List of wars involving Russia

See also: List of battles involving the Russian Federation and List of wars involving the Soviet Union

This is a list of wars and armed conflicts in and involving Russia and its predecessors in chronological order, from the 9th to the 21st century.

The Russian military and troops of its predecessor states in Russia took part in a large number of wars and armed clashes in various parts of the world: starting from the princely squads, opposing the raids of nomads, and fighting for the expansion of the territory of Kievan Rus'. Following the disintegration of Kievan Rus', the emergence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and then the centralized Russian state saw a period of significant territorial growth of the state centred in Moscow and then St. Petersburg during the 15th to 20th centuries, marked by wars of conquest in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East, the world wars of the early 20th century, the proxy wars of the Cold War, and today.

The list includes:

• external wars
• foreign intervention in domestic conflicts
• anti-colonial uprisings of the peoples conquered during the Russian expansion
• princely feuds
• peasant uprisings
• revolutions

Legends of results:

  Victory

  Defeat

  Another result; for example, a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, indecisive, civil or internal conflict, or result unknown

  Ongoing conflict

Kievan Rus'

Main articles: Rus'–Byzantine wars and Caspian expeditions of the Rus'

See also: List of wars involving Kievan Rus'

Date	Conflict	Location	Rus and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
830s	Paphlagonian expedition of the Rusʹ		Rus' Khaganate	Byzantine Empire	Victory ; The credibility of the conflict is questioned
860	Siege of Constantinople (860)		Rus' Khaganate	Byzantine Empire	Victory ; The credibility of the conflict is questioned
907	Rus'–Byzantine War (907)		Kievan Rus'	Byzantine Empire	Victory
920–1036	Rus'-Pechenegs' campaigns		Kievan Rus'	Pechenegs	Various results; eventually victory
941	Rus'–Byzantine War (941)		Kievan Rus'	Byzantine Empire	Defeat
944/945	Rus'-Byzantine War (944/945)		Kievan Rus'	Byzantine Empire	Victory
964–965	Sviatoslav's campaign against Khazars		Kievan Rus'	Khazar Khaganate	Victory Destruction of the Khazar Khaganate
967/968–971	Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria		Kievan Rus'	Byzantine Empire	Defeat
981	Vladimir the Great's campaign on Cherven Cities		Kievan Rus'	Duchy of Poland	Victory
985	Vladimir the Great's campaign against Volga Bulgaria		Kievan Rus'	Volga Bulgaria	Military victory, then agreement
987	Rus'-Byzantine War (987)		Kievan Rus'	Byzantine Empire	Military victory and agreement Baptism of Vladimir and further Christianization of Kievan Rus'
1022	Yaroslav the Wise's attack on Brest		Kievan Rus'	Duchy of Poland	Defeat
1024	Rus'–Byzantine War (1024)		Kievan Rus'	Byzantine Empire	Defeat
1030	Yaroslav the Wise's campaign against Chud		Kievan Rus'	Chud	Victory Estonian tribes start to pay tribute to Rus
1030–1031	Yaroslav the Wise's campaign on Cherven Cities		Kievan Rus'	Duchy of Poland	Victory
1042–1228	Finnish–Novgorodian wars		Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Novgorod Republic	Baltic Finnic peoples of Fennoscandia (Yem people)	Various results, mostly victories The wars' effect on the Finns' society contributed to the eventual Swedish conquest of western Finland circa 1249
1043	Rus'–Byzantine War (1043)		Kievan Rus'	Byzantine Empire	Defeat
1055–1223	Rus'-Cumans' campaigns		Kievan Rus'	Cumans	Various results, mostly victories
1061	Sosols raid against Pskov		Kievan Rus'	Sosols	Defeat Yaroslav the Wise's conquests in Estonia are lost
1132–1445	Swedish–Novgorodian Wars		Kievan Rus' (until 1136) Novgorod Republic	Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Norway (from 1319)	Stalemate after Black Death
1147	Bolesław IV the Curly's raid on Old Prussians		Bolesław IV the Curly Kievan Rus'	Old Prussians	Victory
1203–1234	Campaigns of Rus princes against the Order of the Sword (see also Livonian Crusade)		Kievan Rus' Vladimir-Suzdal Principality of Polotsk Principality of Smolensk Novgorod Republic Grand Duchy of Lithuania Baltic peoples Baltic Finnic peoples	Livonian Brothers of the Sword Baltic Germans	Defeat The crusaders captured Baltic lands up to the borders of Kievan Rus' and Lithuania
1223–1240	Mongol invasion of Rus'(see also List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus')		Vladimir-Suzdal Principality of Kiev Galicia-Volhynia Novgorod Republic Smolensk Turov and Pinsk Rostov Chernigov Ryazan Pereyaslavl	Mongol Empire	Decisive defeat The principalities of the Kievan Rus' became vassals of the Mongol Empire
1240–1242	Livonian campaign against Rus' (see also Northern Crusades)		Kievan Rus' Vladimir-Suzdal Pskov Republic Novgorod Republic	Teutonic Order Livonian Order Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Denmark Duchy of Estonia	Victory Defeat of the Germans Peace with Prince Alexander Nevsky The waiving of claims on northern Rus
1268	Battle of Wesenberg		Novgorod Republic Vladimir-Suzdal Pskov Republic	Kingdom of Denmark Duchy of Estonia Teutonic Order Livonian Order	Both sides claimed victory

Grand Duchy of Moscow (1263–1547)

This section is an excerpt from List of wars involving the Principality of Moscow.[edit]

This is a list of wars involving the Principality of Moscow (1263–1547), also known as Muscovy.

