List of wars by death toll
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This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of a battle or other military wartime actions, as well as wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are often results of war-induced epidemics, famines, genocide, etc. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing methods of counting, and various other reasons, death tolls of wars have often been quite uncertain, and heavily debated.
While the definition of war isn't entirely clear-cut, there is a general understanding of what it is. Merriam-Webster defines war as "a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations",[1] Oxford English Dictionary defines war as "hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state",[2] and Encyclopædia Britannica defines war as "a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude".[3]
This list excludes mass killings and atrocities not explicitly classified as genocides, as well as genocides occurring outside of wartime, human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime.[a]
List
[edit]War | Death range |
Date | Combatants | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|
World War II | 50–85 million[4][5] | 1939–1945 | Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers | Global |
Mongol invasions and conquests | 20–60 million[6][7][8][9] | 1207–1405 | Mongol Empire vs. various states in Eurasia | Asia and Europe |
Three Kingdoms | 34 million[9] | 220–280 | Multiple sides | China |
Taiping Rebellion | 20–30 million[10][11] | 1850–1864 | Qing Dynasty vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | China |
World War I | 15–30 million[12][13] | 1914–1918 | Allied Powers vs. Central Powers | Global |
Manchu Conquest of China | 25 million[14][15] | 1618–1683 | Manchu vs. Ming Dynasty | China |
Conquests of Timur | 7–20 million[9] | 1369–1405 | Timurid Empire vs. various states in Asia | Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia |
An Lushan rebellion | 13 million[16] | 754–763 | Tang Dynasty and Uyghur Khaganate vs. Yan Dynasty | China |
Thirty Years' War | 4–12 million[17] | 1618–1648 | Anti-Imperial Alliance vs. Imperial Alliance | Europe |
Spanish conquest of Mexico | 10.5 million[18] | 1519–1530 | Spanish Empire and allies vs. Aztec Empire and allies | Mexico |
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire | 10 million[19] | 1533–1572 | Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire | South America |
Russian Civil War | 7–10 million[20] | 1917–1922 | Multiple sides; Bolsheviks, Anti-Bolshevik left, White Movement, Allied and Central Intervention, as well as various separatists | Russia |
Chinese Civil War | 4–9 million[21] | 1927–1949[b] | Multiple sides; but predominantly Communists vs. Kuomintang | China |
Crusades | 1–9 million[24][25] | 1095–1291 | Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuk Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims | Europe and the Middle East |
Reconquista | 7 million[26] | 718–1492 | Spanish and Portuguese Christians vs. Spanish and Portuguese Muslims | Iberian Peninsula |
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars | 4–7 million[27][28][c] | 1792–1815 | French Republic, later French Empire, vs. Coalition forces | Europe |
Conquests of Menelik II | 6 million[29] | 1878–1904 | Ethiopian Empire vs. Emirate of Harar, Kingdom of Kaffa, Kingdom of Wolaita, and allies | Horn of Africa |
Second Congo War | 3–5.4 million[30][31][32] | 1998–2003 | Multiple sides | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Spanish conquest of New Granada | 5.25 million[33][34] | 1525–1540 | Spanish Empire and Klein-Venedig vs. Muisca Confederation and other civilizations | Colombia |
Deccan wars | 4.6–5 million[35] | 1680–1707 | Mughal Empire vs. Maratha Confederacy | Indian subcontinent |
