildings in the world.[6] The organization currently ranks Burj Khalifa in Dubai as the tallest at 828 m (2,717 ft).[6] However, the CTBUH only recognizes buildings that are complete, and some buildings included within the lists in this article are not considered finished by the CTBUH.
In 1996, as a response to the dispute as to whether the Petronas Towers or the Sears Tower was taller,[7] the council listed and ranked buildings in four categories:[8]
- height to structural or architectural top;
- height to floor of highest occupied floor;
- height to top of roof (removed as category in November 2009);[9] and
- height to top of any part of the building.
All categories measure the building from the level of the lowest significant open-air pedestrian entrance.[10]
Spires are considered integral parts of the architectural design of buildings, changes to which would substantially change the appearance and design of the building, whereas antennas may be added or removed without such consequences. The Petronas Towers, with their spires, are thus ranked higher than the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) with its antennas, despite the Petronas Towers' lower roofs and lower highest point.[8]
Until 1996, the world's tallest building was defined by the height to the top of the tallest architectural element, including spires but not antennae.[8] In 1930, this definitional argument led to a rivalry between the Bank of Manhattan Building and the Chrysler Building. The Bank of Manhattan Building (i.e. 40 Wall Street) employed only a short spire, was 282.5 m (927 ft) tall, and had a much higher top occupied floor (the second category in the 1996 criteria for tallest building). In contrast, the Chrysler Building employed a very large 38.1 m (125 ft) spire secretly assembled inside the building to claim the title of world's tallest building with a total height of 318.9 m (1,046 ft), although it had a lower top occupied floor and a shorter height when both buildings' spires were excluded.
Upset by Chrysler's victory, Shreve & Lamb, the consulting architects of the Bank of Manhattan Building, wrote a newspaper article claiming that their building was actually the tallest, since it contained the world's highest usable floor, at 255 m (837 ft). They pointed out that the observation deck in the Bank of Manhattan Building was nearly 30 m (98 ft) above the top floor in the Chrysler Building, whose surpassing spire was strictly ornamental and inaccessible.[11]
The Burj Khalifa currently tops the list by some margin, regardless of which criterion is applied.[12][13]
Tallest buildings in the world
As of 6 June 2023, this list includes all 90 buildings (completed and architecturally topped out) which reach a height of 340 metres (1,120 ft) or more, as assessed by their highest architectural feature. The building is considered as architecturally topped out when it is under construction, structurally topped out, fully clad, and the highest finished architectural elements are in place.[10]
Of these buildings, almost half are in China. Six of the last seven buildings to have held the record as 'tallest building' are still found in the list, with the exception being the North Tower of the original World Trade Center at 417 metres (1,368 ft) after its destruction in the September 11 attacks of 2001. If the Twin Towers were never destroyed, and One World Trade Center was never built, the WTC towers would rank 35 and 36 on the list today.
| bold | Denotes building that is or was once the tallest in the world |
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Alternative measurements
 | It has been suggested that List of tallest buildings by height to roof be merged into this section. (Discuss) Proposed since May 2022. |
Height to pinnacle (highest point)
This measurement disregards distinctions between architectural and non-architectural extensions, and simply measures to the highest point, irrespective of material or function of the highest element.[10]
This measurement is useful for air traffic obstacle determinations, and is also a wholly objective measure. However, this measurement includes extensions that are easily added, removed, and modified from a building and are independent of the overall structure.
This measurement only recently came into use, when the Petronas Towers passed the Sears Tower (now named Willis Tower) in height. The former was considered taller because its spires were considered architectural, while the latter's antennae were not. This led to the split of definitions, with the Sears Tower claiming the lead in this and the height-to-roof (now highest occupied floor) categories, and with the Petronas claiming the lead in the architectural height category.
If the World Trade Center towers were still standing, the North (1,368 feet (417 m)) and South Towers (1,362 feet (415.1 m)) would fall between numbers 35 and 36 on the current list (it can be assumed the rebuilt One World Trade Center would have never been built).