Date	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1281–1293/4	Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1281–1293) Casus belli: death of Alexander Nevsky (1263). Duden's campaign (summer–autumn 1293) (part of the Tokhta–Nogai war)	Nogai forces Dmitry of Pereslavl Mikhail of Tver Daniel of Moscow	Tode Mongke (1281–1287) Tokhta forces Andrey of Gorodets Theodore the Black Rostov princes	Tokhta victory Vladimir, Moscow and Tver sacked, countryside devastated Dmitry of Pereslavl fled, died in 1294 Andrey of Gorodets became indisputed Grand Prince of Vladimir
1296/8–1302	Struggle for Pereslavl-Zalessky	Daniel of Moscow Mikhail of Tver Tokhta	Andrey of Gorodets Theodore the Black Konstantin of Ryazan	Muscovite–Tverian victory Moscow sacked (1298) Moscow temporarily acquired Pereslavl-Zalessky (lost in 1340/1)
1305–1485	Muscovite–Tverian wars (series of short wars, mixed with other conflicts)	Principality of Moscow	Principality of Tver	Victory Tver annexed by Moscow (1485)
1327	Tver Uprising of 1327 (part of the Muscovite–Tverian wars)	Golden Horde Ivan I Kalita of Moscow Alexander of Suzdal	Principality of Tver Grand Principality of Vladimir	Golden Horde victory Aleksandr of Tver stripped of land holdings and later executed
1368–1372	Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72) (part of the Great Troubles and the Muscovite–Tverian wars)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Principality of Tver	Inconclusive Treaty of Lyubutsk
1376	Muscovite–Volga Bulgars war (part of the Great Troubles)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Volga Bulgaria	Victory
1377	Battle on Pyana River (part of the Great Troubles)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Golden Horde	Defeat
1378	Battle of the Vozha River (part of the Great Troubles)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Golden Horde	Victory
1380	Battle of Kulikovo (part of the Great Troubles)	Rus' principalities: Grand Duchy of Moscow (Dmitri Donskoy) Principality of Beloozero Principality of Yaroslavl Principality of Rostov Principality of Starodub Principality of Mologa Principality of Kashin Princes from Vyazma and Dorogobuzh Part of Upper Oka Principalities Lithuanian princes of Polotsk and Bryansk in exile	Western part of the Golden Horde European mercenaries	Victory for the Rus' principalities coalition Moscow replaced Tver as the most prominent of the northeastern Rus' principalities
1382	Siege of Moscow (part of the aftermath of the Great Troubles)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Golden Horde	Defeat Dmitri Donskoy forced to reaffirm allegiance to the Golden Horde, and resumed paying the tribute
1406–1408	Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1406–1408) (part of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Hungarian Treaty (1 September 1408) Lithuania receives Principality of Smolensk and Upper Oka Principalities Muscovy receives the cities of Kozelsk, Lyubutsk and Peremyshl
1425–1453	Muscovite War of Succession	Younger Donskoy line Vasily II Vasilyevich Dmitry II Shemyaka (1434–9) Boris of Tver (c. 1438) Mäxmüd of Kazan (1445–8) Qasim Khan (1452–3)	Older Donskoy line Yury Dmitrievich (1425–34) Vasily Kosoy (1434–6) Ulugh of Kazan (1437–45) Dmitry II Shemyaka (1439; 1445–53) Ivan of Mozhaysk (1447–53)	Vasily II victory Younger lineage of Dmitry Donskoy gained the Muscovite throne
1437–1445	Ulugh Muhammad's campaign (first Russo-Kazan war) (from Battle of Belyov to Battle of Suzdal) (connected with the Muscovite War of Succession)	Younger Donskoy line Vasily II Vasilyevich Dmitry II Shemyaka (1437–9)	Older Donskoy line Ulugh of Kazan Dmitry II Shemyaka (1439)	Ulugh victory Ulugh captured Vasily II Vasilyevich (1445) Ulugh's successor Mäxmüd made Vasily II his vassal Dmitry Shemyaka seized Moscow in Vasily II's absence
1467–1469	Qasim War	Grand Duchy of Moscow Qasim Khanate	Khanate of Kazan	Victory Kazan released all ethnic Christian Russians enslaved in the preceding four decades
1471	Battle of Shelon	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Novgorod Republic	Victory Novgorod Republic annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1478
1478	Siege of Kazan	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Khanate of Kazan	Victory The Kazan Khan imprisoned and replaced by his half-brother
1480	Great Stand on the Ugra River	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Golden Horde	Debated Traditional Russian historiography: Muscovite victory, and the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia Modern Western scholarly historiography: Insignificant non-battle, embellished in later accounts; Moscow retained formal relations with Tatar khanates and continued paying tribute to the Crimean Khanate for decades
1485	Capture of Tver (1485) (part of the Muscovite–Tverian wars)	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Principality of Tver	Victory Principality of Tver annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow
1492–1494	First Muscovite-Lithuanian War	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Victory
1495–1497	Russo-Swedish War	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Sweden	Inconclusive
1500–1503	Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Livonian Order	Victory
1505–1507	Russo-Kazan War	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Khanate of Kazan	Inconclusive
1507–1508	Third Muscovite–Lithuanian War	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Crimean Khanate	Inconclusive
1512–1522	Fourth Muscovite–Lithuanian War	Grand Duchy of Moscow Livonian Order	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Crimean Khanate	Victory
1534–1537	Fifth Muscovite–Lithuanian War	Grand Duchy of Moscow	Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Crimean Khanate	Inconclusive

Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1552	Siege of Kazan Ivan IV enters the defeated Kazan	Tatarstan	Russia	Khanate of Kazan	Victory The annexation of Kazan into Russia
1552–1556	Tatar Rebellion	Tatarstan	Russia	Tatar rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1554–1557	Ivan the Terrible's Swedish War	Karelia	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive Treaty of Novgorod
1556	Russian conquest of Astrakhan	Astrakhan	Russia	Astrakhan Khanate	Victory The annexation of Astrakhan into Russia
1558–1583	Livonian War Russia troops besiege Narva in 1558	Northern Europe	Russia Livonia	Livonian Confederation Denmark–Norway Sweden Poland-Lithuania (before 1569 the Polish–Lithuanian union)	Defeat Truce of Jam Zapolski Treaty of Plussa
1568–1570	Astrakhan Expedition	Astrakhan and Azov	Russia	Turkey Crimean Khanate	Victory Treaty of Constantinople (1570)
1570–1572	Ivan the Terrible's Crimean War	European Russia	Russia	Crimean Khanate	Victory The Crimean Tatars burn Moscow in 1571 The Russians defeat the Crimean Tatars at the Battle of Molodi in 1572 The independence of Russia and its conquests in the Volga region preserved
1580–1762	Russian conquest of Siberia Yermak's Conquest of Siberia	Siberia	Russia Cossacks pro-Russian native Siberians	Khanate of Sibir (until 1598) Native Siberians	Victory The start of Russian annexation of Siberia
1590–1595	Boris Godunov's Swedish War	Northern Europe	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive Treaty of Teusina Мutual territorial concessions
1605–1618	Polish invasions of Russia The Poles surrender the Moscow Kremlin to Prince Pozharsky in 1612	Russia	Russia Sweden (1609–1610)	Poland-Lithuania	Inconclusive Russia's independence preserved Russia lost Smolensk Vladislav Zhigimondovich remains a contender for the Russian throne Truce of Deulino
1606–1607	Bolotnikov Rebellion Bolotnikov's battle with the Tsar's army at Nizhniye Kotly near Moscow	Russia	Russia	Rebels under Ivan Bolotnikov	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1610–1617	Ingrian War Depiction of Russian troops in 1611	Russia	Russia	Sweden	Defeat Treaty of Stolbovo
1632–1634	Smolensk War Russian troops storm Smolensk	Smolensk	Russia	Poland-Lithuania	Defeat Treaty of Polyanovka
1651–1653	Alexis I's Persian War	North Caucasus	Russia	Persia	Defeat
1652–1689	Sino–Russian border conflicts Russian fort under attack by Chinese troops	Heilongjiang and Amur	Russia Cossacks	China Korea	Defeat Treaty of Nerchinsk
1654–1667	First Northern War	Eastern Europe	Russia Cossack Hetmanate	Poland-Lithuania Crimean Khanate	Victory Truce of Andrusovo
1656–1658	Second Northern War Russian troops besiege Riga in 1656	Northern Europe	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive Treaty of Valiesar Treaty of Cardis
1662–1664	First Bashkir Rebellion	Bashkortostan	Russia	Bashkir rebels	Inconclusive; political defeat The Russian government was forced to accept Bashkir demands
1670–1671	Razin's Rebellion Razin's rebels in Astrakhan	Russia	Russia	Cossacks under Stepan Razin	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1676–1681	Feodor III's Turkish War	Ukraine	Russia	Turkey Crimean Khanate	Indecisive Treaty of Bakhchisarai
1683–1700	Great Turkish War Russian troops capture Azov	Eastern Europe	Russia (from 1686) Austria Poland-Lithuania Cossack Hetmanate	Turkey Crimean Khanate	Victory Treaty of Constantinople Russia stopped paying regular tribute to Crimea
1700–1721	Great Northern War Russian troops assault the island fortress of Nöteborg Russian troops capture Narva	Europe	Russia Denmark–Norway (1700, 1709–) Saxony (1700–6, 1709–) Poland-Lithuania (1700–4, 1709–) Cossack Hetmanate (1700–8) Prussia (1715–) Hanover (1715–) Great Britain (1717–19)	Sweden Holstein-Gottorp Poland-Lithuania (1704–09) Turkey (1710–14) Cossack Hetmanate (1708–09) Great Britain (1700, 1719–21)	Victory against Sweden Treaty of Nystad
					Defeat by Turkey Treaty of the Pruth
1704–1711	Third Bashkir Rebellion	Bashkortostan and Tatarstan	Russia	Bashkir rebels	Military victory, political defeat Russian government forced to accept some Bashkir demands
1707–1708	Bulavin Rebellion	Southern Russia	Russia	Don Cossack rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1717	Peter the Great's Khivan War	Khanate of Khiva	Russia	Khanate of Khiva	Defeat Russian invasion of Khanate of Khiva repelled
1717–1847	Kazakh-Russian conflicts	Kazakhstan	Russia Bashkirs Cossack rebels	Kazakhstan Kyrgyz tribes Khanate of Khiva	Victory The annexation of Kazakhstan into Russia

