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Marcus Eli Ravage

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Marcus Eli Ravage
Ravage in 1909
Born(1884-06-25)June 25, 1884[1]
Bârlad, Kingdom of Romania
DiedOctober 6, 1965(1965-10-06) (aged 81)[2]
Grasse, France
CitizenshipUnited States (from 1912)
Kingdom of Romania (per birth)[a]
EducationUniversity of Missouri (BA), University of Illinois (MA)
OccupationWriter
Years active1900s–1950s
Known forEarly contributions to American migrant literature
Notable workAn American in the Making (1917)
Spouses
  • Jeanne Louise Suzanne Martin[3]
  • Denise Montel[4]
Children
Parents
  • Judah Loeb Revici[4] (father)
  • Bella Rosenthal Revici[4] (mother)
Relatives
  • Paul (brother)[4]
  • Harry (brother)[4]
  • Annie (sister)[4]

Marcus "Max" Eli Ravage (or Ravitch, born Revici; June 25, 1884 – October 6, 1965) was a Romanian-born Jewish American writer and journalist.

He is best known for An American in the Making (1917),[5] a seminal immigrant autobiography exploring the tensions between assimilation and cultural identity. During the interwar period, Ravage wrote prolifically on immigration in the United States and on political affairs across Europe and America.

His satirical essays about antisemitism, published 1928, were later stripped of context and ideologically repurposed by Nazi propaganda[6] – a conspiracist distortion further recycled in postwar antisemitic discourse.[7][8]

Ravage also authored popular biographies of the Rothschild family and of Marie Louise, Napoleon's second wife.[9][10] He served as European correspondent for the U.S. magazine The Nation,[11] and contributed to Harper's Magazine, The New Republic, Current History, The Forward (in his early years under the penname 'Max the Sleever'),[12] the humor magazine Puck, The Century Magazine, the British newspaper The Nation[13] and various European publications.[5][14][2]

Biography

[edit]

Marcus Eli Revici was born 1884 in Bârlad as the youngest of four children to his father Judah Loeb Revici (born 1847 in Kishinev), a struggling grain merchant, and his mother Bella Rosenthal Revici (born 1850 in Bârlad).[4][1] The family moved to nearby Vaslui while he was still a child. His sister Annie died when he was 11 years old. At the age of 14, he saw a relative return to visit Vaslui, who had settled in New York City.[4]

Two years later, in 1900, he sailed to New York himself, where his cousins provided him with a room on Rivington Street on the Lower East Side.[4] He began working in versatile jobs, as peddler for chocolates and toys, bartender (saloon factotum), then later making shirtsleeves in a sweat shop, while learning English in night school.[2] Ravage pursued his education through self-directed workers' schools and private evening preparatory academies in New York City, later attending DeWitt Clinton High School to qualify for a state scholarship.[15]

In 1903, as a young adult, he was informed by mail of the deaths of his parents in Vaslui. His brothers Paul and Harry likewise came to New York.[4]

Marcus Eli Ravage, seated in the front row, second from right, with fellow students at the Asterisk Club, University of Missouri, 1909

He attended the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri from 1906 on,[16] to graduate there in 1909, later earning his MA degree from the University of Illinois in 1910.[4] As a student, he was an early member of the Cosmopolitan Club, a multicultural student organization (in which he served, for a time, as head of the Jewish group).[17][18]

Marcus Eli Ravage, seated on the right end of the third visible row (not the back row), with fellow students at the Cosmopolitan Club, University of Missouri, 1909

After graduation, Ravage briefly worked as instructor at Kansas State Agriculture College.[19][20][1][21] (Although the institution's name suggests a focus on agriculture and science, its curriculum at the time included humanities.[22] This detail adds a mild touch of irony, given how Ravage later remembered struggling with biology and physics as a student, and feeling more at home in poetry and prose.[23])

He returned to New York City, where he temporarily enrolled for studies at Columbia University (with sources differing on the exact duration, some citing 1910–1911,[4] others suggesting until 1913[24][25]) and worked extensively in immigrant settlement programs[4] (a background paralleling themes explored in his autobiography 1917).

