List of asanas

Padmāsana, lotus pose, used for meditation. Gilt bronze statue of Bodhisattva Manjusri and Prajnaparamita, Nepal, c. 1575

An asana is a posture, whether for traditional hatha yoga or for modern yoga; the term is derived from the Sanskrit word for 'seat'. While many of the oldest mentioned asanas are indeed seated postures for meditation, asanas may be standing, seated, arm-balances, twists, inversions, forward bends, backbends, or reclining in prone or supine positions. The asanas have been given a variety of English names by competing schools of yoga.

The traditional number of asanas is the symbolic 84, but different texts identify different selections, sometimes listing their names without describing them. Some names have been given to different asanas over the centuries, and some asanas have been known by a variety of names, making tracing and the assignment of dates difficult. For example, the name Muktasana is now given to a variant of Siddhasana with one foot in front of the other, but has also been used for Siddhasana and other cross-legged meditation poses. As another example, the headstand is now known by the 20th century name Shirshasana, but an older name for the pose is Kapalasana. Sometimes, the names have the same meaning, as with Bidalasana and Marjariasana, both meaning Cat Pose.

Affixes

Variations on the basic asanas are indicated by Sanskrit affixes including the following:

English	Sanskrit	Meaning	Example
Adho	अधो	downward	Adho Mukha Shvanasana (downward dog)
Ardha	अर्ध	half	Ardha Padmasana (half lotus)
Baddha	बद्ध	bound	Baddha Konasana (bound angle)
Dvi	द्वि	two	Dvi Pada Kaundinyasana (two-legged Kaundinya)
Eka	एक	one	Eka Pada Shirshasana (one-legged headstand)
Parivritta	परिवृत्त	revolved	Parivritta Trikonasana (reverse triangle)
Prasarita	प्रसारित	spread out	Prasarita Padottanasana (wide stance forward bend)
Salamba	षलम्ब	supported	Salamba Shirshasana (supported headstand)
Supta	सुप्त	supine, reclining	Supta Virasana (reclining hero)
Upavishta	उपविष्ठ	seated	Upavishta Konasana (wide-angle seated forward bend)
Urdhva	ऊर्ध्व	upwards	Urdhva Dhanurasana (upwards bow)
Utthita	उत्थित	extended	Utthita Parsvakonasana (extended side angle)
Viparita	विपरीत	inverted	Viparita Dandasana (inverted staff)

Asanas

A single asana is listed for each main pose, whether or not there are variations. Thus for Sirsasana (Yoga headstand), only one pose is illustrated, although the pose can be varied by moving the legs apart sideways or front-and-back, by lowering one leg to the floor, by folding the legs into lotus posture, by turning the hips to one side, by placing the hands differently on the ground, and so on. Iyengar's 1966 Light on Yoga lists 15 variations on the basic headstand, including for instance the combined variation Parivrttaikapada Sirsasana in which not only are the hips revolved but the legs are apart front-and-back. Since then, variations of many other poses have been created; their names are not listed here. Yin Yoga names are for the equivalent Yin variants; these are usually somewhat different from the conventional (Yang) poses.

Indian texts are "notoriously difficult to date". The table shows the approximate date and abbreviated title of the earliest document or authority to describe that asana (not only naming it), as follows:

• AS = Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā, c. 7th century
• BaH = Bahr al-Hayāt, 17th century
• DU = Darshana Upanishad, c. 4th century
• GhS = Gheraṇḍa Saṃhitā, 17th century
• GS = Goraksha Sataka, 10th century
• HAP = Hațhābhyāsapaddhati, 18th century
• HR = Haṭha Ratnāvali, 17th century
• HY = Hemacandra's Yogaśāstra, 11th century
• HYP = Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā, 15th century
• JP = Joga Pradīpikā, 18th century
• LoY = Light on Yoga, 1966
• PL = Post-Light on Yoga
• PSV = Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa, 8th century
• ShS = Śiva Saṃhitā, 14th century
• ST = Sritattvanidhi, 19th century
• TB = Theos Bernard, 1950
• TK = Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, c. 1940
• V = Vimānārcanākalpa, 10th century
• VS = Vasishtha Samhita, 13th century

