List of wars by death toll
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This list of wars by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers usually include both the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of battle or other military wartime actions, as well as the wartime/war-related deaths of civilians, which are the results of war-induced epidemics, diseases, famines, atrocities, genocide, etc.
Contents
List of wars by death toll with over 1,000,000 deaths[edit]
| War | Death Range |
Geometric Mean |
Date | Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (all wars) | 315,326,595–764,762,571 | 487,767,309 | Recorded history | Worldwide | Based on all data described here |
| World War II | 40,000,000–85,000,000 | 58,309,519 | 1939–1945 | Worldwide | see World War II casualties |
| Mongol conquests | 40,000,000–70,000,000 | 52,915,026 | 1206–1324 | Eurasia | [1][2][3][4] – excludes the (up to) 200,000,000 deaths from the Black Death migration associated with the Mongol expansion |
| Taiping Rebellion | 20,000,000–100,000,000 | 44,721,360 | 1850–1864 | China | [5][6] |
| Three Kingdoms War | 36,000,000–40,000,000 | 37,947,332 | 184–280 | China | [7][8] |
| Conquest of the Americas | 8,400,000–137,750,000 | 34,016,173 | 1492–1691 | Americas | [9][10][11] See Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas. These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined.[12][13][13][14][15] |
| Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent | 6,000,000-80,000,000, up to 100 million | 26,000,000 | 12th–16th Centuries | Indian Subcontinent | [16] rough estimates, but the actual numbers are unknown. |
| Second Sino-Japanese War | 25,000,000 | 25,000,000 | 1937–1945 | China | [17] – Part of World War II |
| Qing dynasty conquest of Ming Dynasty | 25,000,000 | 25,000,000 | 1616–1662 | China | [18] |
| Spanish conquest of Mexico | 24,300,000 | 24,300,000 | 1519-1632 | Mexico | [19] |
| An Lushan Rebellion | 13,000,000–36,000,000 | 21,633,308 | 755–763 | China | [20] |
| World War I/Great War | 20,000,000 | 20,000,000 | 1914–1918 | Worldwide | see World War I casualties |
| Dungan Revolt | 8,000,000–20,770,000 | 12,890,306 | 1862–1877 | China | |
| Conquests of Tamerlane | 8,000,000–20,000,000 | 12,649,111 | 1370–1405 | Eurasia | [21][22] |
| Spanish conquest of Peru | 8,400,000 | 8,400,000 | 1533-1620 | Peru | [23] |
| Chinese Civil War | 8,000,000 | 8,000,000 | 1927–1949 | China | [24] |
| Russian Civil War and Foreign Intervention | 5,000,000–9,000,000 | 6,708,204 | 1917–1922 | Russia | [25] |
| Thirty Years' War | 3,000,000–11,500,000 | 5,873,670 | 1618–1648 | Europe | [26] |
| Napoleonic Wars | 3,500,000–6,000,000 | 4,582,576 | 1803–1815 | Europe | see Napoleonic Wars casualties |
| Second Congo War/Great War of Africa | 2,500,000–5,400,000 | 3,674,235 | 1998–2003 | Central Africa | [27][28][29][30] |
| French Wars of Religion | 2,000,000–4,000,000 | 2,828,427 | 1562–1598 | France | [31] – also known as Huguenot Wars |
| Shaka's conquests | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 1816–1828 | South Africa | [32] |
| Vietnam War/Second Indochina War | 800,000–3,800,000 | 1,743,560 | 1955–1975 | Vietnam | [33][34][35] |
| Biafra War | 1,000,000-3,000,000 | 1,732,051 | 1967–1970 | Nigeria | |
| Mexican Revolution | 1,000,000–2,000,000 | 1,414,214 | 1910–1920 | Mexico | [36] |
| Soviet war in Afghanistan | 957,865–1,622,865 | 1,246,790 | 1979–1989 | Afghanistan | [37][38][39] |
| Korean War | 1,200,000 | 1,200,000 | 1950–1953 | Korea | [40] |
| Seven Years' War | 868,000–1,400,000 | 1,102,361 | 1756–1763 | Worldwide | [41][42] |
| Iran–Iraq War/First Persian Gulf War | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 1980–1988 | Middle East | [43] |
| Japanese invasions of Korea | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | 1592–1598 | Korea | [44] |
List of wars by death toll with fewer than 1,000,000 deaths[edit]
- 880,000–1,000,000+ – American Civil War (1861–1865)[45][46][47]
- 900,000 – War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)
- 876,000 – English Civil War (1642–1651)[48][49][50]
- 873,000 – Conquests of Mehmed II 'the Conqueror' (1451–1481), may be over- or underestimated[51]
- 770,000 – Second Punic War (218–201 BC)[52]
- 503,158+ - Angolan Civil War (1975-2002)
- 500,000–1,500,000 – Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991)[53]
- 500,000 – Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)[54]
- 400,000–1,000,000 – Gallic Wars (58–50 BC)
- 470,000 – Syrian Civil War (2011–present), see Casualties of the Syrian civil war
- 440,000 – Paraguayan War (1864-1870)