| † | Denotes building with pinnacle height higher than architectural |
| Rank | Building | City | Country | Height | Floors | Built | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Burj Khalifa† | Dubai |  United Arab Emirates |
829.8 m | 2,722 ft | 163 | 2010 |
| 2 | Merdeka 118† | Kuala Lumpur |  Malaysia |
680.1 m | 2,231 ft | 118 | 2022 |
| 3 | Shanghai Tower | Shanghai |  China |
632 m | 2,073 ft | 128 | 2015 |
| 4 | Abraj Al-Bait Towers | Mecca |  Saudi Arabia |
601 m | 1,971 ft | 120 | 2012 |
| 5 | Ping An Finance Center | Shenzhen | China |
599.1 m | 1,965 ft | 115 | 2016 |
| 6 | Lotte World Tower† | Seoul |  South Korea |
555.7 m | 1,823 ft | 123 | 2016 |
| 7 | One World Trade Center† | New York City |  United States |
546.2 m | 1,792 ft | 104 | 2014 |
| 8 | Tianjin CTF Finance Centre† | Tianjin | China |
530.4 m | 1,740 ft | 98 | 2019 |
| 9 | Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre | Guangzhou | China |
530 m | 1,739 ft | 111 | 2016 |
| 10 | China Zun | Beijing | China |
528 m | 1,732 ft | 108 | 2018 |
| 11 | Willis Tower† | Chicago | United States |
527 m | 1,729 ft | 108 | 1974 |
| 12 | Taipei 101 | Taipei |  Taiwan |
508 m | 1,667 ft | 101 | 2004 |
| 13 | Shanghai World Financial Center† | Shanghai | China |
494.3 m | 1,622 ft | 101 | 2008 |
| 14 | International Commerce Centre | Hong Kong | China |
484 m | 1,588 ft | 118 | 2010 |
| 15 | Wuhan Greenland Center | Wuhan | China |
475.6 m | 1,560 ft | 97 | 2021 |
| 16 | Central Park Tower | New York City | United States |
472.4 m | 1,550 ft | 98 | 2020 |
| 17 | Landmark 81† | Ho Chi Minh City |  Vietnam |
469.5 m | 1,540 ft | 81 | 2018 |
| 18 | Lakhta Center | St. Petersburg |  Russia |
462 m | 1,516 ft | 86 | 2019 |
| 19 | International Land-Sea Center | Chongqing | China |
458.2 m | 1,503 ft | 98 | 2022 |
| 20 | John Hancock Center† | Chicago | United States |
456.9 m | 1,499 ft | 100 | 1969 |
| 21 | The Exchange 106 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia |
453.6 m | 1,488 ft | 95 | 2019 |
| 22 | Changsha IFS Tower T1 | Changsha | China |
452.1 m | 1,483 ft | 94 | 2018 |
| 23 | Petronas Tower 1 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia |
451.9 m | 1,483 ft | 88 | 1998 |
| 23 | Petronas Tower 2 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia |
451.9 m | 1,483 ft | 88 | 1998 |
| 25 | Zifeng Tower | Nanjing | China |
450 m | 1,476 ft | 89 | 2010 |
| 25 | Suzhou IFS | Suzhou | China |
450 m | 1,476 ft | 98 | 2019 |
| 27 | Empire State Building† | New York City | United States |
443.2 m | 1,454 ft | 102 | 1931 |
| 28 | Kingkey 100 | Shenzhen | China |
441.8 m | 1,449 ft | 100 | 2011 |
| 29 | Guangzhou International Finance Center | Guangzhou | China |
438.6 m | 1,445 ft | 103 | 2009 |
| 30 | Wuhan Center | Wuhan | China |
438 m | 1,437 ft | 88 | 2019 |
| 31 | 111 West 57th Street | New York City | United States |
435.3 m | 1,428 ft | 82 | 2020 |
| 32 | Dongguan International Trade Center 1 | Dongguan | China |
426.9 m | 1,401 ft | 88 | 2020 |
| 33 | One Vanderbilt | New York City | United States |
427 m | 1,401 ft | 58 | 2020 |
| 34 | 432 Park Avenue | New York City | United States |
425.5 m | 1,396 ft | 85 | 2015 |
| 35 | Marina 101 | Dubai | United Arab Emirates |
425 m | 1,394 ft | 101 | 2017 |
| 36 | Trump International Hotel and Tower | Chicago | United States |
423.2 m | 1,388 ft | 96 | 2009 |
| 37 | Jin Mao Tower | Shanghai | China |
421 m | 1,381 ft | 88 | 1998 |
| 38 | Princess Tower† | Dubai | United Arab Emirates |
414 m | 1,358 ft | 101 | 2012 |
| 39 | Al Hamra Tower | Kuwait City |  Kuwait |
412.6 m | 1,354 ft | 80 | 2010 |
| 40 | Two International Finance Centre | Hong Kong | China |
412 m | 1,352 ft | 88 | 2003 |
| 41 | Haeundae LCT The Sharp Landmark Tower | Busan | South Korea |
411.6 m | 1,350 ft | 101 | 2019 |
| 42 | Guangxi China Resources Tower | Nanning | China |
402.7 m | 1,321 ft | 85 | 2019 |
| 43 | Guiyang Financial Center Tower 1[54] | Guiyang | China |
401 m | 1,316 ft | 79 | 2021 |
Height to occupied floor