Asana	Sanskrit	English	Type	Effect on spine	Suitable for meditation	Described	Yin Yoga variant	Image
Adho Mukha Shvanasana	अधोमुखश्वानासन	Downward-Facing Dog	Standing	Forward bend		20th C. TK 18th C. HAP (in dynamic pose "Gajāsana")
Adho Mukha Vrikshasana	अधोमुखवृक्षासन	Downward-Facing Tree, Yoga Handstand	Balancing			18th C. HAP
Akarna Dhanurasana	आकर्णधनुरासन	Shooting bow, Archer, Bow and arrow	Sitting			19th C. ST (as Dhanurāsana)
Anantasana	अनन्तासन	Ananta's pose, Vishnu's Couch pose	Reclining			20th C. LoY
Anjaneyasana	अञ्जनेयासन	Crescent Moon	Standing	Backbend		20th C.	Dragon
Ardha Chandrasana	अर्धचन्द्रासन	Half moon	Standing			20th C. LoY
Ashtanga Namaskara	अष्टाङ्ग नमस्कार	Eight-Limbed Salutation Caterpillar	Reclining			20th C. TK
Astavakrasana	अष्टावक्रासन	Aṣṭāvakra's pose, Eight-angled	Balancing			20th C. LoY
Baddha Konasana Bhadrasana	बद्धकोणासन	Bound angle, Cobbler's pose	Sitting		Meditation	15th C. HYP 17th C. GhS	Butterfly
Bakasana Kakasana	बकासन, ककासन	Crane (arms straight) Crow (arms bent)	Balancing			17th C. HR
Balasana	बालासन	Child	Sitting			20th C. TK 19th C. ST Ananda Balasana (as Kandukasana)	Child's
Bhairavasana Ankushasana	भैरवासन अण्कुशासन	Formidable	Reclining			19th C. ST
Bharadvajasana	भरद्वाजासन	Bharadvaja's twist	Sitting	Twist		20th C. LoY	Seated Twist
Bhekasana	भेकासन	Frog	Reclining	Backbend		20th C. LoY
Bhujangasana	भुजंगासन	Cobra	Reclining	Backbend		17th C. GhS 2.42	Seal, Sphinx
Bhujapidasana	भुजपीडासन	Arm-pressing posture	Balancing			20th C. LoY	Snail
Bidalasana Marjariasana	बिडालासन मार्जरीआसन	Cat	Kneeling	Backbend		20th C. T.K.V. Desikachar, Satyananda Saraswati
Chaturanga Dandasana	चतुरङ्गदण्डासन	Four-Limbed Staff Low Plank	Reclining			20th C. TK
Dandasana	दण्डासन	Staff	Sitting			08th C. PSV
Dhanurasana	धनुरासन	Bow	Reclining	Backbend		15th C. HYP 1.27
Durvasasana	दुर्वासासन	Durvasa's Pose	Standing, Balancing			19th C. ST (as 'Trivikramasana')
Garbha Pindasana	गर्भासन	Embryo in Womb	Sitting			17th C. BaH
Garudasana	गरुडासन	Eagle	Standing, Balancing			19th C. ST
Gomukhasana	गोमुखासन	Cow-faced	Sitting		Meditation	04th C. DU 10th C. V 15th C. HYP 1.20	Shoelace
Gorakshasana	गोरक्षासन	Cowherd Gorakhnath's pose	Sitting		Meditation	14th C. ShS 3.108-112 15th C. HYP 1.28-29 17th C. GhS 2.24-25
Halasana	हलासन	Plough	Inversion	Forward bend		19th C. ST (as Lāṇgalāsana, plough) 20th C. TB
Hanumanasana	हनुमनासन	Hanuman's Pose	Sitting			20th C. TK
Janusirsasana	जानुशीर्षासन	Head-to-Knee	Sitting	Forward Bend		20th C. TK
Jathara Parivartanasana	ञटर परिवर्तनासन	Belly twist	Reclining	Twist		20th C. LoY
Kapotasana	कपोतासन	Pigeon	Kneeling	Backbend		20th C. LoY
Karnapidasana	कर्णपीडासन	Ear-pressing	Inversion	Forward bend		20th C. TB (as variant of Halasana); LoY
Kaundinyasana	कौण्डिन्यसन	Kaundinya's pose	Balancing			20th C. LoY
Kraunchasana	क्रौञ्चासन	Heron	Sitting			17th C. HR
Kukkutasana	कुक्कुटासन	Cockerel	Balancing			07th C. AS 13th C. VS 15th C. HYP 1.23 17th C. GhS 2.31
Kurmasana	कूर्मासन	Tortoise	Sitting	Forward bend		07th C. AS
Lolasana	लोलासन	Pendant	Balancing			20th C.
Makarasana	मकरासन	Crocodile	Reclining			17th C. GhS 2.40
Malasana	मालासन	Garland	Squatting	Forward bend		20th C. LoY
Mandukasana	मन्दुकासन	Frog	Sitting			17th C. GhS
Marichyasana	मरीच्यासन	Marichi's Pose	Sitting	Twist		20th C. TK
Matsyasana	मत्स्यासन	Fish	Reclining	Backbend		17th C. GhS 2.21	Fish
Matsyendrasana	मत्स्येन्द्रासन	Lord of the Fishes Matsyendra's pose	Sitting	Twist		15th C. HYP 1.28-29 17th C. GhS
Mayurasana	मयूरासन	Peacock	Balancing			10th C. V 15th C. HYP 1.33
Muktasana	मुक्तासन	Liberated	Sitting		Meditation	10th C. V
Natarajasana	नटराजासन	Lord of the Dance Dancer Nataraja's Pose	Standing	Backbend		20th C. TK
Navasana Naukasana	नावासन, परिपूर्णनावासन नौकासन	Boat	Sitting	Forward bend		19th C. ST
Padmasana	पद्मासन	Lotus	Sitting		Meditation	04th C. DU 08th C. PSV
Parighasana	परिघासन	Gate	Standing			20th C. TK
Parshvakonasana	पार्श्वकोणासन	Side angle	Standing			20th C. TK
Parshvottanasana	पार्श्वोत्तनासन	Intense side stretch	Standing			20th C. TK
Pashasana	पाशासन	Noose	Squatting	Twist		19th C. ST
