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"Long, Long, Long"
Song

"Long, Long, Long" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 album The Beatles (also known as "the White Album"). It was written by George Harrison following the group's attendance at Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation course in India in early 1968. Although Harrison later stated that he was addressing God in the lyrics, it is the first of his compositions that invites interpretation as both a standard love song and a paean to his deity.

Harrison wrote "Long, Long, Long" during a period that marked his emergence as a prolific songwriter, coinciding with his return to the guitar after two years of studying the Indian sitar. His musical inspiration for the song was "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands" by Bob Dylan, while the understated arrangement reflects the influence of the Band's 1968 album Music from Big Pink. The Beatles recorded the song in London towards the end of the troubled sessions for the White Album. Sequenced to follow the heavy rock-styled "Helter Skelter", the otherwise gentle and meditative track ends with a partly improvised segment, which was inspired by the eerie sound of a wine bottle vibrating on a speaker in the recording studio.

"Long, Long, Long" has received praise from many music critics for its lilting, expressive qualities. Ian MacDonald described it as Harrison's "touching token of exhausted, relieved reconciliation with God" and considered it to be his "finest moment on The Beatles".[1] Elliott Smith and Jim James are among the other artists who have recorded or performed the song.

Background and inspiration

Meditation caves at Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's former ashram in Rishikesh, India. The Beatles' stay at the ashram in early 1968 served as part of Harrison's inspiration for the song.

George Harrison wrote "Long, Long, Long" in August 1968,[2] while the Beatles were part-way through the recording of their eponymous double album, also known as "the White Album".[3] It was one of many songs that marked Harrison's return to the guitar as his principal musical instrument,[4] after he had dedicated himself to mastering the Indian sitar in 1966.[5][6] This period coincided with a new, prolific period in his songwriting,[7][8] which musicologist Walter Everett likens to the arrival of John Lennon and Paul McCartney as composers in 1963.[9][nb 1]

According to author and critic Kenneth Womack, the "origins" of "Long, Long, Long" date from the Beatles' stay in Rishikesh, India,[10] between February and April 1968.[11] Led by Harrison's commitment,[12][13] the four band members studied Transcendental Meditation there under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.[14] They departed for England separately, however, between 1 March and 12 April,[15] and their mixed experiences on the course contributed to the divisiveness that pervaded the group upon their return.[16][17] Alone among the Beatles, Harrison continued to espouse the Maharishi's teachings,[18][19] a position that left him isolated within the band.[20][21] Author Simon Leng describes "Long, Long, Long" as the first song in which Harrison "share[d] the spiritual refuge he'd found" through meditation, as well as "a confluence of the Indian, folk, and spiritual influences" that had preoccupied him since 1966.[22]

In his autobiography, I, Me, Mine, Harrison states that "the 'you' in 'Long Long Long' is God." He also says that his musical inspiration for the composition was Bob Dylan's "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands" – specifically, "D to E minor, A and D – those three chords and the way they moved".[23][nb 2] As a further influence in "Long, Long, Long", Leng cites the release of the Band's debut album, Music from Big Pink, which "signaled the rebirth of 'the song'" as an alternative to the excesses of 1967-era psychedelia.[27]

Composition

According to musicologist Alan Pollack, "Long, Long, Long" is "an off-beat mixture" of contemporary musical styles; he identifies it as "a three-way cross between jazz waltz, folk song, and late sixties psychedelia".[28] The song is in the key of F,[29] played with a capo on the guitar's third fret, so allowing for the chord shapes that Harrison admired in "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands".[30] The melody appears to fluctuate from the home key, however,[28] due to its avoidance of perfect cadences, as the dominant, C7 chord resists anchoring on the tonic I chord of F major. In addition, all plagal changes (in this case, B♭ to F major) are fleeting.[31] The composition also makes use of jazz-style ninth chords.[28]

["Long, Long, Long"] is the first of dozens of Harrison love songs that are ambiguous in that he could be singing either to his lady or to his Lord. "I think all love is part of a universal love," he explained to Rolling Stone years later. "When you love a woman, it's the God in her that you see."[32]