Russian Empire (1721–1917)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1722–1723	Persian Expedition of Peter the Great	Caucasus and northern Iran	Russia Cossack Hetmanate Armenia Georgia	Persia	Victory Treaty of Saint Petersburg
1733–1738	War of the Polish Succession Rhineland Depiction of the Siege of Danzig by Russian and Saxon forces in 1734	Poland	Poland under Augustus III of Poland Russia Austria Saxony Prussia	Poland under Stanisław Leszczyński France Spain Sardinia	Indecisive Treaty of Vienna
1735–1739	Russo-Austro-Turkish War	Eastern Europe	Russia Cossack Hetmanate Austria	Turkey Crimea	Victory Russian victory Austrian defeat Treaty of Niš
1735–1740	Fourth Bashkir Rebellion	Bashkortostan	Russia pro-Russian Bashkirs	Bashkir rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed Establishment of Orenburg
1740–1748	War of the Austrian Succession	Europe	Austria Britain Hanover Russia (1741–43, 1748) Dutch Republic Saxony (1743–45) Sardinia	Prussia (1740–42, 1744–45) Spain (1740–1746) France Bavaria (1741–45) Saxony (1741–42) Naples and Sicily Genoa Sweden (1741–43)	Inconclusive Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
					Victory against Sweden Treaty of Åbo
1756–1763	Seven Years' War Russian troops in Berlin in 1760	Europe	France Austria Spain Sweden Russia (1756–1762) Saxony	Prussia Britain Hanover Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Portugal Hesse-Kassel Schaumburg-Lippe Iroquois Confederacy	White peace Treaty of Saint Petersburg Defeat of Russia's former allies
1768–1769	Koliivshchyna Rebellion Camp of Haidamakas	Ukraine	Russia Poland-Lithuania	Haidamaky	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1768–1772	War of the Bar Confederation Krakow capitulates to Suvorov	Poland	Russia	France Bar Confederation	Victory Treaty of Kuçuk Kainarji First Partition of Poland
1768–1774	Catherine the Great's First Turkish War Destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Chesma	Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Mediterranean	Russia	Turkey Crimea	Victory Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1773–1775	Pugachev's Rebellion Russian Cossack troops march during the rebellion	Russia	Russia	Rebels under Yemelyan Pugachev Turkey	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1787–1792	Catherine the Great's Second Turkish War Russian troops storm the fortress of Ochakov	Eastern Europe	Russia	Turkey	Victory Treaty of Jassy
1788–1790	Catherine the Great's Swedish War Russian fleet during the Battle of Vyborg Bay	Finland, western Sweden, and the Baltic Sea	Russia	Sweden	Inconclusive
1792	Catherine the Great's Polish War	Poland	Russia Targowica Confederation	Poland-Lithuania	Victory Second Partition of Poland
1794	Kościuszko Uprising Battle of Praga	Poland	Russia Prussia	Poland-Lithuania	Victory The uprising is crushed Third Partition of Poland
1796	Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great	North Caucasus and South Caucasus	Russia	Persia	Victory
1799–1802	War of the Second Coalition Suvorov victorious at the Battle of Trebbia (1799)	Europe	Austria Holy Roman Empire Britain Russia (until 1799) French Royalists Portugal Two Sicilies Turkey	France Spain Denmark-Norway Polish Legions French client states	Withdrawal in 1799 French victory in 1802
1803–1806	War of the Third Coalition Capture of a French regiment's standard by the cavalry of the Russian Guards	Europe	Austria Russia United Kingdom Sicily Naples Portugal Sweden	France French client states	Defeat Peace of Pressburg
1804–1813	Alexander I's Persian War Russian troops storm the fortress of Lankaran	North Caucasus, South Caucasus and northern Iran	Russia	Persia	Victory Treaty of Gulistan
1806–1807	War of the Fourth Coalition Russia troops clash with French troops at the Battle of Eylau	Eastern and Central Europe	Prussia United Kingdom Saxony Sweden Russia Sicily	France French client states Spain Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Württemberg Italy Naples Polish Legions	Defeat Treaties of Tilsit
1806–1812	Alexander I's Turkish War Russian Fleet after the Battle of Athos	Romania, Moldova, Caucasus and Black Sea	Russia	Turkey	Victory Treaty of Bucharest
1807–1812	Anglo-Russian War	Baltic Sea and Barents Sea	Russia	United Kingdom	Inconclusive Treaty of Orebro
1808–1809	Finnish War Russian troops cross the Gulf of Bothnia on ice	Finland and Sweden	Russia	Sweden	Victory Treaty of Fredrikshamn
1809	War of the Fifth Coalition	Central Europe	France Confederation of the Rhine Italy Spain Warsaw Russia	Austria United Kingdom Sicily Sardinia	Victory (limited involvement) Treaty of Schönbrunn
1812	French invasion of Russia General Raevsky leading a detachment of the Russian Imperial Guard at the Battle of Saltanovka	Russia	Russia	France French client states	Victory The French invasion is repelled Napoleon's Grand Army is destroyed and forced to retreat
1813–1814	War of the Sixth Coalition Russian troops entering Paris in 1814	Europe	Austria Prussia United Kingdom Sweden Russia Spain Portugal Sicily Sardinia	France French client states	Victory Treaty of Fontainebleau Treaty of Paris
1815	War of the Seventh Coalition	Europe	Austria Prussia United Kingdom Russia Hanover Nassau Brunswick Sweden United Netherlands Spain Portugal Sardinia Sicily Tuscany Switzerland French Royalists	France Naples	Victory Treaty of Paris
1817–1864	Caucasian War Imam Shamil surrenders to Russian forces	Caucasus	Russia Mingrelia Guria	Caucasian Imamate Circassia Big Kabarda (until 1825) Abkhazian insurgents Kazi-Kumukh Dagestan free people Avaria (1829–1859) Svaneti	Victory The annexation of North Caucasus into Russia Surrender of Imam Shamil
