Lynn, Massachusetts

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For other uses, see Lynn (disambiguation).

Lynn, Massachusetts
City
Lynn Memorial City Hall and Auditorium
Lynn Memorial City Hall and Auditorium
Official seal of Lynn, Massachusetts
Seal
Location in Essex County in Massachusetts
Location in Essex County in Massachusetts
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyEssex
Settled1629
Incorporated1850
Government
 • TypeMayor-council city
 • MayorJudith Flanagan Kennedy
Area
 • Total13.5 sq mi (34.9 km2)
 • Land10.8 sq mi (28.0 km2)
 • Water2.7 sq mi (6.9 km2)
Elevation
30 ft (9 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total90,329
 • Density8,066.9/sq mi (3,111.5/km2)
 • Demonym
Lynner
Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern)
ZIP code
01901–01905
Area code339 / 781
FIPS code25-37490
GNIS feature ID0613376
Websitewww.ci.lynn.ma.us

Lynn is the largest city in Essex County, Massachusetts. Situated on the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 10 miles (16 km) north of downtown Boston, Lynn is part of Greater Boston's urban inner core.[1] A former industrial center, Lynn was long colloquially referred to as the "City of Sin," owing to its historic reputation for crime and vice. Today, however, the city is known for its large international population, historic architecture, downtown cultural district, loft-style apartments, and public parks and open spaces,[2] which include the oceanfront Lynn Shore Reservation; the 2,200-acre, Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Lynn Woods Reservation; and the High Rock Tower Reservation. The city also is home to the southernmost portion of the Essex Coastal Scenic Byway,[3] Lynn Heritage State Park, and the National Register-listed Diamond Historic District.

History

See also: Timeline of Lynn, Massachusetts

17th century

Prior to European colonization, the area today known as Lynn was inhabited by the Agawam tribe of Native Americans.[4] European settlement of the area was begun in 1629 by Edmund Ingalls (d. 1648), followed by John Tarbox of Lancashire in 1631, whose descendants still reside in New England.[5] The city was originally incorporated in 1631 as Saugus, the Nipmuck name for the area.[6] The name Lynn was given to the area after King's Lynn, Norfolk, England, in honor of Samuel Whiting.[7] A noteworthy colonist, Thomas Halsey left Lynn to settle the eastern end of Long Island and founded the town of Southampton, New York. The Halsey House is today the oldest frame house in the state of New York (1648), and along with the homestead it is open to the public and managed by the Southampton Colonial Society.[8]

After Lynn's subsequent resettlement, many of its areas gradually separated into independent towns. Reading was created in 1644, Lynnfield in 1782, Saugus in 1815, Swampscott in 1852, and Nahant in 1853. Lynn was incorporated as a city in 1850.[9]

Colonial Lynn was a major part of the regional tannery and shoe-making industries that began in 1635. The boots worn by Continental Army soldiers during the Revolutionary War were made in Lynn. The shoe-making industry drove urban growth in Lynn into the early nineteenth century.[7] This historic theme is reflected in the city seal, which features a colonial boot.[10]

19th century

Aerial Illustration of Lynn, c. 1881

In 1816, a mail stage coach was operating through Lynn. By 1836, 23 stage coaches left the Lynn Hotel for Boston each day. The Eastern Railroad Line between Salem and East Boston opened on August 28, 1838. This was later merged with the Boston and Maine Railroad and called the Eastern Division. In 1847 telegraph wires passed through Lynn, but no telegraph service station was built until 1858.[11]

Nahant Street in Diamond Historic District

During the middle of the nineteenth century, estates and beach cottages were constructed along Lynn's shoreline, and the city's Atlantic coastline became a fashionable summer resort.[12] Many of the structures built during this period are today situated within the National Register-listed Diamond Historic District.