– Nicholas Schaffner, 1977

Lyrically, the song takes the form of a reconciliation with a loved one after a long period of estrangement.[4] Theologian Dale Allison considers that, given the "cryptic" nature of the lyrics, it is only through Harrison's subsequent comments that the listener knows that he is addressing God rather than a woman.[33][nb 3] Allison likens the song's message to that of later Harrison compositions such as "Try Some, Buy Some" and "Heading for the Light", through its conveying of a "conversion experience".[37]

The lyrics' reference to an extreme length of time is accentuated by the stretching out of an already slow 6/8 metre into 9/8, and, during the verses, by the appending of a measure-long instrumental tag after each two bars of vocal melody.[38] Partly as a result of the absence of resolution in the home key, the descending bassline in the verses – a 4-3-2-1 sequence of notes mirroring the IV-iii-ii-I chord pattern – establishes an almost subliminal tonic.[31][nb 4]

The mood of the song is gentle and meditative,[40][41] with the more strident middle eight providing a brief departure from the calmness.[28] In this section, Harrison sings of "So many tears I was searching / So many tears I was wasting",[42] a statement that, according to author Ian Inglis, reflects the singer's "rejoicing in his discovery of a deity to guide him through the vicissitudes of life".[43] Everett remarks on the close similarity between "Long, Long, Long" and "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands", as well as an understated musical mood akin to the Band's early work.[44] The song's ending, which would come about through happenstance while the Beatles were working in the recording studio,[45] is marked by Harrison playing a final, G minor 7th chord, which author Ian MacDonald considers "one of the most resonant [chords] in The Beatles' discography".[1][nb 5]

Recording

Under the working title "It's Been a Long, Long, Long Time",[45] recording for the song began at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London on 7 October 1968, during the final week of sessions for the White Album.[47] Since the start of the project, in late May, the album sessions had been fraught with disharmony,[48][49][50] partly as a result of the constant presence of Yoko Ono, Lennon's new partner,[51][52] and disagreements within the band over their new business venture, Apple Corps.[53] While noting the context of the song's recording, MacDonald describes "Long, Long, Long" as Harrison's "touching token of exhausted, relieved reconciliation with God".[54]

The session for "Long, Long, Long" was a relaxed occasion, with the burning of Indian incense helping to create the requisite atmosphere in the studio.[45] The Beatles recorded 67 takes of the rhythm track,[45] with Harrison on vocals and acoustic guitar, McCartney playing Hammond organ, and Ringo Starr on drums.[55][nb 6]

There was a bottle of "Blue Nun" wine on top of the Leslie speaker during the recording and when our Paul hit some organ note the Leslie started vibrating and the bottle rattling. You can hear it on the record – at the very end.[23]

– George Harrison, 1979

In his book on the history of ambient music, Mark Prendergast cites "Long, Long, Long" as a ballad "noteworthy for its Ambient production".[58] The idea for the end of the song was inspired by the sound created by a wine bottle sitting on a Leslie speaker, through which the organ was connected.[23] Whenever McCartney played a certain note on the keyboard, the bottle began to vibrate,[1] producing an eerie clattering sound that the Beatles decided to incorporate in their subsequent performances of the track.[34] To compound the effect on the selected take, Starr played a fast snare drum roll[45] and Harrison vocalised a prolonged, high-pitched wail.[1] While noting the "palpable spiritual longing" conveyed in the song, Chris Gerard of PopMatters describes this coda as a "weird spectral ending, with Harrison wailing like a wounded ghost while the band members rattle their instruments ominously".[59]

Nine hours after this all-night session, the band returned to Abbey Road to carry out overdubs.[60] Harrison added a second vocal and another acoustic guitar part,[61] the latter consisting of riffs that recall the sound of a sitar, due to the strings buzzing against the frets.[62] During the same session, McCartney overdubbed bass guitar onto the track.[61] The recording was finished on 9 October,[61] with the addition of a brief harmony vocal from McCartney and piano, over the middle eight,[63] played by Chris Thomas.[2]

Mixing on "Long, Long, Long" was completed on 14 October,[64] with Starr's drum fills given prominence in the mix.[34][43] Relative to the stereo version, the contrast between the song's quiet and louder moments is less pronounced in the mono mix, where Harrison's second vocal part also arrives earlier on the opening line.[2]

Release and reception

Having drawn inspiration from their music in "Long, Long, Long", Harrison visited the Band (pictured in 1969) and Bob Dylan in Woodstock in November 1968.

Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968,[65][66] with "Long, Long, Long" appearing as the final track on side three of the double LP.[67] The sequencing ensured that the song provided what author Mark Hertsgaard terms "a calm landing pad" after McCartney's heavy rock-styled "Helter Skelter".[68][nb 7] Shortly after the album's release, Harrison spent time with Dylan and the Band in Woodstock, in upstate New York.[70] In addition to co-writing "I'd Have You Anytime" with Dylan,[71][72] Harrison further established his independence from the Beatles during this visit,[73] which music critic John Harris views as the foundation for his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass.[74]

Among contemporary reviews of The Beatles, Alan Walsh of Melody Maker admired the song as "a gentle, lilting track"[75][76] while, less impressed, Record Mirror considered it "not a strong tune", with drums "monopolising the sound".[77] In his review for The Times, William Mann described "Long, Long, Long" as "a melting love song in slow waltz tempo" and rated it the equal of the nine best, "superbly inventive" compositions credited to Lennon–McCartney.[78]

Recalling the release in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever, Nicholas Schaffner said that in departing from the overtly Indian style of his previous compositions for the Beatles, Harrison had provided "a quartet of more conventionally accessible pop songs that many felt were among the finest on the [White Album]". While acknowledging Harrison's limitations as a singer compared with Lennon and McCartney, Schaffner added: "but when he tones his voice down to an ethereal near-whisper, as in 'Long Long Long,' he can evoke as well as anyone the magic and the mystery of what [music journalist] Jonathan Cott has called 'the music of deep silence.'"[32]

Retrospective assessment and legacy

AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine views "Long, Long, Long" as "haunting" and, along with its composer's three other White Album tracks – "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", "Savoy Truffle" and "Piggies" – evidence that Harrison's songwriting "deserved wider exposure" than his typical quota of two songs on each Beatles LP.[79] Less impressed with Harrison's other contributions to the album, Ian MacDonald welcomes "Long, Long, Long" with the words: "at last – the real George." MacDonald considers it to be "Harrison's finest moment on The Beatles: simple, direct, and, in its sighing, self-annihilating coda, devastatingly expressive".[80] Conversely, although he acknowledges its effectiveness in following "Helter Skelter", Tim Riley identifies "Long, Long, Long" as the weakest of the four Harrison songs, which are otherwise all "essentials" and "regain[ed] the promise" shown by his three compositions on the Beatles' Revolver album.[81] Author Jonathan Gould praises the track as a "dark beautiful ballad" and a "breakthrough" for Harrison as a vocalist and composer, since it represents "the first time he ever allowed himself to sound humbled by his emotions in a song".[82] Music critic Chris Ingham, writing for Rough Guides, similarly includes it among "a new phase" of Harrison compositions, along with "Something" and "Here Comes the Sun", in which "warmth and sweetness" replaced the dissonant qualities of his Indian-inspired melodies.[83]

In a 1998 review, the NME described "Long, Long, Long" as "redemptive" and "one of many hidden delights" on The Beatles, in addition to citing it as an example of how, even when relations within the band were at their most disharmonious, "the Beatles' riches were manifold".[84] Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Greg Kot deemed the song to be "quintessential Harrison, summarizing the impending exhaustion of the Beatles and the era they defined, while pointing the way toward the spiritual heights achieved by his solo debut masterpiece, All Things Must Pass".[85] In his obituary of the former Beatle, for Rock's Backpages, Mat Snow included "Long, Long, Long" among his favourite Harrison compositions, saying: "for my money the music of George Harrison is most compelling when dwelling in those strange shadows of elusive regret and longing, even fear ..."[86] David Quantick of Uncut admires the track as "a yearning, beautiful song ... an oasis of calm and faith".[87]

"Long, Long, Long" was ranked 80th in Mojo magazine's 2006 list "The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs", where musician Colin Newman described it as "achingly beautiful" and "like the album in microcosm ... A lament for a long-lost love which ends with a ghostly freakout."[88] In a similar list, in 2011, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number 98.[89] Conversely, in 2012, readers of The Daily Telegraph voted "Long, Long, Long" as the fifth worst Beatles track.[90][nb 8] The following year, Mojo listed it at number 9 in a poll to determine "the ultimate list of connoisseurs' Beatles' songs", as defined by any track not included on the band's greatest-hits compilations 1962–1966 and 1967–1970.[92]

Cover versions

Elliott Smith, pictured at a concert in January 2003, covered the song in his live performances.