- 400,000+ – First Indochina War (1946–1954)
- 400,000 – Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–92), Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96) and Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) (1989–2001)[55]
- 400,000+ – War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870)[56]
- 387,333+ – Continuation War (1941-1944) Part of the World War II[citation needed]
- 350,000–1,500,000 – Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)[57]
- 356,000–410,000 – Crimean War (1853–1856)
- 350,000 – Kalinga War (262–261 BC)
- 350,000 – Third Northern War (1700–1721)[58]
- 356,000–735,000 – Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651)[59]
- 300,000–3,000,000[60] – Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)
- 300,000 – Second Burundian Civil War (1993–2005)[61]
- 300,000 (TFG)–500,000+ (AFP) – Somali Civil War (1986–present)[62][63][64]
- 272,000–1,260,009 – War on Terror (2001–present)[65][66][67]
- 234,000 – Philippine–American War (1899–1912)[68]
- 220,000 – Colombian conflict (1964–present)[69]
- 200,000–1,000,000 – Albigensian Crusade (1208–1229)[70][71]
- 200,000–500,000 — Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)[72]
- 200,000 – Algerian Civil War (1991–2002)[73][74]
- 192,700-194,700 - La Violencia[citation needed]
- 185,250–3,000,000 – Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)[75]
- 178,258–461,520 – War in Darfur (2003–present)[76]
- 176,913–1,120,000 – Iraq War/Third Persian Gulf War (2003–2011), see Casualties of the Iraq War, part of the War on Terror[66][67][77]
- 153,736-194,837 - Winter War (1939-1940) Part of the World War II[citation needed]
- 150,000-400,000 - West Papua conflict
- 138,800–320,100 – Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)[78][79]
- 130,000–250,000 – Internal conflict in Myanmar (1948–present)[80]
- 120,000 – Thousand Days' War (1899–1902) [81]
- 120,000–384,000 – Great Turkish War (1683–1699) (see Ottoman-Habsburg wars)[citation needed]
- 120,000–150,000 – Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)[citation needed]
- 120,000 – Islamic insurgency in the Philippines (1969–present)[82]
- 116,074 – Arab–Israeli conflict (1920–present)[83]
- 106,800+ – Mexican Drug War (2006–present)[84][85]
- 100,000+ – LRA insurgency
- 100,000–200,000 – North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970)[86]
- 100,000–10,000,000[87] – Indian Rebellion of 1857
- 100,000–500,000 – Ugandan Bush War (1981–1986)[88][89]
- 100,000 – Insurgency in Laos (1975–2007)[90]
- 100,000 – German Peasants' War (1524–1525)[91]
- 100,000 - Congo Crisis (1960-1965) [92]
- 97,000–107,000 – Aceh War (1873–1914)[93]
- 97,214–104,732 – Bosnian War (1991–1995)[citation needed]
- 93,050 - Arab–Israeli conflict (1948-present)[citation needed]
- 90,969 – Mahdist War (1881–1889)[citation needed]
- 90,000+ – Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War (1018–1019)[94]
- 85,000–235,000 – 1991 uprisings in Iraq (1991)[95][96][97]
- 82,991-102,991 - Angolan War of Independence (1961-1974)
- 80,000–110,000, - Kashmir Conflict (1947 to present)
- 80,000–100,000 – Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)[98]
- 70,000 – Internal conflict in Peru (1980-present)[99]
- 63,500–88,500 – Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1974)[100]
- 60,000 – Ituri conflict (1999–2007)[101]
- 47,246–61,603 – War in Afghanistan (2001–present) (2001–present), part of the War on Terror[77]
- 45,852–78,946 – War in North-West Pakistan (2004–present), part of the War on Terror[77]
- 45,000+ – Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)[102]
- 38,000 – Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994)
- 35,000–50,000 – Wars of the Roses (1455–1487)[103][104]
- 34,000 – Iranian-Kurdish conflict (1918–present)[105]
- 34,000 – Ethnic conflict in Nagaland (1954–present)[106]
- 33,420–95,768 – Soviet–Japanese War (1945) (1945) Part of the World War II[citation needed]
- 30,000–43,000 – CPP-NPA-NDF rebellion (1969–present)[107]
- 27,080+ - Greco-Italian War (1940-1941) Part of the World War II[citation needed]
- 25,000 – Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)[80]
- 25,000 – Shia insurgency in Yemen (2004–present)[108]
- 21,741 – War of 1812 (1812–1815) [109]
- 20,000 – Ragamuffin War (1835–1845)[110]
- 19,619+ - Rhodesian Bush War (1964-1979)
- 18,069–20,069 – First Opium War (1839–1842)[111]
- 17,294 – 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya (1940-1944)[citation needed]
- 17,200 – First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842)[112]
- 16,765–17,065 – Balochistan conflict (1948–present)[113][114][115]