Vietnam War | 1.1–4.2 million[36][37][38] | 1955–1975 | North Vietnam and allies vs. South Vietnam and allies | Indochina |
Nigerian Civil War | 3.04–4.1 million[39][40] | 1967–1970 | Nigeria vs. Biafra | Nigeria |
Deluge | 3–4 milion[41] | 1648–1666 | Poland–Lithuania vs Swedish Empire and Russia | Eastern Europe |
French Wars of Religion | 2–4 million[42] | 1562–1598 | French catholics vs Huguenots | France |
Korean War | 2.5–3.5 million[43][21] | 1950–1953 | North Korea and allies vs. South Korea and allies | Korean Peninsula |
Hundred Years' War | 2.3–3.5 million[44][45][27] | 1337–1453 | House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet | Western Europe |
Soviet–Afghan War | 1–3 million[46] | 1979–1989 | Soviet Union and Democratic Republic of Afghanistan vs. Afghan mujahideen | Afghanistan |
Delhi Conquest of North India | 0.5–3 million[47] | 1300–1310 | Delhi Sultanate vs. North Indian States | Indian subcontinent |
Bangladesh Liberation War | 0.3–3 million[48][49] | 1971 | India and Provisional Government of Bangladesh vs. Pakistan | Indian subcontinent |
Mexican Revolution | 1.7–2.7 million[50] | 1910–1920 | Anti-government vs. Pro-government | Mexico |
Ethiopian Civil War and Eritrean War of Independence | 1.75–2 million[51][52][53] | 1961–1991[d] | EPRDF, later EPLF vs. Derg and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Horn of Africa |
Russo-Circassian War and Caucasian War | 1.5–2 million[54] | 1763–1864 | Circassian Confederation, Principality of Abkhazia, and Caucasian Imamate vs. Russian Empire | Caucasus |
Second Sudanese Civil War | 1–2 million[55][56] | 1983–2005 | Sudan vs. SSPDF | Sudan |
Tây Sơn wars | 1–2 million[57][58] | 1771-1802 | Tây Sơn dynasty vs. Nguyễn lords, Kingdom of Cambodia, Rattanakosin Kingdom, and Kingdom of France | Indochina |
Akbar's Conquest of North India | 1–2 million[59] | 1556–1605 | Mughal Empire vs. North Indian States | Indian subcontinent |
Indian Rebellion of 1857 | 0.8–2 million[60] | 1857–1858 | United Kingdom and allies vs. Indian rebels and allies | Indian subcontinent |
Balkan Wars | 0.75–1.77 million[61][62] | 1912–1913 | Ottoman Empire vs. Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; later Bulgaria vs. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania | Balkans |
Algerian War | 0.4–1.6 million[63][64] | 1954–1962 | France vs. Separatists National Liberation Front, Algerian National Movement, and Algerian Communist Party | North Africa |
Seven Years' War | 1–1.5 million[65][27] | 1756–1763 | Great Britain, Kingdom of Prussia, Hanover, Portugal, and allies vs. Kingdom of France, Habsburg empire, Saxony, Spain, and allies | Global |
French conquest of Algeria | 0.98–1.48 million[66][67][68] | 1830–1903 | France vs. Regency of Algiers, Emirate of Abdelkader, Kingdom of Beni Abbas, and allies | North Africa |
Gallic Wars | 0.7–1.47 million[27][69][70][71] | 58 BC–50 BC | Roman Empire vs. Gauls | Gaul |
Jewish-Roman wars | 0.35–1.4 million[72][73] | 66–135 | Roman Empire vs. Judean provisional government | Fertile Crescent |
War of the Spanish Succession | 0.4–1.25 million[74][75] | 1701–1714 | Habsburg Spain, Great Britain, Holy Roman Empire, and allies vs. Bourboun Spain, Kingdom of France, and allies | Global |
Franco-Prussian War | 1.15 million[76][77] | 1870–1871 | Second French Empire, later Third French Republic vs. North German Confederation | Central Europe |
Japanese invasions of Korea | 1 million [78] | 1592–1598 | Joseon and Ming dynasty vs. Japan | Korean Peninsula |
Panthay Rebellion | 1 million[79] | 1856–1873 | Qing Dynasty vs. Pingnan Guo | China |
American Civil War | 0.6–1 million[80][81] | 1861–1865 | United States vs. Confederate States | North America |
Mozambican Civil War | 0.5–1 million[82] | 1977–1992 | People's Republic of Mozambique, later Republic of Mozambique, and allies vs. RENAMO and allies | Mozambique |