Further inland, industrial activity contemporaneously expanded in Lynn. Shoe manufacturers, led by Charles A. Coffin and Silas Abbott Barton, invested in the early electric industry, specifically in 1883 with Elihu Thomson and his Thomson-Houston Electric Company. That company merged with Edison Electric Company of Schenectady, New York, forming General Electric in 1892, with the two original GE plants being in Lynn and Schenectady. Coffin served as the first president of General Electric.[13]

Initially the General Electric plant specialized in arc lights, electric motors, and meters. Later it specialized in aircraft electrical systems and components, and aircraft engines were built in Lynn during WWII. That engine plant evolved into the current jet engine plant during WWII because of research contacts at MIT in Cambridge.[14] Gerhard Neumann was a key player in jet engine group at GE in Lynn. The continuous interaction of material science research at MIT and the resulting improvements in jet engine efficiency and power have kept the jet engine plant in Lynn ever since.

One of the largest strikes of the early labor movement began in the shoe factories of Lynn on February 22, 1860, when Lynn shoemakers marched through the streets to their workplaces and handed in their tools, protesting reduced wages.[15] Known as the New England Shoemakers Strike of 1860, it was one of the earliest strikes of its kind in the United States.

On February 1, 1866, Mary Baker Eddy experienced the "fall in Lynn", often referred to by Christian Scientists as significant in the birth of their religion.[16]

20th century

Central Square, c. 1920

Lynn experienced a wave of immigration during the late 1800s and early 1900s. During the 30 years between 1885 and 1915, Lynn's immigrant population increased from 9,800 to 29,500, representing nearly one-third of the city's total population.[17] Polish and Russian born Jews were the largest single group, numbering more than 6,000.[17] The first Jewish settlers in Lynn, a group of twenty Hasidic European families, mostly Russian, formed the Congregation Anshai Sfard, a Hasidic, conservative Jewish synagogue in 1888.[18] Catholic churches catering to the needs of specific language and ethnic groups also testify to the waves of immigrants. St. Jean Baptiste parish, eventually including a grammar school and high school, was founded in 1886, primarily for French-Canadians. Holy Family Church conducted services in Italian beginning in 1922, and St. Michael's church also provided church services and a grammar school for the Polish-speaking community, beginning in 1906.[19] St. Patrick's church and school was a focus of the Irish-American community in Lynn.[20] St. George's Greek Orthodox Church was founded in Lynn in 1905.[21] Later in the 20th century, the city became an important center of greater Boston's Latino community.[22] Additionally, several thousand Cambodians settled in Lynn between 1975 and 1979 and in the early 1980s.[23]

Breakwater in 1908
Northeasterly view over Lynn Shore Drive and the Lynn Shore Reservation

At the beginning of the 20th century, Lynn was the world-leader in the production of shoes. 234 factories produced more than a million pairs of shoes each day, thanks in part to mechanization of the process by an African-American immigrant named Jan Matzeliger. From 1924 until 1974, the Lynn Independent Industrial Shoemaking School operated in the city.[24][25] However, production declined throughout the 20th century, and the last shoe factory closed in 1981.[26]

In the early 1900s, the Metropolitan District Commission acquired several coastal properties in Lynn and Nahant, in order to create the adjoining Lynn Shore and Nahant Beach Reservations, and to construct Lynn Shore Drive.[27] When it opened to the public in 1910, Lynn Shore Drive catalyzed new development along Lynn's coastline, yielding many of the early 20th century structures that constitute a majority of the contributing resources found in the National Register-listed Diamond Historic District.[28]

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Lynn suffered several large fires. On November 28, 1981, a devastating inferno engulfed several former shoe factories, located at Broad and Washington Streets. Seventeen downtown buildings were destroyed, with property losses totaling in the tens of millions of dollars. (The affected area has since been largely redeveloped into a satellite campus of North Shore Community College, with many adjacent warehouses converted to loft apartments.)