- 16,752–21,426 – Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)[citation needed]
- 16,000 – War of the Pacific (1879–1883)
- 16,000 – Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
- 15,000 – Nigerian Sharia conflict (1953–present)[116][117][118]
- 14,460-14,922 South African Border War (1966-1990)
- 13,929 – Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)[119]
- 13,812 – Naxalite-Maoist insurgency (1967–present)[120][121]
- 13,100–35,000 – Kurdish separatism in Iran
- 10,523-21,523 - 1948 Palestine war (1947-1949) part of the Arab–Israeli conflict[citation needed]
- 10,000+ – Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)[122]
- 9,640 – War in Donbass (2014–present)[123]
- 9,400 – Libyan Civil War (2011)[124]
- 8,136+ – Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal) (2011–present)[125]
- 7,000 - Chadian Civil War (2005–10) (2005-2010)[126]
- 5,641 – Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present)[127][128]
- 6,543 – South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)[129]
- 5,000 – Casamance conflict (1982–2014)[130]
- 5,000 – Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891)[131]
- 4,000–10,000 Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present)[132]
- 3,699 – Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992–present)[133]
- 3,529 – The Northern Ireland Troubles (1966–1998)[134]
- 3,366 – Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009-present)[135]
- 3,114 - 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine part of the 1948 Palestine war[citation needed]
- 3,007 - War of the Golden Stool (1900)[citation needed]
- 3,000–6,000 – Negro Rebellion (1912)[136][137]
- 3,000 – Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011)[138]
- 2,781 – Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)[139]
- 2,751 – Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)[140]
- 2,557 – Sudan internal conflict (2011–present)[141][142][143]
- 2,394 – Sinai insurgency (2011–present)[144]
- 2,300+ – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present) [145][146]
- 2,000 - Costa Rican Civil War (1948)[citation needed]
- 2,000 – Six-Day War (2000)[147]
- 2,000 – 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes[148][149][150]
- 1,810 - Anglo-Iraqi War (1941) Part of the World War II[citation needed]
- 1,774 - Lapland War (1944-1945) Part of the World War II[citation needed]
- 1,643–2,237 – War of Transnistria (1992)[151][152][153][154]
- 1,554 – South Yemen insurgency (2009–present)[155][156]
- 1300+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)[157]
- 1,229 – Basque conflict (1959–2011)[158]
- 1,227–5,600 – Kargil War (1999)[159][160][161][162]
- 1,119 – Political violence in Egypt, 2013 (2013–present)[163]
- 1,000–1,500 – Cabinda conflict (1994–present)[164]
- 1,000 – 1991–92 South Ossetia War (1991–1992)[165]
- 907 – Falklands War (1982)[166]
- 846 – 2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)[167]
- 820 – Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon (2011–Present)[citation needed] part of the Syrian Civil War
- 740 – Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966)[168][169]
- 700-800+ - Anglo-Aro War (1901-1902)[citation needed]
- 659–2,496 – Russia–Georgia war (2008)[170][171][172][173][174]
- 647+ - Cyprus crisis (1955–64) (1955-1964)[citation needed]
- 643[143] – 1,500[142] – Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present)
- 542 – East Prigorodny Conflict (1992)[citation needed]
- 422 – Franco-Thai War (1940-1941)[citation needed]
- 391+ – M23 rebellion (2012–present)[175][176][177]
- 255 – Turkey–ISIL conflict (2015–present)[citation needed]
- 200–339 – Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–present)[citation needed]
- 200+ - 1935 Yazidi revolt (1935)[citation needed]
- 174–194 – United States occupation of Veracruz (1914)[178]
- 159 – ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–present)[citation needed]
- 158 – Dissident Irish Republican campaign (1998-present)[citation needed]
- 100 - 2016 Kasese clashes (2016-present) [179]
- 95 – 2013 Guinea clashes (2013)[180]
- 84–134 – Lahad Datu standoff (2013)[181][182]
- 71 – Paraguayan People's Army insurgency (2005-present)[citation needed]
- 36 - DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey (1990-present)[citation needed]
- 15 – 2016 Niger Delta conflict (2016–Present) [183] part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta
Charts and graphs[edit]
-
List of wars by death toll through time 1300 CE to present, over 1 million casualties, from the data presented in the above table.