1825	Decembrist revolt Decembrists at the Senate Square	Saint Petersburg	Russia	Decembrist rebels	Victory The revolt is crushed
1826–1828	Nicholas I's Persian War Russian and Persian troops clash near Elisabethpol	South Caucasus and northern Iran	Russia	Persia	Victory Treaty of Turkmenchay
1827	Battle of Navarino Part of the Greek War of Independence Russian squadron bombarding the Ottoman fleet	Greece	United Kingdom France Russia	Turkey Egypt Tunisia	Victory
1828–1829	Nicholas I's Turkish War Russian troops besiege Kars in 1828	Balkans and Caucasus	Russia	Turkey	Victory Treaty of Adrianople
1830–1831	November uprising Russian and Polish forces clash during the Battle of Ostrołęka	Poland	Russia	Poland	Victory The uprising is crushed
1839–1841	Second Turko-Egyptian War	Syria and Lebanon	Britain Austria Russia Turkey	Egypt France Spain	Victory Egypt renounced its claim to Syria
1839–1895	Russian conquest of Central Asia Russian troops entering Samarkand in 1868	Central Asia	Russia	Kazakhstan Bukhara Khiva Kokand Turkmen tribes Kyrgyz tribes Afghanistan	Victory The annexation of Central Asia into Russia
1841	Gurian rebellion	Georgia	Russia	Gurian rebels	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1842	Shoorcha rebellion	Tatarstan and Ulyanovsk	Russia	Tatar, Mari and Chuvash peasants	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1848–1849	Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Hungarian troops surrender to the Russians at Világos	Hungary	Austria Croatia Serbian Vojvodina Serbian volunteers pro-Habsburg Hungarians Slovak National Council Transylvanian Romanians Chief Rus' Council Czech volunteers Bohemian and Moravian volunteers Transylvanian Saxons Russia	Hungary Hungarian Slovenes pro-Hungarian Slovaks Rusyns Zipser Germans Hungarian Germans Croats from Western Hungary and Međimurje Šokac and Bunjevac people Banat Bulgarians Polish legions German legion Viennese legion Italian legion	Victory The revolution is crushed
1853–1856	Crimean War Russian troops and French zouaves engaged in hand-to-hand combat at Malakhov Kurgan	Crimea, Balkans, Caucasus, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea and Far East	Russia	France Turkey Britain Sardinia	Defeat Treaty of Paris
1858	Mahtra Rebellion	Estonia	Russia	Estonian peasants	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1861	Bezdna Revolt	Tatarstan	Russia	Peasants	Victory The revolt is crushed
1863–1864	January uprising Russian troops in Warsaw during the uprising	Poland	Russia	Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian insurgents	Victory The uprising is crushed
1866	Polish rebellion in Siberia	Siberia	Russia	Polish political exiles	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1877–1878	Russo-Turkish War Russian troops entering Adrianople	Balkans and Caucasus	Russia Bulgarian volunteers Romania Serbia Montenegro	Turkey	Victory Treaty of San Stefano Treaty of Berlin Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state De jure independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from Turkey The annexation of Kars and Batum into Russia
1897–1898	Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)	Crete	Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece British Empire France Italy Russia Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16, 1898)	Turkey	Victory Establishment of the Cretan State Withdrawal of Ottoman forces from Crete
1899–1901	Boxer Rebellion Russian troops in Pekin	China	Eight-Nation Alliance: Japan United Kingdom Russia France United States Germany Austria-Hungary Italy	Yìhéquán China	Victory
1902–1906	Rebellion in Guria	Georgia	Russia	Gurian Republic	Victory The rebellion is crushed
1904–1905	Russo-Japanese War Russian cavalry in a reconnaissance mission during the Battle of Mukden	Manchuria, Korean Peninsula and Yellow Sea	Russia	Japan	Defeat Treaty of Portsmouth
1905–1907	Russian Revolution of 1905 A barricade erected by revolutionaries in Moscow	Russia	Russia	Revolutionaries Supported by: Saint Petersburg Soviet Moscow City Duma Chita Republic Party of Socialist Revolutionaries Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Kagal	Victory Revolutionaries defeated Nicholas II retains the throne October Manifesto Constitution enacted Establishment of the State Duma
1905–1911	Persian Constitutional Revolution Russian flag over Arg of Tabriz	Iran	Persia Russia (from 1906)	Iranian constitutionalists	Victory Russian occupation of Northern Iran until 1917
1914–1917	World War I Russian troops going to the front Attack of Russian cavalry Russian trenches in the forests of Sarikamish	Europe and Asia	Allied Powers: France British Empire United Kingdom Canada Newfoundland Australia New Zealand India South Africa Russia United States Italy Serbia Montenegro Belgium Japan Romania Portugal Brazil Hejaz Greece Armenia Nejd and Hasa China Siam	Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey Bulgaria	Defeat Allied Victory (without Russia) Separate peace at Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russian Civil War Paris Peace Conference
1917	February Revolution	Russia	Russia	Republicans: Kadets Octobrists Progressive Party Socialists: Socialist Revolutionary Party Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Mensheviks Bolsheviks	Defeat Tsar Nicholas II abdicates Period of dual power between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet Proclamation of the Russian Republic October Revolution and start of the Russian Civil War