While later biographical summaries suggest that he may have already adopted his 'Americanized' surname Ravage upon arrival at the immigration inspection station at Ellis Island in 1900,[4] archival documents from his educational trajectory indicate that during the decade between his immigration and eventual naturalization, he used the surname Ravitch (together with the given name Max)[1][17][26][27][28] – plausibly an ad hoc phonetic transcription of his birth name, streamlined and more compliant with English pronunciation; such was common among Eastern European immigrants.[29][30][31] Ravage's own account suggests that his transitional use of the name "Max" may have reflected broader patterns of Americanization rather than personal preference.[b] It was only through the milestones that followed that he would adopt (or reclaim) the name Marcus Eli Ravage.

Marcus Eli Ravage with his daughter Suzanne (c. 1921)

In November 1912, Marcus Eli Ravage was naturalized as a United States citizen at a courthouse in New York City.[4]

After meeting Jeanne Louise Suzanne Martin[3] in Saranac Lake, New York, Ravage married the Frenchwoman in 1915. The couple had their first child, Suzanne Anna, in 1916. Two years later, their second child, Louise Belle, was born.[4] In these years, M. E. Ravage established himself as successful magazine writer, journalist and freelance author on social and political issues.[25] Ravage maintained connections with prominent literary figures of his time.[c]

In 1920, the Ravages moved to Paris, France, with Ravage himself travelling across Europe as foreign correspondent, i.e. to Italy, Austria, Yugoslavia, and Romania,[25] including a visit to his hometown Vaslui for one day.[4][33] After returning to New York City in 1923, Jeanne and Marcus Eli Ravage welcomed their third child, John Mark, the following year.[3]

File:Marcus Eli Ravage (c.1960)
Marcus Eli Ravage (c.1960)

1927 marked the family's second move to Paris. Six years later, after learning of her husband's infidelity, Jeanne left with their three children for Ithaca, New York. Remaining in France, Ravage eventually divorced her and married Denise Montel.[4]

After spending most of World War II in the United States, M. E. Ravage returned to France and ultimately settled in Grasse.[4]

He died in 1965 at the age of eighty-one after a brief illness.[2]

Recognition

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In December 1933, the University of Missouri chapter of Phi Beta Kappa elected Ravage to honorary membership, recognizing his literary achievements and connection to his alma mater.[34][35]

From 1926 through at least 1941, Ravage was continuously listed in Marquis Who's Who in America, a biographical reference work that aims to document the best known individuals in the United States engaged in useful and reputable achievements. Over the years, his entries were updated to reflect his expanding publication record.[24][36]

Reception and distortion

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Legacy in immigration discourse

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Marcus Eli Ravage's literary legacy is anchored in his early contributions to American immigrant literature, particularly through his autobiographical book An American in the Making (1917).

Immigrants approaching Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island (c. 1910s).

Upon publication, An American in the Making became widely used in early 20th-century New York schools[14] and helped establish Ravage as a prominent public figure in the fields of immigration and education policy.[d]

Ravage's reflections on acculturation in the U.S. resonated with intense public debates about the so-called new immigrants since 1880. Competing ideas about how to incorporate millions of newcomers ranged from Anglo-Saxonism conformity, over the "melting pot" metaphor, to the notions of "hyphenated" Americans and cultural pluralism.[14]

While his work was one of numerous other immigrant autobiographies in the U.S. at that time,[38][14] it was commended for reflecting lived experience blended with sharp social critique.[39][40][41]

Registry Room for new immigrants at Ellis Island (c. 1910s).

In comparison, the similarly titled autobiographical work The Making of an American (published in 1901 by Danish-American reformer Jacob Riis)[42] was interpreted as an unambiguous celebration of Americanization, popularizing the trope of the self-made assimilated immigrant.[14] Ravage's book, by contrast, exposed the contradictions of Americanization, revealing how immigrants were unrealistically expected to shed their identities,[43] like "a blank sheet to be written on as you see fit",[44] while navigating a society that seldom understood them.[45] Offering a vivid portrayal of his journey from Eastern Europe to the United States, and from the tenements of New York to the rural Midwest, Americanization is presented (as implicated in the title) as a contingent and ongoing process: intense, often disorienting, and at times disappointing.[14]

By asserting that "the alien" has as much to teach as to learn,[38][46] Ravage challenged prevailing assimilationist models and promoted an early vision of cultural pluralism grounded in reciprocity.[14][47] Starting from his introduction to the original 1917 edition, Ravage confronted growing hostility towards immigration directly and (to use Robert E. Park's words) "began to write back".[40]

I cannot help saying to myself that Americans have forgotten America. The native, I must conclude, has, by long familiarity with the rich blessings of his own land, grown forgetful of his high privileges and ceased to grasp the lofty message which America wafts across the seas to all the oppressed of mankind. What, I wonder, do they know of America, who know only America? [..] It is the free American who needs to be instructed by the benighted races in the uplifting word that America speaks to all the world. Only from the humble immigrant, it appears to me, can he learn just what America stands for in the family of nations.