Paschimottanasana	पश्चिमोत्तानासन	Seated Forward Bend	Sitting	Forward Bend		15th C. HYP 1:28 17th C. GhS 2:26	Full Forward Bend, Caterpillar
Pincha Mayurasana	पिञ्चमयूरासन	Feathered Peacock	Balancing			20th C. LoY
Prasarita Padottanasana	प्रसारित पादोत्तानासन	Wide Stance Forward Bend	Standing	Forward bend		20th C. TK
Rajakapotasana	राजकपोतासन	King Pigeon	Sitting	Backbend		20th C. LoY	Swan, Sleeping Swan
Shalabhasana	शलभासन	Locust	Reclining	Backbend		20th C. TB
Sarvangasana	सालम्बसर्वाङ्गासन	Shoulder Stand	Inversion			20th C. (this name); 19th C. as Viparita Karani in JP; 15th C. HYP
Samakonasana	समकोणासन	Side splits	Sitting			20th C. TK
Shavasana	शवासन	Corpse	Reclining			15th C. HYP 1.32	Corpse
Setu Bandha Sarvangasana	सेतुबन्धसर्वाङ्गासन	Shoulder supported bridge	Inversion	Backbend		19th C. ST, called Kāmapīṭhāsana
Siddhasana (men), Siddha Yoni Asana (women)	सिद्धासन	Accomplished, The Adept's Pose	Sitting		Meditation	10th C. GS 1.10-12
Simhasana	सिंहासन	Lion	Sitting		Meditation	04th C. DU 10th C. V
Shirshasana Kapalasana	शीर्षासन	Headstand, Yoga Headstand	Inversion			11th C. HY(called Duryodhanāsana or Kapālīkarana) 14th C. ShS 4.45-47 (as Viparita Karani) 15th C. HYP 3.78-81 (ditto) 17th C. GhS 3.33-35 (ditto) 18th C. JP (as Kapala āsana)
Sukhasana	सुखासन	Easy	Sitting		Meditation	04th C. DU	Easy
Supta Padangusthasana	सुप्त पादाङ्गुष्ठासन	Big toe supine	Reclining			20th C. TK
Surya Namaskar	सुर्य नमस्कार	Salute to the Sun Sun Salutation	Standing	Forward bend, backbend sequence		20th C. Rajah of Aundh, then TK
Svastikasana	स्वस्तिकसन	Auspicious Lucky mark	Sitting		Meditation	08th C. PSV	Square
Tadasana	ताडासन	Mountain	Standing			20th C. TK
Tittibhasana	टिट्टिभासन	Firefly	Balancing			19th C. ST (as Mālāsana)
Trikonasana, Utthita Trikonasana	त्रिकोणासन, उत्थित त्रिकोणासन	Triangle	Standing			20th C. TK
Trivikramasana	त्रिविक्रमासन	Trivikrama's pose Standing splits Supta Trivikramasana (reclining variant)	Standing, Balancing			13th - 18th C. in Bharatnatyam dance statues of Eastern Gopuram, Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
Tulasana	तुलासन	Balance / Scales	Balancing			20th C. LoY
Upavishta Konasana	उपविष्टकोणासन	Open Angle	Sitting			20th C. TK	Dragonfly
Urdhva Dhanurasana Chakrasana	ऊर्ध्वधनुरासन, चक्रासन	Upwards-facing bow, Wheel	Inversion	Backbend		19th C. ST (as Paryaṇkāsana)
Urdhva Mukha Shvanasana	ऊर्ध्वमुखश्वानासन	Upward-Facing Dog	Reclining	Backbend		20th C. TK
Ushtrasana	उष्ट्रासन	Camel	Kneeling	Backbend		20th C. LoY
Utkatasana	उत्कटासन	Awkward or Powerful	Standing			15th C. HYP (squatting) 17th C. GhS 20th C. TK (chair-like)
Uttanasana	उत्तानासन	Standing Forward Bend	Standing	Forward bend		20th C. TB (as Padahastasana); TK
Utthita Hastapadangusthasana	उत्थित हस्तपादाङ्गुष्ठासन	Standing Big Toe Hold (I: leg to the side; II: leg to the front)	Standing			20th C. TK
Vajrasana	वज्रासन	Thunderbolt	Kneeling		Meditation	17th C. GhS (may mean Virasana)
Vasishtasana	वसिष्ठासन	Vasishta's pose, Side plank	Balancing			20th C. TK
Viparita Dandasana	विपरीत दण्डासन	Inverted Staff	Inversion	Backbend		20th C. TK?, LoY
Viparita Karani Uttanapadasana (variant)	विपरीतकरणि	Inverted practice Legs up the wall	Inversion			14th C. ShS 4.45-47 15th C. HYP 3.78-81 17th C. GhS 3.33-35 and other texts	Legs-Up-the-Wall
Viparita Virabhadrasana	विपरीतवीरभद्रासन	Reversed Warrior	Standing			21st C. PL
Virabhadrasana I	वीरभद्रासन	Warrior I	Standing			20th C. TK
Virabhadrasana II	वीरभद्रासन II	Warrior II	Standing			20th C. TK
Virabhadrasana III	वीरभद्रासन III	Warrior III	Standing			20th C. TK
Virasana, Dhyana Virasana	वीरासन, ध्यान वीरासन	Hero, Hero's Meditation	Kneeling		Meditation	04th C. DU 08th C. PSV (these may refer to a different meditation pose)
Vrikshasana	वृक्षासन	Tree	Standing, Balancing			17th C. GhS
Vrischikasana	वृश्चिकासन	Scorpion	Inversion	Backbend		20th C. LoY (13th - 18th C. in Bharatnatyam dance statues of Eastern Gopuram, Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram but not yoga)
Yoganidrasana Pasini Mudra	योगनिद्रासन	Yogic sleep Noose Mudra	Reclining	Forward bend		17th C. HR 3.70 17th C. GhS 3.84 as a Mudra 18th C. painting, Mysore