In 1987, Daniel Amos vocalist Terry Scott Taylor recorded what Trouser Press admired as a "first-rate cover" of "Long, Long, Long" for his album A Briefing for the Ascent.[93] Conversely, Sean Carruthers of AllMusic considers singer Tom Hooper's 2002 cover to be a version that "manages to drain the life" out of the composition.[94] Elliott Smith included "Long, Long, Long" in his live performances.[95] His biographer Benjamin Nugent writes that the song appealed to Smith amid his struggles with depression and drug addiction, as "a ballad about trying to get rid of self-imposed suffering and returning to a place where you can relate to other people".[96]

A recording by Tanya Donelly appeared on her 2006 album This Hungry Life[97] and later on a CD accompanying Uncut's feature article on Harrison's career, in the August 2008 issue of the magazine.[98] My Morning Jacket lead singer Jim James opened his 2009 EP of Harrison compositions, Tribute To, with the song[99] – a cover that Drowned in Sound praised as "not only the standout moment, but also one of the most beautiful and arresting songs of the year".[100] Having recorded the EP within days of Harrison's death in November 2001, James said he decided to release it eight years later partly as a result of attending the David Lynch Foundation's Transcendental Meditation awareness concert, "Change Begins Within", where "[Harrison]'s name came up a lot ... his spirit was very big at that event."[101][nb 9]

Personnel

According to Ian MacDonald:[104]

Notes

  1. ^ Everett comments that Harrison was forced to remain "privately prolific" within the Beatles, however, while Lennon and McCartney continued to dominate the band's songwriting.[9]
  2. ^ The only Western LP that Harrison took with him to Rishikesh was Dylan's Blonde on Blonde,[24][25] which contains the eleven-minute "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands".[26]
  3. ^ The same ambiguity is prevalent in many of Harrison's love songs after "Long, Long, Long"[32][34] and became a characteristic of his songwriting following the Beatles' break-up.[35][36]
  4. ^ In the opinion of musicologist Dominic Pedler, a notable moment is the use of a minor triad 1st inversion on the words "long time". There, in the triad formula ♭3-5-1, the ♭3 note (B♭) is heard as the lowest note in the chord, which is described as a Gm/B♭ "slash" polychord.[39]
  5. ^ In his discussion of this final chord, MacDonald writes of "its simultaneous suggestion of a death, a new beginning, and an enigmatic question" and describes it as the minor equivalent of the "mighty opening" to "A Hard Day's Night".[46]
  6. ^ Lennon did not attend several of the band's sessions that month,[56] including those for Harrison's "Savoy Truffle" and McCartney's "Martha My Dear".[57]
  7. ^ In his comments on the side-three sequencing, author and critic Tim Riley similarly writes of Harrison's guitar welcoming the listener to "Long, Long, Long" while "the smoke and ash are still settling from 'Helter Skelter'."[69]
  8. ^ The music website Something Else! placed it third on a 2011 list titled "Songs where the Beatles, well, sucked". The editors conceded that the list was weighted to avoid "easy targets", however – namely, material from early in the group's career, any songs by Starr, and "experimental verite-rock tracks" such as "Revolution 9".[91]
  9. ^ McCartney and Starr also performed at Change Begins Within, as did Donovan, Mike Love and Paul Horn,[102] all of whom had attended the Rishikesh retreat with the Beatles in 1968.[103]