— M. E. Ravage, An American in the Making (1917), "Introduction"

Consistent with his later publications,[e] Ravage underscored the democratic and pluralistic potential of the USA, while acknowledging its flaws.[48] He juxtaposed this open promise with the exklusionary ethos of mono-ethnic nationalism, which he had witnessed first-hand, as a Romanian Jew, in Europe at the turn of the century.[49][f]

Resonating with both his own personal growth in the Midwest,[50] as well as his critical reflections on immigrant microcosms in New York city,[51][52] Ravage encouraged fellow immigrants to "go West", to immerse themselves in American life and gain a deeper grasp of its cultural fabric. The "rocky road", as he envisioned it, toward realizing the democratic potential in the immigrant experience, sought to avoid both the pressures of forced assimilation and the risks of ethnic enclave formation within metropolitan settings.[g]

Propagandistic abuse since the Nazi era

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Original satirical intent of 1928 Century Magazine articles

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Marcus Eli Ravage's essays "A Real Case Against the Jews" and the follow-up "Commissary to the Gentiles", originally published in the January and February 1928 issues of Century Magazine, were written as rhetorical satire to expose antisemitic reasoning by exaggerating and pushing it to absurd extremes.[53][54][7][6]

"What fools these mortals be!" (Shakespeare) – Cover of Puck, Jan. 20, 1917; Ravage contributed satirical essays.

Ravage's sarcastic style was already well established by the time The Century Magazine published his essays in 1928. His 1917 autobiography, An American in the Making, clearly reflects his ironic sensibility; in addition, he had contributed multiple times to Puck, America's first magazine of political satire, renowned for its bold caricatures and long tradition of humorous commentary. Tellingly, the Century had introduced him to its readers in 1917 with the remark: "His youthful ideas of America have been somewhat shattered, but his sense of humor has never deserted him."[55]

Ravage framed his 1928 Century articles as so-called "friendly advice" to contemporary antisemitic writers, particularly targeting the intellectual network around industrialist Henry Ford, whose publishing company had recently been sued for releasing a series of antisemitic pamphlets under the title The International Jew.[53] Ravage's core argument consists in highlighting Jewish contributions to Western civilization, especially through Christianity, to challenge antisemitic tropes.[8]

International distortion campaign carried by Nazi Germany c. 1935 onwards

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Despite their complex and ironic tone, Ravage's 1928 Century essays have been repeatedly misused by antisemitic and conspiracist groups. Stripped out of context, the ironic reversals can be misrepresented to endorse and affirm the very biases they were meant to critique (for example, by overdrawing Paul the Apostle as a covert agent of a Jewish influence),[h] ignoring the fact that these essays also contain explicit rejections of common antisemitic conspiracy theories.[i] Thus, they have become frequent targets for ideological distortion, falsely coloring them as literal "proof" of Jewish world conspiracy.[53][54][7][6]

"Bombshell Against Christianity!" (c. 1936) – Cover of unlicensed reprint by Fleischhauer's Welt-Dienst ("World Service"), abusing Ravage's 1928 essays for antisemitic propaganda. (Source: The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University)

Under the Nazi regime, in 1933, the antisemitic publisher Ulrich Fleischhauer launched a news agency in Erfurt named Welt-Dienst ("World Service"), alongside a multilanguage publication series of the same title. Conceived as a foreign propaganda office, regime-backed and institutionally coordinated from inception – though appearing independent to enhance credibility abroad – its aim was to foster connections with fascist and antisemitic organizations worldwide and to propagate antisemitic ideas across national borders. The Welt-Dienst series originated as a bimonthly news bulletin and soon expanded to include standalone pamphlets.[58][j]