See also

• Mudra – yoga gestures
• Pranayama – yoga breathing techniques
• Surya Namaskar – a foundational sequence of asanas

Sources

• Ayyangar, T. R. Srinivasa (trans.) (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. Adyar, Madras: The Adyar Library.
• Bernard, Theos (2007) [1944]. Hatha yoga : the report of a personal experience. Edinburgh: Harmony. ISBN 978-0-9552412-2-2. OCLC 230987898.
• Goldberg, Elliott (2016). The Path of Modern Yoga : the history of an embodied spiritual practice. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1-62055-567-5. OCLC 926062252.
• Iyengar, B. K. S. (1979) [1966]. Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika. Thorsons. ISBN 978-1855381667.
• Krishnamacharya, Tirumalai (2006) [1934]. Yoga Makaranda. Translated by Lakshmi Ranganathan; Nandini Ranganathan.
• Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (2008). Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4.
• Lidell, Lucy, The Sivananda Yoga Centre (1983). The book of yoga. Ebury. ISBN 978-0-85223-297-2. OCLC 12457963.
• Mallinson, James (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: the original Sanskrit and an English translation. YogaVidya. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6.
• Mallinson, James; Singleton, Mark (2017). Roots of Yoga. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-241-25304-5. OCLC 928480104.
• Mehta, Silva; Mehta, Mira; Mehta, Shyam (1990). Yoga: The Iyengar Way. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0863184208.
• Murugan, Chillayah (20 October 2012). "Yoga Asanas for Health and Fitness". Silambam. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
• Powers, Sarah (2008). Insight Yoga. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1-59030-598-0. OCLC 216937520.
• Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (1996). Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha (PDF). Yoga Publications Trust. ISBN 978-8186336144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
• Srinivasa, Narinder (2002). Gharote, M. L.; Devnath, Parimal; Jha, Vijay Kant (eds.). Hatha Ratnavali Srinivasayogi | A Treatise On Hathayoga (1st ed.). Lonavla, India: The Lonavla Yoga Institute. ISBN 81-901176-96.
• Singleton, Mark (2010). Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539534-1. OCLC 318191988.
• Sjoman, Norman E. (1999). The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-389-2.

External links

• Beyogi Library of Yoga Poses
• Jack Cuneo Light on Yoga Project