References

  1. ^ a b c d MacDonald 1998, p. 283.
  2. ^ a b c d Winn 2009, p. 217.
  3. ^ Miles 2001, pp. 300, 306.
  4. ^ a b Lavezzoli 2006, p. 185.
  5. ^ Leng 2006, pp. 34, 37–38.
  6. ^ Shea & Rodriguez 2007, p. 158.
  7. ^ Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 184–85.
  8. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "George Harrison". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  9. ^ a b Everett 1999, p. 199.
  10. ^ Womack 2014, p. 571.
  11. ^ Paytress, Mark (2003). "A Passage to India". Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days of Revolution (The Beatles' Final Years – Jan 1, 1968 to Sept 27, 1970). London: Emap. p. 12.
  12. ^ Jones, Nick (16 December 1967). "Beatle George And Where He's At". Melody Maker. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  13. ^ Doggett 2011, p. 33.
  14. ^ Leng 2006, p. 33.
  15. ^ Miles 2001, pp. 294–95.
  16. ^ Schaffner 1978, pp. 88–89.
  17. ^ Inglis 2009, p. 118.
  18. ^ Allison 2006, p. 45.
  19. ^ Boyd 2007, p. 119.
  20. ^ Tillery 2011, pp. 65, 69.
  21. ^ Greene 2006, pp. 99–100.
  22. ^ Leng 2006, pp. 37–38.
  23. ^ a b c Harrison 2002, p. 132.
  24. ^ Everett 1999, p. 349.
  25. ^ Leng 2006, p. 274.
  26. ^ Janovitz, Bill. "Bob Dylan 'Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands'". AllMusic. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  27. ^ Leng 2006, p. 318.
  28. ^ a b c d Pollack, Alan W. (1998). "Notes on 'Long, Long, Long'". soundscapes.info. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  29. ^ MacDonald 1998, p. 451.
  30. ^ Everett 1999, pp. 204, 349.
  31. ^ a b Pedler 2003, p. 302 fn 15.
  32. ^ a b c Schaffner 1978, p. 115.
  33. ^ Allison 2006, p. 149.
  34. ^ a b c Shea & Rodriguez 2007, p. 170.
  35. ^ Allison 2006, p. 12.
  36. ^ Inglis 2010, pp. 139–40.
  37. ^ Allison 2006, p. 19.
  38. ^ Everett 2009, pp. 185–86.
  39. ^ Pedler 2003, p. 709.
  40. ^ Greene 2006, p. 99.
  41. ^ Leng 2006, p. 38.
  42. ^ Harrison 2002, p. 131.
  43. ^ a b Inglis 2010, p. 13.
  44. ^ Everett 1999, pp. 204–05.
  45. ^ a b c d e Lewisohn 2005, p. 159.
  46. ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. 102, 283.
  47. ^ Miles 2001, p. 311.
  48. ^ Norman 1996, pp. 340–42.
  49. ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. 271, 287.
  50. ^ Lewisohn 2005, pp. 141, 143, 151.
  51. ^ Hertsgaard 1996, pp. 238, 247, 250–51.
  52. ^ Doggett 2011, pp. 44–46.
  53. ^ Miles 2001, pp. 315–16.
  54. ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. 282–83.
  55. ^ Everett 1999, p. 205.
  56. ^ Winn 2009, pp. 217, 219.
  57. ^ Lewisohn 2005, pp. 158–59.
  58. ^ Prendergast 2003, p. 195.
  59. ^ Gerard, Chris (19 February 2016). "The Glorious, Quixotic Mess That Is the Beatles' 'White Album' [page 2]". PopMatters. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  60. ^ MacDonald 1998, p. 283fn.
  61. ^ a b c Lewisohn 2005, p. 160.
  62. ^ Hickey 2010, pp. 155–56.
  63. ^ Hickey 2010, p. 155.
  64. ^ Lewisohn 2005, p. 162.
  65. ^ Miles 2001, p. 314.
  66. ^ Ingham 2006, pp. 51, 52.
  67. ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, pp. 70–71.
  68. ^ Hertsgaard 1996, pp. 259–60.
  69. ^ Riley 2002, p. 282.
  70. ^ Leng 2006, pp. 39, 51–52.
  71. ^ Everett 1999, pp. 208, 350.
  72. ^ Anderson, Kyle (25 February 2012). "Happy Birthday, George Harrison! Celebrate with Evan Rachel Wood's cover of his classic Bob Dylan collab 'I'd Have You Anytime' – EXCLUSIVE". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  73. ^ Leng 2006, p. 39.
  74. ^ Harris, John (July 2001). "A Quiet Storm". Mojo. pp. 66, 68.
  75. ^ Walsh, Alan (9 November 1968). "The Beatles The Beatles (Apple)". Melody Maker. p. 5.
  76. ^ Sutherland, Steve (ed.) (2003). NME Originals: Lennon. London: IPC Ignite!. p. 53. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  77. ^ Uncredited writer (16 November 1968). "The Beatles: The Beatles (White Album) (Apple)". Record Mirror. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  78. ^ Mann, William (22 November 1968). "The New Beatles Album". The Times. p. 5.
  79. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Beatles The Beatles [White Album]". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  80. ^ MacDonald 1998, pp. 264, 282–83.
  81. ^ Riley 2002, pp. 260, 262, 282.
  82. ^ Gould 2007, p. 524.
  83. ^ Ingham 2006, pp. 294–95.
  84. ^ Staff writer (12 September 2005) [7 November 1998]. "NME Album Reviews – The Beatles". nme.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  85. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone 2002, pp. 185, 187.
  86. ^ Snow, Mat (1 December 2001). "George Harrison 1943–2001". Rock's Backpages. Retrieved 6 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  87. ^ Inglis 2009, pp. 123, 263.