First Sudanese Civil War | 0.5–1 million[83][84] | 1955–1972 | Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, later Democratic Republic of the Sudan vs. Sudan Defence Force | Sudan |
First Indochina War | 0.4–0.84 million[85][86] | 1946–1954 | Viet Minh, Pathet Lao, and Khmer Issarak vs. French Union | Indochina |
Angolan Civil War | 0.8 million[87] | 1975–2002 | People's Republic of Angola, later Republic of Angola, and allies vs. Democratic People's Republic of Angola and allies | Angola |
Burundian Civil War | 0.55–0.8 million[88][89] | 1993–2005 | Burundi vs. Ethnic Hutu vs. Tutsi Militants | Rwanda and Burundi |
Second Punic War | 0.77 million[90] | 218 BC–201 BC | Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage | Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa |
War of Austrian Succession | 0.75 million[91] | 1740–1748 | France, Prussia, Spain, and allies vs. Habsburg monarchy, Great Britain, Dutch Republic, and allies | Europe, Americas, and Indian subcontinent |
Nine Years' War | 0.68 million[92] | 1688–1697 | Kingdom of France vs. Grand Alliance | Europe |
Crimean War | 0.61–0.67 million[93][94][95] | 1853–1856 | Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France and United Kingdom | Crimea, Black Sea, Caucasus and Balkans |
Warring States period and Qin's wars of unification | 0.65 million[96] | 475 BC–221 BC | Multiple sides | China |
Syrian civil war | 0.58–0.61 million[97][98] | 2011–present | Multiple sides | Levant |
Mexican War of Independence | 0.6 million[99] | 1810–1821 | Mexican patriots vs. Spanish Empire | North and Central America |
Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars | 0.6 million[100] | 1362–1443 | Vijayanagara Empire and Musunuri Nayakas vs. Bahmani Sultanate | Indian subcontinent |
Turkish War of Independence | 0.4–0.6 million[101][102] | 1919–1923 | Turkey vs. Greece, France, United Kingdom, and Armenia | Anatolia |
Tigray War | 0.16–0.6 million[103][104] | 2020–2022 | Ethiopia and Eritrea vs. Tigray People's Liberation Front and allies | Horn of Africa |
Northern Wars | 0.57 million[105][106][107][108] | 1554–1721 | Tsardom of Russia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and allies vs. Swedish Empire and allies | Northern and Eastern Europe |
Roman-Germanic wars | 0.54 million[109][110] | 113 BC–774 | Roman Republic, later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire vs. Germanic tribes | Germania |
First Punic War | 0.4–0.54 million[111][112] | 264 BC–241 BC | Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage | Southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa |
Iran-Iraq War | 0.45–0.5 million[113][114] | 1980–1988 | Islamic Republic of Iran vs. Iraqi Republic | Iran and Iraq |
Paraguayan War | 0.15–0.5 million[115] | 1864–1870 | Empire of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay | South America |
Uganda-Tanzania War and Ugandan Bush War | 0.1–0.5 million[116][117][118][119] | 1978–1986 | Uganda vs. Tanzania, National Liberation Front, and National Resistance Movement | Uganda and Tanzania |
Papua conflict | 0.1–0.5 million[120][121] | 1962–present | Indonesia vs. Free Papua Movement | New Guinea |
Eighty Years' War | 0.1–0.5 million[122] | 1566–1648 | Spanish Empire vs. Separatist Dutch Republic | Low Countries |
Spanish Civil War | 0.35–0.47 million[123][124][125] | 1936–1939[e] | Nationalists vs. Republicans | Iberian Peninsula |
Colombian conflict | 0.45 million[129] | 1964–present | Colombia vs. Colombian and Mexican drug cartels and paramilitaries vs. FARC | Colombia |
Polish–Ottoman Wars | 0.43 million[130][131] | 1485–1699 | Poland-Lithuania, Holy League, and allies vs. Ottoman Empire and allies | Central Europe and Balkans |