Russian Republic (1917)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1917	October Revolution	Russia	Russia	Bolsheviks Petrograd Soviet Left SRs Red Guards	Defeat Dissolution of the Russian Provisional Government The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets proclaims itself the supreme governing body in the country Constituent Assembly election held under heavy Bolshevik pressure Beginning of the Russian Civil War

Russian SFSR (1917–1922)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1917–1922	Russian Civil War		Russian SFSR Far Eastern Republic Mongolian Communists Makhnovshchina Left SR Green armies	White Movement Mountain Republic Makhnovshchina Left SR Green armies Britain Japan Czechoslovakia Greece United States France Serbia Romania Italy China Mongolia	Victory Victory for the Red Army in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Caucasus, Central Asia, Tuva, and Mongolia; incorporation of those territories into the Soviet Union Victory for pro-independence movements in Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces from those territories
1917–1921	Ukrainian-Soviet War (Ukrainian War of Independence)		Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Makhnovshchina	Ukrainian People's Republic West Ukrainian People's Republic German Empire (1918) Poland (1920–1921) Hetmanate of Ukraine White Movement German Empire (1917–1918) Romania (1918) Poland (1918–1919) France (1919) Greece (1919)	Victory Formation of the Ukrainian SSR and its incorporation into the Soviet Union Destruction of the Ukrainian People's Republic
1917–1920	Kazakhstan Campaign		Russian SFSR	Alash Autonomy White Movement	Victory Overthrow of the Alash Autonomy; incorporation of Kazakhstan into the Soviet Union
1918	Finnish Civil War		Russian SSR Red Guard	White Guard Germany	Defeat Victory of the White Guard in Finland; expulsion of Bolshevik forces and Finnish independence
1918–1919	Sochi conflict		Russian SFSR Armed Forces of South Russia Ottoman Empire Turkey	Georgia	Indecisive Sochi and Tuapse transferred to the Russian SFSR Gagra transferred to Georgia
1918–1920	Latvian War of Independence		Russian SFSR Latvian SSR	Latvian Army Estonia Lieven Poland Lithuania Supported by the Allied Powers VI Reserve Corps: Baltische Landeswehr Freikorps merged into the West Russian Volunteer Army in September 1919	Defeat Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Latvia; Latvian independence
1918–1920	Estonian War of Independence		Russian SFSR Commune of Estonia	Estonia Latvia United Kingdom White Movement Finnish, Danish, and Swedish volunteers Baltische Landeswehr	Defeat Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Estonia; Estonian independence Tartu Peace Treaty
1918–1919	Lithuanian–Soviet War		Russian SFSR LBSSR	Republic of Lithuania Saxon Volunteers	Defeat Expulsion of Bolshevik forces from Lithuania; Lithuanian independence
1918–1920	Georgian-Ossetian Conflict		Russian SFSR Ossetian rebels	Transcaucasian Federation Georgia	Defeat The Ossetian rebellion is crushed
1919–1921	Polish–Soviet War		Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Polrewkom	Poland Ukrainian nationalists	Defeat Bolshevik forces expelled from Poland Peace of Riga Destruction of the Ukrainian People's Republic
1919–1923	Turkish War of Independence		Turkey Russian SFSR	Greece United Kingdom Armenia	Victory Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
1920	Invasion of Azerbaijan		Russian SFSR Azerbaijan SSR	Azerbaijan	Victory Overthrow of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic government; incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Soviet Union
1920	Invasion of Armenia		Russian SFSR	Armenia	Victory Overthrow of the First Republic of Armenia; incorporation of Armenia into the Soviet Union
1921	Invasion of Georgia		Russian SFSR Azerbaijan SSR Turkey	Georgia	Victory Overthrow of the Democratic Republic of Georgia; incorporation of Georgia into the Soviet Union
1921	Soviet intervention in Mongolia		Russian SFSR Mongolian People's Party	Mongolia	Victory Provisional People's Republic of Mongolia established as a protectorate
1921–1922	East Karelian Uprising		Russian SFSR	Forest Guerrillas Finnish volunteers	Victory The uprising is crushed

Russia and the Soviet Union (1916–1934)

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1916–1934	Central Asian Revolt Soviet troops on Turkestan front in 1922	Central Asia	Russian Empire (until 1917) Russian SFSR Turkestan ASSR Kirghiz ASSR Soviet Union (from 1922)	Basmachi Khiva Bukhara Afghanistan	Victory The revolt is crushed

Soviet Union (1922–1991)

This section is an excerpt from List of wars involving the Soviet Union.[edit]

This is a list of wars involving the Soviet Union (30 December 1922 – 26 December 1991).