In 1935, a synchronized rollout of articles in Nazi propaganda outlets began quote-mining and ideologically reframing Ravage's 1928 Century magazine essays, presenting them as alleged "confessions" of Jewish control over – and hostility toward – Western civilization.[59][60][61] These overtly inflammatory pieces paved the way for the near-simultaneous release of the Welt-Dienst reissue of Ravage's essays, embellished with more ideologically elaborate, though no less hateful, distortion.[62][63] Initially funded by Joseph Goebbels and later directed by Alfred Rosenberg,[64][65] the Welt-Dienst office circulated these reprints blatantly without the author's or the original publisher's consent, often under sensationalized titles, and accompanied by mischaracterizing editorial prefaces[k] as well as tendentious translations that reinforced the ideological framing.[67][63] Numerous editions appeared directly under Fleischhauer's established imprint – i.e. his original pseudonym U. Bodung-Verlag.[64]

During its formative years, Fleischhauer's Welt-Dienst distributed these propagandistic reprints (in parallel with other antisemitic pamphlets) at least in England, France, and Germany.[53][l] Fascist groups outside Europe (including in Australia and the USA) jumped on the bandwagon and disseminated twisted versions of Ravage's essays.[69][m][n] Under Alfred Rosenberg's direction after 1937, and fully relocated to Frankfurt am Main in 1939 (tied to his newly-founded Institute for Research on the Jewish Question), the Welt-Dienst office generally expanded its output to at least 11 languages by 1940 including Hungarian, Polish, Danish, Spanish, Dutch, Romanian, Norwegian and Swedish, with further growth in subsequent years reportedly reaching over 20 languages including Arabic, Russian, Latvian, Italian, Spanish, Croatian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek.[64][65][73]

Though archival holdings of such additional prints remain largely elusive,[o] Welt-Dienst verifiably escalated its propaganda following Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939, aiming to shift blame for World War II onto Jews.[78] According to contemporary news reports, the World-Service Bulletin of 1 October 1939 prominently deployed this ideological strategy by selectively misquoting Marcus Eli Ravage's writings, prompting Ravage to announce legal action action against pro-Nazi groups in the United States.[79]

Those unauthorized Welt-Dienst editions of Ravage's essays were part of broader propaganda efforts[80][81] and are now cited in scholarship as examples of ideological misuse.[82][83][84][85]

In contemporary far-right and conspiracist circles, distorted versions of Ravage's essays continue to be mirrored and circulated across platforms in PDF form, blog posts, and videos.[p]

Visual misrepresentation in digital media

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Notably in recent years (at least throughout the 2010s and 2020s), Marcus Eli Ravage has even been visually misrepresented in various online sources – including at times on Wikipedia, such as in older versions of this article (from August 2025, containing an image uploaded March 2023).[q]

This particular misidentification stems from a photograph of an unrelated older German man named Eli Marcus, mistakenly associated with M. E. Ravage. The image likely originates from the German-language Wikipedia article on Eli Marcus.[r]

Eli-Marcus-Weg in Münster (Germany) is unconnected to American essayist Marcus Eli Ravage (1884–1965). The street was named in 1966 to honor German poet Eli Marcus (1854–1935), whose portrait, however, has been arbitrarily misused by others to depict Ravage: a mix-up likely based on superficial name snippets, self-replicating through unchecked copy-paste habits.

Eli Marcus (1854–1935) was a Jewish-Westphalian playwright, actor and poet from Münster,[87] recognized for his contributions to Plattdeutsch literature and theater.[88] A shoe retailer by profession, he authored numerous carnival plays and poems celebrating the cultural life of the Münsterland region.[89] In addition to his engagement in multiple artistic initiatives, Eli Marcus served as a lay judge at the local commercial court and was a member of the Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus ("Association for Combating Antisemitism"; est. 1890, dis. 1933).[90][91] His works fell into obscurity during the Nazi era but were later commemorated,[92] most visibly through streets named in his honor: one in Münster since 1966,[90][93] and others in the neighboring cities of Greven and Emsdetten.[94][95]

The glaring visual misidentification of M. E. Ravage as the German playwright E. Marcus has been repeatedly propagated, especially in antisemitic contexts where Ravage's writings are selectively quoted or distorted. The persistent use of the incorrect image reflects a lack of source scrutiny in such circles.[p][s]