A reputation for crime and vice gave rise to a taunting rhyme about Lynn[29][30] which became popular throughout Eastern Massachusetts: "Lynn, Lynn, the city of sin, you'll never come out the way you went in, what looks like gold is really tin, the girls say 'no' but they'll give in, Lynn, Lynn, the city of sin." Another variation was "Lynn, Lynn the city of sin: if you ain't bad, you can't get in!"

In order to counter its reputation as "the city of sin," Lynn launched a "City Of Firsts" advertising campaign in the early 1990s, which promoted Lynn as having:

  • First iron works (1643)
  • First fire engine (1654)
  • First electric streetcar to operate in Massachusetts (1888)
  • First American jet engine
  • First woman in advertising & mass-marketing – Lydia Pinkham
  • First baseball game under artificial light
  • First dance academy in the U.S.
  • First tannery in the U.S.
  • First air mail transport in New England, from Saugus, MA to Lynn, MA.
  • First roast beef sandwich.
  • First tulip in the United States, at the Fay Estate near Spring Pond

Some of these claims were subsequently found to be inaccurate or unprovable.[citation needed]

In a further effort to rebrand the municipality, city solicitor Michael Barry proposed renaming the city Ocean Park in 1997, but the initiative was unsuccessful.[31]

Despite losing much of its industrial base during the 20th century, Lynn remained home to a division of General Electric Aviation; the West Lynn Creamery (now part of Dean Foods's Garelick Farms unit); C. L. Hauthaway & Sons, a polymer producer; Old Neighborhood Foods, a meat packer; Lynn Manufacturing, a maker of combustion chambers for the oil and gas heating industry; Sterling Machine Co.; and Durkee-Mower, makers of "Marshmallow Fluff".

21st century

Central Square

In the early 2000s, the renovation and adaptive re-use of downtown historic structures, together with new construction, launched a revitalization of Lynn, which remains ongoing.[32] Arts, culture, and entertainment have been at the forefront of this revitalization, with new arts organizations, cultural venues, and restaurants emerging in the downtown area.[33] In 2012, the Massachusetts Cultural Council named downtown Lynn one of the first state-recognized arts and culture districts in Massachusetts.[34]

In 2015, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker established a task force, composed of representatives of multiple state and municipal public agencies, to encourage Lynn's continued revitalization.[35]

Lynn "Flatiron" Building Undergoing Conversion to Loft Apartments, November 2016

Formerly vacant industrial buildings continue to be converted into loft spaces,[36] and historic homes, particularly Lynn's Diamond Historic District, are being restored.[37] In 2016, several large land parcels in Lynn were acquired by major developers, who have announced plans to construct new, large-scale luxury housing along and near the city's waterfront.[38] Between April 2015 and April 2016, the number of monthly home sales in Lynn increased 104%.[39]

In recent years, Lynn has attracted a substantial and growing LGBT population.[40]

Gallery

  • General View in 1909
    General View in 1909
  • Market Street in 1911
    Market Street in 1911
  • Newhall House in 1913
    Newhall House in 1913
  • City Hall Square, c. 1906
    City Hall Square, c. 1906
  • Public Library in 2009
    Public Library in 2009
  • High Rock Tower in c. 1910
    High Rock Tower in c. 1910
  • High Rock Tower in 2006
    High Rock Tower in 2006
  • Goldfish Pond in 1905]]
    Goldfish Pond in 1905]]

Geography and transportation

Nahant Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, as Seen from Lynn Shore Drive
Nahant Bay, Nahant, Broad Sound, and Boston Skyline, as Seen from Lynn Shore Drive

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.5 square miles (35 km2), of which 10.8 square miles (28 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) (19.87%) is water. Lynn is located beside Massachusetts Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Lynn's shoreline is divided in half by the town of Nahant, which divides Lynn Harbor to the south from Nahant Bay to the north. The city lies north of the Saugus River, and is also home to several brooks, as well as several ponds, the largest being Breed's Pond and Walden Pond (which has no relation to a similarly named pond in Concord). More than one-quarter of the town's land is covered by the Lynn Woods Reservation, which takes up much of the land in the northwestern part of the city. The city is also home to two beaches, Lynn Beach and King's Beach, both of which lie along Nahant Bay, as well as a boat ramp in Lynn Harbor.