This height is measured to the highest occupiable floor within the building.[10]
| Rank | Building | City | Country | Height | Floors | Built |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Burj Khalifa | Dubai | United Arab Emirates |
585.4 m (1,921 ft) | 163 | 2010 |
| 2 | Shanghai Tower | Shanghai | China |
583.4 m (1,914 ft) | 128 | 2015 |
| 3 | Ping An Finance Center | Shenzhen | China |
562.2 m (1,844 ft) | 115 | 2016 |
| 4 | China Zun | Beijing | China |
515.5 m (1,691 ft) | 108 | 2018 |
| 5 | Merdeka 118 | Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia |
502.8 m (1,650 ft) | 118 | 2023 |
| 6 | Lotte World Tower | Seoul | South Korea |
497.6 m (1,633 ft) | 123 | 2016 |
| 7 | Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre | Guangzhou | China |
495.5 m (1,626 ft) | 111 | 2016 |
| 8 | Abraj Al-Bait Towers | Mecca | Saudi Arabia |
494.4 m (1,622 ft) | 120 | 2012 |
| 9 | Shanghai World Financial Center | Shanghai | China |
474 m (1,555 ft) | 101 | 2008 |
| 10 | International Commerce Centre | Hong Kong | China |
468.8 m (1,538 ft) | 118 | 2010 |
| 11 | Tianjin CTF Finance Centre | Tianjin | China |
439.4 m (1,442 ft) | 97 | 2018 |
| 12 | Taipei 101 | Taipei | Taiwan |
438 m (1,437 ft) | 101 | 2004 |
| 13 | Central Park Tower | New York City | United States |
431.8 m (1,417 ft) | 98 | 2020 |
| 14 | Changsha IFS Tower T1 | Changsha | China |
431 m (1,414 ft) | 94 | 2017 |
| 15 | International Land-Sea Center | Chongqing | China |
429.8 m (1,410 ft) | 98 | 2022 |
| 16 | KK100 | Shenzhen | China |
427.1 m (1,401 ft) | 98 | 2011 |
| 17 | Guangzhou International Finance Center | Guangzhou | China |
415.1 m (1,362 ft) | 101 | 2010 |
| 18 | Willis Tower | Chicago | United States |
412.7 m (1,354 ft) | 108 | 1974 |
Buildings under construction
This is a list of buildings taller than 350 m that are currently under construction.[107] On-hold buildings whose construction was interrupted after it had reached a significantly advanced state are also listed.
List by continent
The following list shows the tallest completed buildings located on each continent listed by greatest to least height (click on name of continent for continent-specific list):
| Continent | Building | Height | Floor count | Completed | Country | City |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | Burj Khalifa | 828 m (2,717 ft) | 163 | 2010 | United Arab Emirates |
Dubai |
| North America | One World Trade Center | 541.3 m (1,776 ft) | 94 | 2014 | United States |
New York City |
| Europe | Lakhta Center | 462 m (1,516 ft) | 86 | 2018 | Russia |
Saint Petersburg |
| Africa | Iconic Tower[citation needed] | 393.8 m (1,292 ft) | 77 | 2023 |  Egypt |
New Administrative Capital |
| Oceania | Q1 | 323 m (1,060 ft) | 78 | 2005 |  Australia |
Gold Coast |
| South America | Gran Torre Santiago[162] | 300 m (980 ft) | 64 | 2012 |  Chile |
Santiago |
| Antarctica | Long Duration Balloon (LDB) Payload Preparation Buildings[163][164] | 15 m (49 ft) | 1 | 2005 | - | McMurdo Station |
See also
- Dubai Creek Tower
- List of tallest freestanding structures
- List of tallest towers
- History of the world's tallest buildings
- Skyscraper Index
- Vanity height
Notes
- ^ The world's tallest building from 2004 to 2010
- ^ World's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004
- ^ Formerly known, and still commonly referred to, as the Sears Tower; world's tallest building from 1974 to 1998
- ^ Tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere[64]
- ^ World's tallest building from 1931 to 1972
- ^ Marked as under Construction by CTBUH, on-hold according to other sources[108]
- ^ a b c d e f Structurally Topped Out
References
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- ^ icon tower
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External links
Media related to Skyscraper at Wikimedia Commons- Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
- Emporis, international database and gallery of buildings
- Structurae, international database and gallery of structures
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