Lithium diisopropylamide
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Lithium diisopropylamide
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| Other names
LDA
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.021.721 |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C6H14LiN or LiN(C3H7)2 | |
| Molar mass | 107.1233 g/mol |
| Density | 0.79 g/cm3 |
| Reacts with water | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 36 (THF) [1] |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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corrosive |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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Superbases |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Lithium diisopropylamide (commonly abbreviated LDA) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula [(CH3)2CH]2NLi. It is used as a strong base and has been widely accepted due to its good solubility in non-polar organic solvents and non-nucleophilic nature. It is a colorless solid, but is usually generated and observed only in solution.
Preparation and structure
LDA is commonly formed by treating a cooled (0 to −78 °C) tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of diisopropylamine with n-butyllithium.[2]
When dissociated, the diisopropylamide anion can become protonated to form Diisopropylamine. Diisopropylamine has pKa value of 36. Therefore, its conjugate base is suitable for the deprotonation of compounds with greater acidity. Importantly, such weakly acidic compounds carbon acids of the type R2CHZ, where Z = C(O)R', CO2R', and CN. Conventional protic functional groups such as alcohols and carboxylic acids are of course readily deprotonated.
Like most organolithium reagents, LDA is not a salt, but is highly polar. It forms aggregates in solution; with the extent of aggregation depending on the nature of the solvent. In THF its structure is primarily that of a solvated dimer.[3][4] In nonpolar solvents such as toluene, it forms a temperature-dependent oligomer equilibrium. At room temperature trimers and tetramers are the most likely structures. With increasing temperature the aggregation extends to pentameric and higher oligomeric structures.[5]
Solid LDA is pyrophoric,[6] but its solutions are generally not. As such it is commercially available as a solution in polar aprotic solvents such as THF and ether, however for small scale use (less than 50 mmol), it is common and more cost effective to prepare LDA in situ.
Kinetic vs thermodynamic bases
The deprotonation of carbon acids can proceed with either kinetic or thermodynamic reaction control. Kinetic controlled deprotonation requires a base that is sterically hindered. For example, in the case of phenylacetone, deprotonation can produce two different enolates. LDA has been shown to deprotonate the methyl group, which is the kinetic course of the deprotonation. A weaker base such as an alkoxide, which reversibly deprotonates the substrate, affords the more thermodynamically stable benzylic enolate. An alternative to the weaker base is to use a strong base which is present at a lower concentration than the ketone. For instance, with a slurry of sodium hydride in THF or dimethylformamide (DMF), the base only reacts at the solution-solid interface. A ketone molecule might be deprotonated at the kinetic site. This enolate may then encounter other ketones and the thermodynamic enolate will form through the exchange of protons, even in an aprotic solvent which does not contain hydronium ions.
LDA can, however, act as a nucleophile under certain conditions.
See also
- Lithium amide
- Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS)
- Lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP)
References
- ^ David Evans Research Group
- ^ Smith, A. P.; Lamba, J. J. S.; Fraser, C. L. (2004). "Efficient Synthesis of Halomethyl-2,2'-Bipyridines: 4,4'-Bis(chloromethyl)-2,2'-Bipyridine". Organic Syntheses
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 10, p. 107. - ^ Williard, P. G.; Salvino, J. M. (1993). "Synthesis, isolation, and structure of an LDA-THF complex". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 58 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1021/jo00053a001.
- ^ N.D.R. Barnett, R.E. Mulvey, W. Clegg and P.A. O'Neil (1991). "Crystal structure of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA): an infinite helical arrangement composed of near-linear nitrogen-lithium-nitrogen units with four units per turn of helix". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 113 (21): 8187. doi:10.1021/ja00021a066.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Neufeld, R.; John, M., Stalke, D. (2015). "The Donor-Base-Free Aggregation of Lithium Diisopropyl Amide in Hydrocarbons Revealed by a DOSY Method". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54 (24): 6994–6998. doi:10.1002/anie.201502576.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ MSDS at Sigma-Aldrich