Lynn is located in the southern part of Essex County and is 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Boston and 22 miles (35 km) west-southwest of Cape Ann. The city is bordered by Nahant to the south, Swampscott to the east, Salem to the northeast, Peabody to the north, Lynnfield to the northwest, Saugus to the west and Revere (in Suffolk County) to the southeast. Lynn's water rights extend into Nahant Bay and share Lynn Harbor with Nahant. There is no land connection to Revere; the only connection is the General Edwards Bridge across the Saugus River. Besides its downtown district, Lynn is also divided into East Lynn and West Lynn, which are further divided into even smaller areas.

Lynn is loosely segmented into the following neighborhoods:

Central:

  • Downtown / Business District
  • Central Square

West Lynn:

  • Pine Hill
  • McDonough Sq./ Barry Park
  • Tower Hill / Austin Sq. – Saugus River
  • The Commons
  • The Brickyard
  • Walnut St./Lynnhurst
  • Veteran's Village

East Lynn:

  • Diamond District / Lynn Shore
  • Wyoma Sq.
  • The Highlands
  • The Fay Estates
  • Ward 1 / Lynnfield St.
  • Goldfish Pond
  • The Meadow / Keaney Park

Transportation

Surfers in the Atlantic seen from Red Rock Park, with view of Boston skyline in the distance.

Lynn has no Interstate or controlled-access highways, the nearest being U.S. Route 1 in Saugus and Lynnfield, and the combined Interstate 95 and Route 128 in Lynnfield. However, Massachusetts State Route 1A, Route 107, Route 129 and Route 129A all pass through Lynn. Route 107 passes from southwest to northeast along a relatively straight right-of-way through the city. It shares a 0.5 miles (0.80 km) concurrency with Route 129A, which follows Route 129's old route through the city between its parent route and Route 1A. Route 129 passes from the north of the city before turning south and passing through the downtown area and becoming concurrent with Route 1A for 1 mile (1.6 km). Route 1A passes from Revere along the western portion of the Lynnway, a divided highway within the city, before passing further inland into Swampscott. The Lynnway itself runs along the coastline, leading to a rotary which links the road to Nahant Road and Lynn Shore Drive, which follows the coast into Swampscott.

Lynn has a stop on the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail, as well as the River Works stop, which is for GE Aviation employees only. A number of other stations were open until the mid 20th century. Numerous MBTA bus routes also connect Lynn with Boston and the neighboring communities. An extension of the Blue Line to downtown Lynn has been proposed, but not funded. The nearest airport is Boston's Logan International Airport, about 5 miles (8.0 km) south.

In 2014, seasonal commuter ferry service between Lynn and Boston's Financial District was established.[41] However, after two seasons of operation—and after the federal government allocated $4.5 million for the purchase of a new ferry boat for the line[42]—service was suspended in 2016, when the state declined to continue providing the necessary operating funds.[43]

Climate

Lynn gets cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. The other two seasons are mild, in general.