Works

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Monographs

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  • M. E. Ravage (1917). An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (1st ed.). New York and London: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Reviewed as:
    Bernard Iddings Bell (May 4, 1918). "An Immigrant's Biography: Review of 'An American in the Making'". The Public: A Journal of Democracy. 21 (1031): 576–577. hdl:2027/chi.79230421.
    Robert E. Park (1918). "Review of: 'An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant', by M. E. Ravage". American Journal of Sociology. 23 (6): 839–840. doi:10.1086/212834.
    Albert Shaw (May 4, 1917). "Review of: 'An American in the Making'". The American Review of Reviews: An International Magazine. 56 (Jan–Jun): 664. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027769523.
  • M. E. Ravage (1919). Democratic Americanization: A Criticism and a Policy. [Reprint of a series of essays in The New Republic: Standardizing the Immigrant (May 31, 1919), The Immigrant's Burden (June 14, 1919), The Task for Americans (July 16, 1919)]. The Peoples of America Society. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  • M. E. Ravage (1919). The Jew Pays: A Narrative of the Consequences of the War to the Jews of Eastern Europe, and of the Manner in Which Americans Have Attempted to Meet Them. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Reviewed as:
    M. J. H. (November 29, 1919). "Book Review: 'The Jew Pays'". The Reform Advocate. 58. Chicago, Illinois: Block & Newman: 393–394. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082355408.
    May Massee, ed. (January 1920). "Ravage, Marcus Eli: The Jew Pays (Review)". The Booklist. 16 (4). Chicago: American Library Association Publishing Board: 111. hdl:2027/hvd.hxtdcy.
  • M. E. Ravage (1923). The Malady of Europe. New York: Macmillan. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Reviewed as:
    William Allen White (October 31, 1923). "Review of 'The Malady of Europe'". The New Republic. 36 (465): 260–262. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Lewis S. Gannett (January 1924). "A Challenging Diagnosis (Review of 'The Malady of Europe')". The World Tomorrow: 21. hdl:2027/njp.32101072882515.
    Adolph Ochs, ed. (November 18, 1923). "Maladies of Europe and an Original Remedy; Review of 'The Malady of Europe' By M. E. Ravage". New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  • M. E. Ravage (1924). The Story of the Teapot Dome. New York: Republic Publishing Co. hdl:2027/uc1.$b284789.
  • M. E. Ravage (1929). Five Men of Frankfort: The Story of the Rothschilds. New York: The Dial press. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Translated into Czech as: Pět mužů z Frankfurtu - Historie Rothschildů. Translated by H. Pavelcová. Praha: Jos. R. Vilímek. 1931.
    Translated into Dutch as: Opkomst en bloei van het huis Rothschild. Amsterdam: Allert de Lange. 1930. OCLC 187965.
    Translated into French as: Grandeur et décadence de la Maison Rothschild. Translated by André T. Naijon. Paris: Albin Michel. 1931.
    Translated into German as: Glanz und Niedergang des Hauses Rothschild. Translated by Wilhelm Cremer. Hellerau: Avalun-Verlag. 1930. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Translated into Spanish as: Grandeza y decadencia de la casa de los Rothschild: Cinco hombres de Francfort. (La historia de los Rothschild). Translated by G. Sans Huelín. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A. 1931.
    Translated into Yiddish as: Di finf Frankfurṭer: gešichṭe fun der familie Roṭšild (‏די פינף פראנקפורטער – ‏די געשיכטע פון דער פאמיליע ראטשילד). Translated by Y. Glazer (י' גלאזער). Buenos Aires (‏בוענאס איירעס): G. Ḳaplansḳi (‏פארלאג ג. קאפלאנסקי). 1932. LCCN 74951137. OCLC 165481302.
    Reviewed as:
    Walter Lichtenstein (1929). "Review of .. 'Five Men of Frankfort: The Story of the Rothschilds', by M. E. Ravage". The Journal of Modern History. 1 (3). University of Chicago Press: 486–488. JSTOR 1871448.
  • M. E. Ravage (1931). Empress Innocence: The Life of Marie-Louise. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
    Translated into French as: Iphigenie ou La Vie de Marie Louise. Translated by Jean Talva. Paris: Albin Michel. 1932.
    Translated into Spanish as: La vida de María Luisa, la emperatriz inocente. Vidas extraordinaires. Translated by Julio Huici Miranda. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe S.A. 1932.
    Reviewed as:
    John Hallett (June 1932). "Review of: 'Empress Innocence', by M. E. Ravage". Fortnightly review, May 1865-June 1934. 21: 799–801. ISSN 2043-2887. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  • M. E. Ravage (1936) [1917]. An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (With newly added Pt. V, 'Postscript: Twenty Years Later.') (2nd ed.). Harper Modern Classics.
  • M. E. Ravage (1971) [1917]. An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (With preface by the author's daughter, Louise Ravage Tresfort) (3rd ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 0486220133.
  • M. E. Ravage (2009) [1917]. Steven G. Kellman (ed.). An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (With a new scholarly introduction by the editor, plus chronological notes) (4th ed.). Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4537-0. JSTOR j.ctt5hhx2m.