  88. ^ Alexander, Phil; et al. (July 2006). "The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs". Mojo. p. 66.
  89. ^ "100 Greatest Beatles Songs: 98 – 'Long, Long, Long'". rollingstone.com. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  90. ^ Womack 2014, p. 572.
  91. ^ Something Else! staff (27 December 2011). "Songs where the Beatles, well, sucked: Gimme Five". Something Else!. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  92. ^ "MOJO Unveils What You've Decided Is The Ultimate List Of Connoisseurs' Beatles' Songs". thebeatles.com. October 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  93. ^ Reno, Brad. "Daniel Amos". Trouser Press. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  94. ^ Carruthers, Sean. "Tom Hooper The Unexplored Cosmos". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  95. ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (27 October 2008). "Five years later: Elliott Smith's best live covers". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  96. ^ Nugent 2005, p. 200.
  97. ^ Wilson, MacKenzie. "Tanya Donelly This Hungry Life". AllMusic. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  98. ^ "While My Guitar Gently Weeps: Your guide to this month's free CD ...". Uncut. August 2008. p. 48.
  99. ^ Glide Magazine staff (25 June 2009). "Jim James Becomes Yim Yames for George Harrison Tribute EP". Glide Magazine. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  100. ^ Wheeler, Michael (5 August 2009). "Album Review: Yim Yames – Tribute To". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  101. ^ Ayers, Michael D. (25 June 2009). "Jim James Reveals George Harrison E.P. Details". billboard.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  102. ^ Scheck, Frank (5 April 2009). "Concert Review: Change Begins Within". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  103. ^ Miles 2001, pp. 293–94.
  104. ^ MacDonald 1998, p. 282.

Sources

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  • Doggett, Peter (2011). You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup. New York, NY: It Books. ISBN 978-0-06-177418-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Greene, Joshua M. (2006). Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-12780-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Harrison, George (2002). I, Me, Mine. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5900-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hertsgaard, Mark (1996). A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-33891-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. New York, NY: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Leng, Simon (2006). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4234-0609-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lewisohn, Mark (2005) [1988]. The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962–1970. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 978-0-7537-2545-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • MacDonald, Ian (1998). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6697-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Norman, Philip (1996) [1981]. Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation. New York, NY: Fireside. ISBN 0-684-83067-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Nugent, Benjamin (2005). Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81447-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Prendergast, Mark (2003). The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Moby – The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age. New York, NY: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-323-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Riley, Tim (2002) [1988]. Tell Me Why: A Beatles Commentary. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81120-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055087-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Shea, Stuart; Rodriguez, Robert (2007). Fab Four FAQ: Everything Left to Know About the Beatles ... and More!. New York, NY: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4234-2138-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Tillery, Gary (2011). Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-0900-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Winn, John C. (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Womack, Kenneth (2014). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39171-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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