Climate data for Lynn, Massachusetts
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		70
(21) 		91
(33) 		94
(34) 		97
(36) 		98
(37) 		104
(40) 		97
(36) 		96
(36) 		84
(29) 		78
(26) 		77
(25) 		100
(38)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 37
(3) 		40
(4) 		47
(8) 		57
(14) 		67
(19) 		76
(24) 		82
(28) 		80
(27) 		73
(23) 		62
(17) 		52
(11) 		42
(6) 		60
(15)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 20
(−7) 		24
(−4) 		32
(0) 		42
(6) 		53
(12) 		63
(17) 		68
(20) 		66
(19) 		58
(14) 		47
(8) 		38
(3) 		28
(−2) 		45
(7)
Record low °F (°C) −9
(−23) 		−5
(−21) 		3
(−16) 		18
(−8) 		32
(0) 		41
(5) 		45
(7) 		44
(7) 		34
(1) 		25
(−4) 		6
(−14) 		−18
(−28) 		−18
(−28)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.7
(94) 		2.9
(74) 		4.1
(100) 		4.1
(100) 		4.5
(110) 		3.5
(89) 		4.2
(110) 		4.1
(100) 		4.5
(110) 		3.5
(89) 		4.0
(100) 		3.9
(99) 		47.0
(1,190)
[citation needed]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17902,291—    
18002,837+23.8%
18104,087+44.1%
18204,515+10.5%
18306,138+35.9%
18409,367+52.6%
185014,257+52.2%
186019,083+33.9%
187028,233+47.9%
188038,274+35.6%
189055,727+45.6%
190068,513+22.9%
191089,336+30.4%
192099,148+11.0%
1930102,320+3.2%
194098,123−4.1%
195099,738+1.6%
196094,478−5.3%
197090,294−4.4%
198078,471−13.1%
199081,245+3.5%
200089,050+9.6%
201090,329+1.4%
201492,137+2.0%
201592,457+0.3%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[55]

As of the census of 2010, there were 90,329 people, 33,310 households, and 20,988 families residing in the city.[56]

The racial makeup of the city was:

Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.1% of the population (10.5% Dominican, 6.3% Guatemalan, 5.4% Puerto Rican, 2.8% Salvadoran, 1.7% Mexican, 0.6% Honduran, 0.4% Colombian, 0.4% Spanish, 0.2% Peruvian, 0.2% Cuban).[56]

Cambodians form the largest Asian origin group in Lynn, with 3.9% of Lynn's total population of Cambodian ancestry. Other large Asian groups are those of Vietnamese (1.0%), Indian (0.4%), Chinese (0.3%), and Laotian (0.2%) ancestry.

Lynn Marshes in c. 1905

In the city the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18 and 75.1% over 18. Males accounted for 49% and females 51%.[56]

Between 2009 and 2013, the median household income in Lynn was $44,849. The per capita income was $22,982. About 21.0% of the population was considered below the poverty line.[57]

Asian population

See also: History of the Vietnamese in Boston

In 1990 Lynn had 2,993 persons of Asian origin. In 2000 Lynn had 5,730 Asians, an increase of over 91%, making it one of ten Massachusetts cities with the largest Asian populations. In 2000 the city had 3,050 persons of Cambodian origin, making them the largest Asian subgroup in Lynn. That year the city had 1,112 persons of Vietnamese origin and 353 persons of Indian origin. From 1990 to 2000 the Vietnamese and Indian populations increased by 192% and 264%, respectively.[58]

By 2004 the Cambodian community in Lynn was establishing the Khmer Association of the North Shore.[58]

Income

See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income

Data is from the 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.[59][60][61]

Rank ZIP Code (ZCTA) Per capita
income 		Median
household
income 		Median
family
income 		Population Number of
households
Massachusetts $35,763 $66,866 $84,900 6,605,058 2,530,147
Essex County $35,167 $67,311 $84,185 750,808 286,008
1 01904 $33,409 $80,903 $91,409 18,803 6,833
United States $28,155 $53,046 $64,719 311,536,594 115,610,216
Lynn $22,982 $44,849 $53,557 90,788 33,122
2 01901 $20,625 $23,467 $24,125 2,023 1,096
3 01902 $20,391 $37,275 $45,276 44,827 16,528
4 01905 $19,934 $42,490 $42,163 25,090 8,642