Selected articles in periodicals

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Puck

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  • M. E. Ravage (January 20, 1917). "I Laugh As I Think". Puck (America's Cleverest Weekly). Vol. 81. p. 16. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082471429.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 10, 1917). "The Fable of the Cipher". Puck (America's Cleverest Weekly). Vol. 81. p. 19. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082471429.
  • M. E. Ravage (March 17, 1917). "A Preface To a Novel". Puck (America's Cleverest Weekly). Vol. 81. p. 20. hdl:2027/mdp.39015082471429.

Harper's

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The Century Magazine

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  • M. E. Ravage (June 1917). "The Loyalty of the Foreign Born: An Interpretation". The Century Magazine. Vol. 94. Introduction by James Harvey Robinson. pp. 201–209. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922265.
  • M. E. Ravage (November 1917). "Absorbing the Alien". The Century Magazine. Vol. 95. pp. 26–36. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  • M. E. Ravage (January 1918). "The Tired College Man". The Century Magazine. Vol. 95. pp. 376–384. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 1918). "The Religion of Sanity". The Century Magazine. Vol. 95. pp. 516–522. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  • M. E. Ravage (March 1923). "Picnicking on Perilous: The Human Meaning of the Exchange Problem". The Century Magazine. Vol. 105. pp. 737–746. hdl:2027/osu.32435051457083.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 1924). "The Wondering Jew: Reflections on the Paradoxes of Anti-Semitism". The Century Magazine. Vol. 107. pp. 552–564. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922278.
  • M. E. Ravage (January 1928). "A Real Case Against the Jews. One of Them Points Out the Full Depth of Their Guilt". The Century Magazine. Vol. 115, no. 3. pp. 346–350. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922286.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 1928). "Commissary to the Gentiles: The First to See the Possibilities of War by Propaganda". The Century Magazine. Vol. 115, no. 4. pp. 476–483. hdl:2027/uc1.b2922286.

The New Republic

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The Nation and Athenaeum (London)

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The Elks Magazine

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Hearst's International Combined with Cosmopolitan

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  • M. E. Ravage (July 1926). "What Happens in Real Life to Abie's Irish Rose". Cosmopolitan. Vol. 81. pp. 40–41. hdl:2027/mdp.39015010959628.

The Saturday Review

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The American

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  • M. E. Ravage (December 14, 1927). "How To Make People Hate You! (I know that these recipees for unpopularity work because I have tried them all)". American Magazine. Vol. 104. New York: Colver. pp. 14–15, 152–156. hdl:2027/mdp.39015007038238. OCLC 6403725.

Le Petit Parisien: journal quotidien du soir (Paris)

[edit]

Vu: journal de la semaine (Paris)

[edit]

Current History

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Vendredi: hebdomadaire littéraire, politique et satirique (Paris)

[edit]

Nation Magazine (New York)