Date	Conflict	Location	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1916–1934	Central Asian Revolt Soviet troops on Turkestan front in 1922	Central Asia	Russian Empire (until 1917) Russian SFSR Turkestan ASSR Kirghiz ASSR Soviet Union (from 1922)	Basmachi Khiva Bukhara Afghanistan	Victory The revolt is suppressed
1924	August Uprising		Soviet Union	Damkom	Victory The uprising is suppressed Consolidation of Soviet rule in the Georgian SSR
1925–1926	Urtatagai conflict		Soviet Union	Emirate of Afghanistan	Peace treaty Afghanistan was forced to restrain Basmachi border raids Urtatagai was captured, then ceded back to Afghanistan
1929	Sino-Soviet conflict		Soviet Union	China	Victory The provisions of the 1924 agreement are upheld
1929	Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) Part of the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)		Soviet Union Amānullāh Khān	Basmachi Saqqawists	The Soviet Union failed to change the situation in the country
1930	Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)		Soviet Union	Basmachi	Victory
1932	Chechen uprising of 1932		Soviet Union	Chechen rebels	Victory The uprising is suppressed
1932–1941	Soviet–Japanese border conflicts		Soviet Union Mongolia	Japan Manchukuo	Victory Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1934	Soviet invasion of Xinjiang		Soviet Union Xinjiang clique White Movement Torgut Mongols	China Dunganistan	Stalemate Xinjiang divided in two
(1936–39)	Spanish Civil War	Spain	Spain People's Army Popular Front UGT CNT-FAI Generalitat de Catalunya Euzko Gudarostea Supported by: Soviet Union Mexico Volunteers International Brigades	Nationalist faction FET y de las JONS FE de las JONS Requetés/CT CEDA Renovación Española Army of Africa Supported by: Italy Germany Portugal	Defeat Nationalist faction victory Fall of the Second Spanish Republic Beginning of Franco's regime
1937	Islamic Rebellion in Xinjiang		Xinjiang Soviet Union White Movement	China	Victory Rebellion is suppressed Establishment of the rule of Sheng Shicai's Soviet puppet regime over the whole territory of Xinjiang province
1939	Soviet invasion of Poland (Part of World War II)		Germany Soviet Union Slovakia	Poland	Victory Partition of Polish territory (Fourth Partition of Poland) between Nazi Germany, Soviet Union and Slovakia
1939–1940	Winter War (Part of World War II)		Soviet Union	Finland	Inconclusive Soviet invasion of Finland repelled and the planned conquest of Finland fails Moscow Peace Treaty Cession of the Gulf of Finland islands, Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia, Salla, and Rybachy Peninsula, and lease of Hanko to the Soviet Union Expulsion of the Soviet Union from the League of Nations
1940	Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states (Part of World War II)		Soviet Union	Estonia Latvia Lithuania	Victory Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union by the Red Army
1940	Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (Part of World War II)		Soviet Union	Romania	Victory Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region unified into the Moldavian SSR and annexed into the Soviet Union
1941–1945	World War II		Allied Powers: Soviet Union United States United Kingdom China France Poland Canada Australia New Zealand India South Africa Yugoslavia Greece Denmark Norway Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Brazil Mexico	Axis Powers: Germany Japan Italy Hungary Romania Bulgaria Slovakia Croatia Thailand Manchukuo Mengjiang Wang Jingwei regime	Victory Debellation of the Third Reich Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as rival superpowers Beginning of the Cold War
1944–1960s	Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe Guerrilla war in Ukraine (Part of World War II from 1944 to 1945) Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)		Soviet Union East Germany Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Hungarian People's Republic Socialist Republic of Romania People's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Ukrainian Insurgents Polish Insurgents Estonian Insurgents Latvian Insurgents Lithuanian Insurgents Bulgarian Insurgents Serbian Insurgents Croatian Insurgents Romanian Insurgents German Insurgents Hungarian Insurgents	Victory The independence movements are suppressed Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe preserved
1945	Soviet–Japanese War (Part of World War II)		Soviet Union Mongolia	Japan Manchukuo	Victory Karafuto Prefecture annexed into the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian SFSR The Kuril Islands annexed into the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Russian SFSR The liberation of Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and northern Korea, and the collapse of the Japanese puppet states therein The partition of the Korean Peninsula; the Soviet Union occupies North Korea Manchuria and Inner Mongolia returned to China
1950–1953	Korean War		North Korea China Soviet Union	United Nations South Korea United States United Kingdom Australia Belgium Canada France Philippines Colombia Ethiopia Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand South Africa Thailand Turkey	Ceasefire Establishment of the Korean DMZ Minor territorial changes
1955–1975	Vietnam War		North Vietnam Viet Cong and PRG Pathet Lao GRUNK (1970–1975) Khmer Rouge China Soviet Union North Korea	South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia New Zealand Laos Cambodia (1967–1970) Khmer Republic (1970–1975) Thailand Philippines	Victory Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam Dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam South Vietnam annexed by North Vietnam Soviet-aligned communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
1953	East German Uprising		Soviet Union East Germany	East German demonstrators	Victory The uprising is suppressed
1956	Hungarian Revolution		Soviet Union ÁVH	Revolutionaries	Victory The revolution is suppressed
1961–1968	Vlora Incident		Soviet Union Warsaw Pact: Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland	Albania	Soviet-Warsaw Pact defeat Withdrawal of soviet marines and technicians Warsaw Pact capture of Pasha Liman Base failed
1968	Invasion of Czechoslovakia		Soviet Union Bulgaria East Germany Hungary Poland	Czechoslovakia	Victory The Prague Spring is suppressed Moscow Protocol Soviet military presence in Czechoslovakia until 1991
1969	Zhenbao Island Incident		Soviet Union	China	Victory (status quo ante bellum) Tactical Soviet victory Strategic Soviet victory: ceasefire agreement signed 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
1969–1970	War of Attrition		Egypt Soviet Union	Israel	Inconclusive Both sides claimed victory Continuation of Israeli occupation of Sinai until 1982, when Israeli provisional control over the Sinai Peninsula ended, following the implementation of the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty, which saw Israel return the region to Egypt in exchange for the latter's recognition of Israel as a legitimate sovereign state
1974–1991	Eritrean War of Independence		Ethiopia Cuba (until 1989) Soviet Union (until 1990) South Yemen	ELF EPLF	Withdrawal (limited involvement) Independence of Eritrea after the fall of the Soviet-aligned communist government in Ethiopia
1975–1991	Angolan Civil War		MPLA Cuba Brazil Soviet Union SWAPO MK	South Africa UNITA FNLA FLEC	Stalemate (limited involvement) Three Powers Accord Withdrawal of all foreign forces from Angola Independence of Namibia
1977–1978	Ethio-Somali War		Ethiopia Cuba South Yemen Soviet Union	Somalia WSLF	Victory Somalia breaks all ties with the Soviet Bloc and the Second World (except for China and Romania)
1979–1989	Soviet–Afghan War		Soviet Union Soviet-controlled Afghanistan	Afghan Mujahideen Saqqawists	Defeat Failure to suppress the Afghan mujahideen insurgency Geneva Accords of 1988 Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Beginning of the Afghan Civil War

Russian Federation (1991–present)