Points of interest

See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynn, Massachusetts and National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
  • Lynn Shore Reservation
  • Lynn Woods Reservation, the largest municipal park in New England, falsely stated as currently being the second largest in the country, at 2,200 acres (8.9 km2). Several historical sites such as Stone Tower, Steel Tower, the Wolf Pits, and Dungeon Rock, believed to be the site of still-unrecovered pirate treasure, are located here. Many schools have cross-country track meets in Lynn Woods.
  • Lynn Commons, an area between North and South Common Streets.
  • Lynn Heritage State Park
  • High Rock Tower, a stone observation tower with a view of Nahant, Boston, Downtown Lynn, Egg Rock, and the ocean. The top of the structure houses a telescope, which is open for the public to use.[62]
  • Pine Grove Cemetery, an intact rural cemetery, and one of the largest cemeteries in the country. Ripley's Believe It or Not once claimed the fieldstone wall around the cemetery was the "second longest contiguous stone wall in the world", after the Great Wall of China.[63]
  • Fraser Field, municipal baseball stadium constructed in the 1940s under the Works Progress Administration. It has housed many minor league baseball teams and a few major league exhibition games for the Boston Red Sox. Currently, it is the home of the North Shore Navigators of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League.
  • Manning Field, the municipal football stadium. It is the former site of Manning Bowl (circa 1936 – August 2005).
  • Lynn Memorial Auditorium
  • Mary Baker Eddy House
  • Spring Pond, historic retreat of wild woodlands.
  • Lucian Newhall House

The North Shore Adult Day Health Center in Lynn, which opened in January 2009, caters to persons of Hispanic and Latino origin in Lynn and surrounding cities.[64]

Education

Lynn English High School

Lynn has three public high schools (Lynn English, Lynn Classical, and Lynn Vocational Technical High School), four junior high schools, two alternative schools, and, as of Autumn 2015, 18 elementary schools.[65] They are served by the Lynn Public Schools district.

There is also an independent Catholic high school located in the city, St. Mary's High School. Also, there are three religious K–8 elementary schools, and one interdenominational Christian school, North Shore Christian School.[66]

KIPP: the Knowledge Is Power Program operates the KIPP Academy Lynn, a 5–8 charter middle school, in Lynn and has also opened KIPP Academy Lynn Collegiate to serve high school students in the city.

North Shore Community College has a campus in downtown Lynn (with its other campuses located in Danvers and Beverly).

Notable people

In popular culture

  • Lynn is mentioned in Stephen King's Cell[67]
  • Many versions of the Mother Goose nursery rhyme "Trot, trot to Boston" include Lynn as the second destination.[68]
  • Episodes of the reality series Cops focusing on Boston which include one episode in Lynn.[69][70]
  • The Movie Black Mass starring Johnny Depp, shot the Saint Patrick's Day Parade Scene on Union Street in Lynn, MA. They also shot a scene in the parking lot of The Porthole Restaurant on the Lynnway.
  • The Movie Joy staring Jennifer Lawrence shot many scenes in Lynn, which included the Kmart scene on Boston Street, at the old Osco Drug Location and the final meeting scene took place at the Lynn Item Building at 38 Exchange Street.
  • A Scene for the Movie The Departed was filmed on the Marsh Road in Lynn, MA.

Famous Concerts

at Manning Bowl

  • The Rolling Stones kicked off their 1966 North American Tour at the stadium on June 24, 1966. The event was cut short due to rain and police had to use tear gas bombs to quell the angry crowd.
  • On June 11, 1976, Ray Charles held a charity concert to raise money for the Life Institute for Blind. The Four Tops and Dorothy Moore also performed.
  • Mötley Crüe drew 15,000 fans during an August 1985 concert, Accept and Y & T were on the bill, as were Helix (Helix did not perform). It was known as Summer Jam 85.
  • Aerosmith performed at the stadium during their Done with Mirrors Tour on September 14, 1985.
  • The Beach Boys performed at the Stadium September 23, 1984.
  • The Kinks performed at the Stadium September 8, 1985.