[edit]
  • M. E. Ravage (March 18, 1936). "The Decline of French Fascism". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3689. New York. pp. 347–348. ISSN 0027-8378. OCLC 1643268.
  • M. E. Ravage (April 1, 1936). "Hitler Stiffens the French Right [indexed as: 'Hitler Strengthens the French Right']". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3691. New York. pp. 408–410.
  • M. E. Ravage (April 29, 1936). "France Votes for the Future". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3695. New York. p. 549.
  • M. E. Ravage (May 6, 1936). "A French Left Victory". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3696. New York. pp. 573–574.
  • M. E. Ravage (June 3, 1936). "The French Socialists in Power". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3700. New York. pp. 706–707.
  • M. E. Ravage (June 17, 1936). "France on Strike". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3702. New York. p. 765.
  • M. E. Ravage (August 8, 1936). "The Blum Government – Second Phase". The Nation. Vol. 143 (36-2), no. 6. New York. pp. 155–156.
  • M. E. Ravage (September 12, 1936). "Doriot – France's Would-Be Fuhrer". The Nation. Vol. 143 (36-2), no. 11. New York. p. 299.
  • M. E. Ravage (November 7, 1936). "Reaction Rises in France". The Nation. Vol. 143 (36-2), no. 19. New York. pp. 544–545.
  • M. E. Ravage (January 9, 1937). "Blum and the Communists". The Nation. Vol. 144 (37-1), no. 2. New York. pp. 41–43.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 20, 1937). "What Good is Revolution? (Review: 'Return from the USSR', by André P. G. Gide)". The Nation. Vol. 144 (37-1), no. 8. New York. pp. 210–211.
  • M. E. Ravage (July 17, 1937). "After Chautemps, What?". The Nation. Vol. 145 (37-2), no. 3. New York. pp. 71–73.
  • M. E. Ravage (August 28, 1937). "Panic on the Danube". The Nation. Vol. 145 (37-2), no. 9. New York. pp. 215–217.
  • M. E. Ravage (September 11, 1937). "Toward a Bigger Little Entente". The Nation. Vol. 145 (37-2), no. 11. New York. pp. 258–260.
  • M. E. Ravage (November 27, 1937). "What Next in France?". The Nation. Vol. 145 (37-2), no. 22. New York. pp. 580–582.
  • M. E. Ravage (December 25, 1937). "Il Duce, Tool of Hitler". The Nation. Vol. 145 (37-2), no. 26. New York. pp. 713–714.
  • M. E. Ravage (January 22, 1938). "France in Crisis". The Nation. Vol. 146 (38-1), no. 4. New York. p. 90.
  • M. E. Ravage (February 5, 1938). "Why France Has No Dictator". The Nation. Vol. 146 (38-1), no. 6. New York. pp. 152–154.

Articles in anthologies

[edit]
  • M. E. Ravage (1920), "The Loyality of the Foreign Born. (An extract from an article published under this title in the Century Magazine for June, 1917)", in Paul Monroe; Irving E. Miller (eds.), The American Spirit. A Basis For World Democracy, New York: World Book Company, pp. 209–217, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (1922), "The New Immigration; and: What College Life in the West did for An Immigrant", in Robert E. Stauffer (ed.), The American Spirit in the Writings of Americans of Foreign Birth, The Christopher publishing house, pp. 150–159, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (1922), "The American People as a Whole", in Samuel Walker McCall; Charles W. Eliot (eds.), Patriotism of the American Jew, New York: Plymoth Press, pp. 274–289, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (1924), "The American People as a Whole", in Samuel Walker McCall; Charles W. Eliot (eds.), Patriotism of the American Jew, New York: Plymoth Press, pp. 279–288, hdl:2027/uc1.$b309248 (slightly revised version)
  • M. E. Ravage (June 1934), "Les pleins pouvoirs de Roosevelt", in Paul Valery and Frédéric Drach (ed.), Dictatures et dictateurs, Témoignages de notre temps n°7 (in French), Société anonyme Les Illustres Français, pp. 75–81

Unpublished academic papers

[edit]
  • M. Ravitch (1910). The Yiddish Drama: A Comparative Study in Dramatic Development (Master's thesis). University of Illinois. hdl:2142/54515.

Letters and correspondence

[edit]
  • M. E. Ravage (n.d.), Letter to Hamlin Garland (Archival manuscript), No year specified, dated November 30, Los Angeles: USC Libraries Special Collections, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • T. Roosevelt (April 30, 1917), Letter to M. E. Ravage (Archival manuscript), T.R. Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library, Dickinson State University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • T. Roosevelt (January 3, 1918), Letter to M. E. Ravage (Archival manuscript), T.R. Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library, Dickinson State University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • Secretary of T. Roosevelt (January 25, 1918), Letter to Max E. Ravage (Archival manuscript), T.R. Papers, Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library, Dickinson State University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  • M. E. Ravage (February 2, 1920), Letter to Ida M. Tarbell, Peoples of America Society, hdl:10456/24205