Roman–Greek wars | 0.42 million[132] | 280 BC–30 BC | Roman Republic vs. Greek states, later Greek rebels and Ptolemaic Kingdom | Peloponnese Peninsula, Balkans, Anatolia, Egypt and Italy |
Maratha invasions of Bengal | 0.4 million[133][134] | 1741–1751 | Maratha Confederacy vs. Bengal Nawab | Indian subcontinent |
Colombian War of Independence | 0.4 million[135] | 1810–1825 | Colombian patriots vs. Spanish Empire | Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela |
Third Indochina War | 0.4 million[136] | 1975–1991 | Democratic Kampuchea, China, and Thailand vs. Vietnam, Laos, and People's Republic of Kampuchea vs. Communist Party of Thailand | Indochina |
War in Darfur | 0.4 million[137] | 2003–2020 | Sudan vs. SRF and SLM/A | Sudan |
Mexican war on drugs | 0.35–0.4 million[138][139] | 2006–present | Mexico vs drug cartels | Mexico |
Song–Đại Việt war | 0.25–0.4 million[140][141] | 1075–1077 | Song Dynasty vs. Đại Việt | Indochina |
Cuban Wars of Independence and Spanish–American War | 0.39 million[142][143] | 1868–1898 | United States, Cuban Revolutionaries, and Philippine Revolutionaries vs. Spanish Empire | Caribbean and the Philippines |
South Sudanese Civil War | 0.38 million[144] | 2013–2020 | South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO, Nuer White Army, and SSDM | South Sudan |
Yemeni civil war | 0.15–0.37 million[145][146] | 2014–present | Multiple sides | Yemen |
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) | 0.17–0.36 million[147][148] | 2001–2021 | Taliban and allies vs. United States-led coalition and the Afghan Government[f] | Afghanistan |
Boko Haram insurgency | 0.03–0.35 million[149] | 2009–present | Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram | Nigeria |
Franco-Dutch War | 0.34 million[150] | 1672–1678 | Kingdom of France vs. Dutch Republic | Western Europe |
Ottoman–Venetian wars | 0.34 million[151][152] | 1415–1718 | Ottoman Empire vs. Holy League | Mediterranean Sea, Greece and Cyprus |
Liberian Civil Wars and Sierra Leone Civil War | 0.3–0.32 million[153][154][155] | 1989–2003 | Liberian government, Revolutionary United Front vs. National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, Sierra Leone | West Africa |
Cambodian Civil War | 0.27–0.31 million[156][157][158] | 1967–1975 | Khmer Rouge and allies vs. Kingdom of Cambodia, later the Khmer Republic, and allies | Cambodia |
Goguryeo–Sui War | 0.3 million[159][160] | 598–614 | Sui Dynasty vs. Goguryeo | Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula |
Carlist Wars | 0.3 million[161] | 1833–1876 | Carlists vs. Liberals and Republicans | Iberian Peninsula |
Iraqi conflict | 0.27–0.3 million[162] | 2003–2017 | Multiple sides | Levant |
Gulf War | 0.17–0.3 million[163][164] | 1990–1991[g] | Kuwait and the United States-led coalition vs. Iraq | Kuwait and Iraq |
Roman conquest of Britain | 0.13–0.29 million[165][166][167] | 43–84 | Roman Empire vs. Celtic Britons | Great Britain |
Russo-Ukrainian War | 0.12–0.28 million[168][169][170][171][172] | 2014–present | Russia vs. Ukraine | Eastern Europe and the Black Sea |
Philippine–American War | 0.21–0.27 million[173] | 1899–1913 | United States vs. Philippine Republic, later Tagalog Republic, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Maguindanao | Philippines |
Burmese–Siamese wars | 0.26 million[174][175] | 1547–1855 | Thailand vs. Myanmar | Southeast Asia |
Kalinga War | 0.25 million[176] | 262 BC–261 BC | Maurya Empire vs. Kalinga | Indian subcontinent |
First Congo War | 0.25 million[177] | 1996–1997 | Zaire vs. AFDL | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Cristero War | 0.25 million[178] | 1926–1929 | Mexico vs. Cristeros | Mexico |
Greek War of Independence | 0.24 million[179][180] | 1821–1829 | Ottoman Empire vs. Separatist First Hellenic Republic | Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula |
Myanmar conflict | 0.23 million[181][182] | 1948–present | National Unity Government of Myanmar vs. State Administration Council | Myanmar |
American Revolution | 0.18–0.23 million[183][184] | 1775–1783 | American Patriots vs. Great Britain | North America |
Chechen conflict | 0.08–0.23 million[185][186][187][188][189][190] | 1994–2009 | Russia vs. Separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | Caucasus |
Indian Annexation of Hyderabad | 0.2 million[191][192] | 1948 | India vs. Hyderabad | Indian subcontinent |
La Violencia | 0.2 million[193] | 1948–1958 | Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party | Colombia |
Greco-Persian Wars | 0.2 million[194] | 499 BC 449 BC | Greek city-states vs. Achaemenid Empire | Southeast Europe, West Asia, and Northeast Africa |
Guatemalan Civil War | 0.14–0.2 million[195][196] | 1960–1996 | Government of Guatemala vs. Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity | Central America |
North Yemen Civil War | 0.1–0.2 million[197][198] | 1962–1970 | Kingdom of Yemen vs. Yemen Arab Republic | Yemen |
Italo-Senussi Wars | 0.07-0.2 million[199][200][201] | 1911–1934 | Kingdom of Italy vs. Senusiyya, Ottoman Empire | North Africa |
Portuguese Colonial War | 0.14–0.18 million[202][203][204] | 1961–1974 | Estado Novo vs. MPLA, PAIGC, FNLA, among others | Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique |
Thousand Days' War | 0.1–0.18 million[205] | 1899–1902 | Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party | Colombia |
Sri Lankan Civil War | 0.08–0.17 million[206][207] | 1983[h]–2009 | Sri Lankan government vs. Separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam | Sri Lanka |
Russo-Japanese War | 0.12–0.16 million[209] | 1904–1905 | Empire of Japan vs. Russian Empire | East Asia |
Arab-Israeli conflict | 0.15 million[210][211][212][213] | 1948[i]–present | Israel vs. Arab League, Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthi movement | Levant |
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) | 0.15 million[215][216] | 2023–present | Sudan and allies vs. Rapid Support Forces and allies | Sudan |
Algerian Civil War | 0.15 million[217] | 1992–2002 | Multiple sides | North Africa |
Lebanese Civil War | 0.12–0.15 million[218][219][220] | 1975–1990 | Multiple sides | Levant |
Greek Civil War | 0.08–0.15 million[221][222] | 1946–1949 | Kingdom of Greece vs. Provisional Democratic Government | Balkans and Peloponnese Peninsula |
Yugoslav Wars | 0.13–0.14 million[223][224] | 1991–2001 | Separatist forces and NATO vs. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Balkans |
Irish Nine Year's War | 0.13 million[225] | 1593–1603 | Kingdom of England vs. Irish rebels | Ireland |
Charts and graphs
[edit]See also
[edit]- Casualty recording
- Timeline of wars
- List of battles by casualties
- List of number of conflicts per year
- Lists of wars
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
- List of genocides
- List of sovereign states by refugee population
- List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
- Genocides in history
- Genocide
- Massacre
- Casualty
- War crime
- Ethnic cleansing
Notes
[edit]- ^ Some examples would include the Dirty War (22,000–30,000 killed), the Cultural Revolution (0.4-20 million killed), the Rubber Terror (1.5-13 million killed), the excess mortality period in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin (3.2-9 million killed), the Transatlantic slave trade, the Arab slave trade, the Native American Indian genocide, the Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures (20,000-250,000 killed yearly in the Aztec Empire alone), the Dzungar genocide (420,000-480,000 killed), or the Herero and Nama genocide (34,000-110,000 killed). Information about these events might be found in the List of genocides or in the List of ethnic cleansing campaigns.