See also

References

  1. ^ [1]. Metropolitan Area Planning Commission. Retrieved on 2016-06-06.
  2. ^ [2]. Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2016-06-06.
  3. ^ [3]. Essex National Heritage Area. Retrieved on 2016-06-07.
  4. ^ Perley, Sidney (January 1, 1912). The Indian Land Titles of Essex County, Massachusetts. Essex Book and Print Club.
  5. ^ Tarbox Family Crest and History. Houseofnames.com (December 25, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-09-18.
  6. ^ Herbert, George. History of Lynn... 1629–1864[dead link], 1890.
  7. ^ a b Brief History of Lynn at City of Lynn website
  8. ^ https://archive.org/stream/thomashalseyofhe00hals/thomashalseyofhe00hals_djvu.txt
  9. ^ http://www.cityoflynn.net/aboutlynn_history.shtml
  10. ^ City of Lynn official website
  11. ^ USigs.org, History of Lynn Ch2-1814–1864 pub1890.
  12. ^ "Brief History of Lynn". www.cityoflynn.net. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
  13. ^ Amphilsoc.org Archived March 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Elihu Thomson Papers at the American Philosophical Society
  14. ^ Massmoments.org, MassMoments GE Jet Engine Tests in Lynn
  15. ^ http://www.massaflcio.org/1860-showmakers-strike-lynn
  16. ^ "The Life of Mary Baker Eddy". Marybakereddylibrary.org. December 3, 1910. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  17. ^ a b "The Jewish Heritage Center of the North Shore (Swampscott, Mass.)". jhcns.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  18. ^ "Guide to the Congregation Anshai Sfard (Lynn, Massachusetts) Records, undated, 1899–2001 [Bulk 1952–2001], I-556". cjh.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  19. ^ "Archdiocese of Boston Ethnic Parishes". bostoncatholic.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  20. ^ "Archdiocese of Boston Sacramental Record Inventory – Parishes by City, H-Z". bostoncatholic.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  21. ^ "St. George Greek Orthodox Church – Our Parish". stgeorgelynn.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  22. ^ http://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=gaston_pubs
  23. ^ "Sanghikaram Wat Khmer – The Pluralism Project". pluralism.org. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  24. ^ "MACRIS Details". mhc-macris.net. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  25. ^ ":: Merrell Footlab ::". merrellfootlab.com. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  26. ^ "How Lynn Became The Shoe Capitol of the World". wgbh.org. May 30, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  27. ^ http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-north/lynn-shore-and-nahant-beach-reservation.html
  28. ^ http://www.cityoflynn.net/aboutlynn_history.shtml
  29. ^ Méras, Phyllis (2007). The Historic Shops & Restaurants of Boston. p. 56.
  30. ^ Kerry, John (November 27, 2007). "Don't Leave New England Families Out in the Cold". United States Senate. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Daley, Beth (March 6, 1997). "Rhyme may be reason to change Lynn's name". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  32. ^ "Lynn's sin label outdated, residents insist – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  33. ^ "DOWNTOWN LYNN CULTURAL DISTRICT | you won't go out the way you came in". dtlcd.org. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  34. ^ "Mass Cultural Council | Services | Cultural Districts". www.massculturalcouncil.org. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  35. ^ "Governor launches task force to revive Lynn's fortunes – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  36. ^ "Work to resume on Lynn lofts | Itemlive". www.itemlive.com. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  37. ^ "Flip This House – Lynn House is Being Renovated for A&E Network Series | Lynn Journal". Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  38. ^ "Lynn is at the Center of Development,North of Boston | Lynn Journal". Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  39. ^ "Lynn home sales sail | Itemlive". www.itemlive.com. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  40. ^ 17, Steven A. Rosenberg Globe Staff January; 2013. "Gay meccas in Mass. – The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved June 18, 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has numeric name (help)
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Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lynn, Massachusetts.
Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Lynn.
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