Further information: List of battles involving the Russian Federation

Date	Conflict	Location	Russia and its allies	Opponent(s)	Result
1991–1993	Georgian Civil War	Georgia	Government of Georgia Supported by Russia	Zviad Gamsakhurdia's government in exile Zviadists	Victory Zviadist revolt crushed
1991–1992	South Ossetian War	South Ossetia	South Ossetia Russia	Georgia	Victory South Ossetia gained de facto independence
1992–1993	War in Abkhazia	Abkhazia	Abkhazia Russia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Georgia UNA-UNSO	Victory Abkhazia gained de facto independence
1992	Transnistria War PMR trucks on the bridge between Tiraspol and Bendery	Transnistria	Transnistria Russia 14th Guards Army (elements) Don Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Ukrainian volunteers UNA-UNSO.	Moldova Romanian volunteers and military advisers	Victory Transnistria gained de facto independence
1992	East Prigorodny Conflict	North Ossetia-Alania	Russia North Ossetia-Alania	Ingush militia	Victory Expulsion of ethnic Ingush from Prigorodny by Ossetian militia
1992–1997	Tajikistani Civil War Spetsnaz troops dismount an APC during the war	Tajikistan	/Tajikistan /Russia Uzbekistan /Kazakhstan /Kyrgyzstan /Turkmenistan UNMOT Austria Bangladesh Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Ghana Hungary Indonesia Jordan Nepal Nigeria Poland Switzerland Ukraine Uruguay Supported by /Belarus (weapons supplies) China India	United Tajik Opposition Islamic Renaissance Party Democratic Party Party of People's Unity Rastokhez Popular Movement Lali Badakhshan Gorno-Badakhshan Jamiat-e Islami (until 1996) Afghanistan (until 1996) Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until 1996) Taliban factions Supported by al-Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan	Victory United Nations-sponsored armistice
1994–1996	First Chechen War A Chechen militiaman takes cover behind a burned-out Russian BMP-2 armoured vehicle	Chechnya	Russia Chechen Opposition	Ichkeria Mujahideen	Defeat Withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya Khasav-Yurt Accord De facto independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, but de jure it remained a part of the Russian Federation
1999	War of Dagestan	Dagestan	Russia Dagestan	IIPB	Victory Start of the Second Chechen War
1999–2009	Second Chechen War A farewell ceremony for the 331st Airborne Regiment of the 98th Airborne Division withdrawn from Chechnya	Chechnya	Russia Chechnya	Ichkeria Caucasian Front Mujahideen	Victory Russia regained control over Chechnya
2008	Russo-Georgian War Russian BMP-2 from the 58th Army in South Ossetia	Georgia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia	Russia South Ossetia Abkhazia	Georgia	Victory Occupation of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
2009–2017	Insurgency in the North Caucasus FSB Spetsnaz members during an anti-terrorist operation in Makhachkala, Dagestan	North Caucasus	Russia Chechnya Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria North Ossetia-Alania	Caucasus Emirate ISIL (from 2015)	Victory Defeat of Islamists
2014–present	Russo-Ukrainian War Russian unidentified special forces take control of a Ukrainian military garrison in Crimea Donetsk People's Republic militiamen checking with civilians in a cellar during the Battle of Ilovaisk (2014) DPR elite Republican Guard troops during the 2018 Victory Day parade in Donetsk	Ukraine	Russia Donetsk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic Supported by Belarus (since 2022)	Ukraine Supported by: For countries providing aid to Ukraine since 2022, see List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War	Ongoing 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea War in Donbas Minsk Protocol, an un-implemented ceasefire agreement 2021–22 Russo-Ukrainian crisis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Annexation of Southern and Eastern Ukraine
2015–present	Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War Two Tupolev Tu-22M3s bombing ISIL command posts and weapon warehouses in the Deir ez-Zor area, 2017 Sukhoi Su-30 pilot talking to a Russian Air Force technician in the Khmeimim Air Base	Syria	Russia Syria Iran Hezbollah	ISIL Ahrar al-Sham Tahrir al-Sham Syrian Opposition	Ongoing Preservation of the Syrian government headed by Bashar al-Assad. Syrian Armed Forces recapture more than 30,000 square kilometres of area, including Latakia, Aleppo and Palmyra, break the three-year-long siege of Deir ez-Zor and take control of that city
2018–present	Central African Republic Civil War Delivery of Russian BRDM-2 armored vehicles to Central African Republic, October 2020	Central African Republic	Russia Central African Republic Rwanda	Coalition of Patriots for Change	Ongoing
2021–present	Mali War	Mali	Russia Mali	Al-Qaeda Islamic State	Ongoing

See also

• Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – Military forces of the Russian FederationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• History of Russia – History of the Russian Federation
• Military history of Russia – Aspect of history
• List of wars – Overview of and topical guide to warPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets (Category:Lists of wars)
• List of wars involving Armenia
• List of wars involving Azerbaijan
• List of wars involving Belarus
• List of wars involving Estonia
• List of wars involving Finland
• List of wars involving Georgia (country)
• List of wars involving Kazakhstan
• List of wars involving Kyrgyzstan
• List of wars involving Latvia
• List of wars involving Lithuania
• List of wars involving Moldova
• List of wars involving Poland
• List of wars involving Tajikistan
• List of wars involving Turkey
• List of wars involving Ukraine
• List of wars involving Uzbekistan

Sources

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• Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. p. 222. ISBN 9781850430575. (e-book).
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• Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. Londen/New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781135954949.
• Logan, F. Donald (2005). The Vikings in History. New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). p. 205. ISBN 9780415327565. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023. (third edition)
• Martin, Janet (1995). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521362768.
• Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584 (E-book) (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
• Martin, Janet (2009b). "From Kiev to Muscovy: The Beginnings to 1450". In Freeze, Gregory (ed.). Russia: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. ISBN 978-0-19-150121-0. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023. (third edition)
• Ostrowski, Donald (1993). "Why did the Metropolitan Move from Kiev to Vladimir in the Thirteenth Century". Christianity and the Eastern Slavs. Volume I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 83–101. ISBN 9780520360198. Retrieved 16 May 2023. doi:10.1525/9780520313606-009
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