- ^ Before 1927, violence had erupted in the Xinhai 1911 Revolution, which brought an end to the Qing dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China. Even if major fighting had ceased by 1949, the Chinese Civil War is technically still ongoing, with the "de facto" independent Republic of China in Taiwan still claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China. The People's Republic of China even tried to annex it several times during the Taiwan Strait Crises. Human-caused deaths at a large scale continued with the People's Republic of China starting a Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries until 1953, which led to an additional 712,000-2,000,000 people executed.[22][23]
- ^ For further information regarding the death toll from 1803 to 1815, see Napoleonic Wars casualties
- ^ In the middle of these conflicts, the Ogaden War between Ethiopia and Somalia took place in the Horn of Africa, and left some 37,000 people killed, being this a phase of the Ethiopian–Somali conflict.
- ^ While the civil war ended in 1939, mass killings would continue until 1947, during the White Terror period, which led to the extermination of 160,000-400,000 liberals, socialists of different stripes, Protestants, intellectuals, homosexual people, Freemasons, Jews, and Basque, Catalan, Andalusian, and Galician nationalists.[126][127][128]
- ^
- 2001–2002: Islamic State of Afghanistan
- 2002–2004: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
- 2004–2021: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
- ^ A no-fly zone was imposed on Iraq following this conflict, which led to several cruise missile strikes against it between 1991 and 2003, some of them in response to Iraqi actions during the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (that lasted between 1994 and 1997), and others due to Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction.
- ^ Political violence in the country has been recorded as early as 1954.[208]
- ^ While the starting point of the conflict is usually denoted as the 1948 Arab-Israeli War or the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, violent strife emerged in the region as soon as 1920 during the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine.[214]
References
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The watchword of the Congress, in fact, was not reaction, but rather peace, and, in the wake of the estimated five to seven million deaths of the French Wars, one can thank God for it.
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Thus ended for a time one of the bloodiest wars in history. During the two years and more the loss of life was frightful; nothing remains upon which to base a reliable estimate, but the War Monument at Kiuto, and the accounts of such battles as Kyong-chu, Choung-chu, Haing chu, the Im Chiu River, Pyongyang, Yenan, the massacre at Söul, Ulsan and Chiu-chu, and fifty other engagements would make a million lives a conservative estimate.
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As our estimate of the civilian deaths in the Tigray war is regularly mentioned in the media, it seems important to share our evolving understanding and updated (lower) number of civilian deaths as a result of the Tigray war and blockade. We concluded that the IPC/FEWS categorization, on which our Tigray statistics are mainly based, overestimates hunger mortality. Along with developing information on the ground, this would point to a total number of civilian deaths ranging from 162,000 to 378,000.
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The Geneva Declaration Secretariat, which closely examined data from armed conflicts occurring in the period of 2004-2007, suggests that, 'a reasonable average estimate would be a ratio of four indirect deaths to one direct death in contemporary conflicts.' If we use this ratio, the ongoing war in Afghanistan is perhaps responsible for as many as an additional 7 indirect deaths.
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Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.
cf. "Cambodia: U.S. bombing, civil war, & Khmer Rouge". World Peace Foundation. 7 August 2015.On the higher end of estimates, journalist Elizabeth Becker writes that 'officially, more than half a million Cambodians died on the Lon Nol side of the war; another 600,000 were said to have died in the Khmer Rouge zones.' However, it is not clear how these numbers were calculated or whether they disaggregate civilian and soldier deaths. Others' attempts to verify the numbers suggest a lower number. Demographer Patrick Heuveline has produced evidence suggesting a range of 150,000 to 300,000 violent deaths from 1970 to 1975. In an article reviewing different sources about civilian deaths during the civil war, Bruce Sharp argues that the total number is likely to be around 250,000 violent deaths. ... [Heuveline]'s conclusion is that an average of 2.52 million people (range of 1.17–3.42 million) died as a result of regime actions between 1970 and 1979, with an average estimate of 1.4 million (range of 1.09–2.16 million) directly violent deaths.
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An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.
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Further reading
[edit]- Steven Pinker (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101544643. pp. 832. (see also: 2016 update)
- Levy, Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495-1975. University Press of Kentucky, USA. ISBN 081316365X.
External links
[edit]- An Interactive map of all the battles fought around the world in the last 4,000 years
- Information on 1,500 conflicts since 1800
- Max Roser: 'War and Peace'. (2016). Published online at OurWorldInData.org.