See also[edit]
- Timeline of wars
- List of number of conflicts per year
- Lists of wars
- List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
- List of ongoing military conflicts
- List of genocides by death toll
- List of countries by refugee population
References[edit]
- ^ White, Matthew (2012). Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. pp. 271, 578. ISBN 9780393345230. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ^ McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard M. (1978). Atlas of World Population History. New York, NY: Puffin. p. 172. ISBN 9780140510768.
- ^ Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33–53.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Mongol Conquests". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "Taiping Rebellion – Britannica Concise". Concise.britannica.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ Cao, Shuji (2001). Zhongguo Renkou Shi [A History of China's Population]. Shanghai: Fudan Daxue Chubanshe. pp. 455. and 509.
- ^ Robert B. Marks (2011). China: Its Environment and History (World Social Change). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442212756.
- ^ Graziella Caselli (2005). Demography – Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. ISBN 012765660X.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Reassessing New World Populations at the Time of Contact; Henry F. Dobyns; Institute for Early Contact Studies, University of Florida at Gainesville; 1988; Pgs. 6–10, 25
- ^ American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present; Erin McKenna, Scott L. Pratt; Bloomsbury; 2015; Page 375; "It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape and war. In 1491, about 145 million people lived in the western hemisphere. By 1691, the population of indigenous Americans had declined by 90–95 percent."
- ^ "Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population"; David P. Henige; University of Oklahoma Press; 1998; Pg. 24
- ^ a b "Don't Blame Columbus for All the Indians' Ills". The New York Times. 29 October 2002.
- ^ Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose: The Backbone of History Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition; Pg. 79; ISBN 9780521617444
- ^ Bos, Kirsten I.; Harkins, Kelly M.; Herbig, Alexander; Coscolla, Mireia; Weber, Nico; Comas, Iñaki; Forrest, Stephen A.; Bryant, Josephine M.; Harris, Simon R.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Campbell, Tessa J.; Majander, Kerttu; Wilbur, Alicia K.; Guichon, Ricardo A.; Wolfe Steadman, Dawnie L.; Cook, Della Collins; Niemann, Stefan; Behr, Marcel A.; Zumarraga, Martin; Bastida, Ricardo; Huson, Daniel; Nieselt, Kay; Young, Douglas; Parkhill, Julian; Buikstra, Jane E.; Gagneux, Sebastien; Stone, Anne C.; Krause, Johannes (23 October 2014). "Pre-Columbian mycobacterial genomes reveal seals as a source of New World human tuberculosis". Nature. 514 (7523): 494–497. doi:10.1038/nature13591. PMC 4550673
. PMID 25141181. Retrieved 31 October 2016 – via www.nature.com. - ^ White, Matthew. "Misc. events in the Muslim Conquest of India". Necrometrics.
- ^ "BBC – History – World Wars: Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan".
- ^ McFarlane, Alan: The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap, Blackwell 2003, ISBN 0-631-18117-2, ISBN 978-0-631-18117-0 – cited by White
- ^ "Victimario Histórico Militar".
- ^ White, Matthew. "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Timur Lenk (1369–1405)". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Miscellaneous Oriental Atrocities". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "Victimario Histórico Militar".
- ^ White, Matthew. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Necrometrics. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "Russian Civil War". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ White, Matthew. "The Thirty Years War (1618-48)". Necrometrics.
- ^ Brennan, Richard (2006-07-16). "Inside Congo, An Unspeakable Toll". Theirc.org. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ James Astill in Bukavu & Isabelle Chevallot (2003-04-08). "Conflict in Congo has killed 4.7m, charity says". Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
- ^ "Come Back, Colonialism, All Is Forgiven". TIME.com. 14 February 2008.
- ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population (2005) 21: 145–166.
- ^ Knecht, Robert J. (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562–1598. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 9781841763958.
- ^ Shaka: Zulu Chieftain; HistoryNet.com; June 12, 2006
- ^ Charles Hirschman et al., "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate," Population and Development Review, December 1995.
- ^ Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). "20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ". 23 April 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2013. From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam.
- ^ "Missing Millions: The human cost of the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1921, (c) Robert McCaa, 2001".
- ^ "Russia's War in Afghanistan".
- ^ "War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992".
- ^ http://www.nonel.pu.ru/erdferkel/khalidi.pdf
- ^ Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleditsch, Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths, European Journal of Population (2005) 21: 145–166.
- ^ Clodfelter, cited by White
- ^ Urlanis, cited by White
- ^ "Iraq profile – timeline". BBC News.
- ^ Jones, Geo H., Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 254
- ^ Recounting the dead, Associate Professor J. David Hacker, "estimates, based on Census data, indicate that the death toll was at least 750,000, and may have been as high as 850,000" (study refers only to military casualties)
- ^ James M. McPherson, "Battle Cry of Freedom", Oxford University Press, Oct 24, 2003, page 619. "Suffering and death were widespread, nevertheless, and a fair estimate of war-related civilian deaths might total 50,000".
- ^ Professor James Downs. "Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War". Oxford University Press, April 13th 2012. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, “New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll,” reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties... the rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from [war-related diseases and starvation], but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources... tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths".
- ^ Carlton 1992, p. 211.
- ^ Carlton 1992, p. 212.
- ^ Carlton 1992, p. 213.
- ^ Kenneth Meyer Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The fifteenth century, The American Philosophical Society (1978,1997) 331.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". Necrometrics.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Ethiopia (1962-92)". Necrometrics.
- ^ "Spanish judge opens case into Franco's atrocities". New York Times. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ Baldauf, Scott, "Life under Taliban cuts two ways", The Christian Science Monitor, September 20, 2001.
- ^ Paraguayan War
- ^ France remembers the Algerian War, 50 years on France 24
- ^ White, Matthew. "Northern War (1700-21)". Necrometrics.
- ^ "BBC iPlayer – History".
- ^ Matthew White's Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century
- ^ "Heavy shelling in Burundi capital". BBC News. 18 April 2008.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Necrometrics. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ^ c.f. UCDP datasets for SNA, SRRC, USC, SNM, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.
- ^ UCDP non-state conflict tolls
- ^ "Human costs of war: Direct war death in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan October 2001 – February 2013" (PDF). Costs of War. February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Update on Iraqi Casualty Data" by Opinion Research Business. January 2008.
- ^ a b "Revised Casualty Analysis. New Analysis 'Confirms' 1 Million+ Iraq Casualties". January 28, 2008. Opinion Research Business. Word Viewer for.doc files.
- ^ John M. Gates, "War-Related Deaths in the Philippines", Pacific Historical Review , v. 53, No. 3 (August, 1984), 367–378.
- ^ http://www.jesusradicals.com/georgetown-welcomes-colombias-ex-pres-uribe/
- ^ White, Matthew. "Crusades (1095-1291)". Necrometrics.
- ^ Massacre of the Pure, Time, April 28, 1961
- ^ "Uganda (1987– 2010)".
- ^ "Nocookies". The Australian.
- ^ "Breaking News, World News & Multimedia".
- ^ White, Matthew. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". Necrometrics.
- ^ Degomme, Olivier & Guha-Sapir, Debarati (23 January 2010). "Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict". The Lancet. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
- ^ a b c http://costsofwar.org/sites/default/files/HMCHART_2.pdf
- ^ White, Matthew. "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". Necrometrics.
- ^ http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf
- ^ a b "Modern Conflicts Database: Alternative Estimates for Death Tolls" (PDF).
- ^ BBC. "Colombia Timeline". Retrieved 11 May 2016.
- ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf
- ^ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/casualtiestotal.html
- ^ Booth, William (20 November 2012). "Mexico's crime wave has left about 25,000 missing, government documents show". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ "Shooting at Mexico bar leaves many dead". Al Jazeera. 30 March 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ "Yemen's First Civil War Offers Lessons for Ending the Country's Current Conflict". 21 April 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
- ^ "India's secret history: 'A holocaust, one where millions disappeared...'", The Guardian, 24 August 2007.
- ^ Eckhardt, William, in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 (12th ed., 1987) by Ruth Leger Sivard.
- ^ Henry Wasswa, "Uganda's first prime minister, and two-time president, dead at 80," Associated Press, October 10, 2005
- ^ http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB15.1D.GIF
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Further reading[edit]
- Steven Pinker (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101544643. pp.832. (see also: 2016 update)
External links[edit]
- An Interactive map of all the battles fought around the world in the last 4,000 years
- Timeline of wars on Histropedia
- Information on 1,500 conflicts since 1800
- Max Roser: ‘War and Peace’. (2016). Published online at OurWorldInData.org.