Notable Nazi-era abuses of Ravage's creative work

[edit]
  • Unknown, ed. (1942) [1936/1937]. Zwei jüdische Aufsätze vom Juden Marcus Eli Ravage. (A Real Case Against the Jews) und (Commissary to the Gentiles). Englischer Originaltext mit deutscher Übersetzung [Propagandistic Nazi edition misappropriating Ravage's satirical 1928 Century magazine articles as literal confession] (Pamphlet). Welt-Dienst-Bücherei, Heft 5. Published by U. Bodung-Verlag, Daberstedterstr. 4, Erfurt, Germany (alternatively: Bern), without attribution of editorial responsibility and without the author's or original publisher's consent. (7 ed.). Printed by Thiel und Böhm, Buch- und Kunstdruckerei, Erfurt.
  • Unknown, ed. (c. 1936). 'Bombshell against Christianity!' [Propagandistic Nazi edition misappropriating Ravage's satirical 1928 Century magazine articles as literal confession] (Pamphlet). World Service library. Published by U. Bodung-Verlag, Erfurt, Germany, without attribution of editorial responsibility and without the author's or original publisher's consent. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  • Unknown, ed. (1940). Un Juif vous parle (Pamphlet). Information universelle No 32. Paris: Éd. Européenne.
  • Johannes Marquardt, ed. (n.d.). Zwei jüdische Aufsätze vom Juden Marcus Eli Ravage. (A Real Case Against the Jews) und (Commissary to the Gentiles). Deutsche Übersetzung des englischen Originaltexts. [Reprint of the propagandistic 'Welt-Dienst' edition misappropriating Ravage's satirical 1928 Century magazine articles as literal confession] (Pamphlet). Aufklärungsdienst am Deutschen Volke (in German). Published without the author's or original publisher's consent. A-B-C-Druckerei Bernhard Püttger, Elmshorn. – Possibly published post-WWII.[t]

See also

[edit]

Parallel antisemitic reframings of Jewish authorship[u]

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Ravage abjured all foreign allegiances upon U.S. naturalization in 1912, but Romania at the time likely did not mirror this act with formal renunciation, nominally retaining his original citizenship.
  2. ^ In his memoir 1917, Ravage would lament the widespread simplification of immigrant names, citing precisely "Max" as an example of what he saw as a loss of cultural depth and distinctiveness.[32]
  3. ^ Insight into Ravage's literary network and the esteem in which he was held by his contemporaries is offered by a letter (dated 30 November) to Pulitzer Prize-winning author Hamlin Garland (1860–1940), cited in the #Works section of this article. Opening with a note of deep gratitude, Ravage acknowledged that although his recent book had been well received by critics, Garland's "kind letter" stood out as "most encouraging". While the exact year remains undetermined, the letterhead suggests the late 1910s or alternatively mid-1920s, when both writers resided in New York; contextually likely after the publication of An American in the Making (1917).
  4. ^ According to a 1919 article in the New York Sun, he was involved in selecting and awarding college scholarships to "promising young men and women of foreign parentage".[37]
  5. ^ Following the devastations of World War I, Ravage's publicist efforts focused on engaging the American public to extend its democratic promise outward, advocating improved conditions for vulnerable groups, such as Jews who had remained in Europe.[7] See The Jew Pays 1919 and The Malady of Europe 1923 (cited in the #Works section of this article).
  6. ^ As Dana Mihăilescu observes in her 2021 study of Ravage's writings, "one cannot ignore that America too makes the Jewish immigrant aware of his difference from the others because of a separate background. Still, because of this emigrant's relocation into a society of consent, Ravage highlights the possibility of bridging the gap, in contrast with a descent-based society like Romania, where everything seems to be officially fixed in stable, unchanging patterns."[7]
  7. ^ In his correspondence with Hamlin Garland dated 30 November (year unknown, cited in the #Works section of this article), while reflecting on immigrant education in New York, Ravage drew from his experience as an English teacher in evening high schools. There, he had advised students "to go West" (as he had done himself). Ravage argued to Garland that contact with "genuine Americans" would benefit both the newcomers and the nation.
  8. ^ See the following passage, where Ravage mocks the modern antisemitic idea of Judeo–Bolshevism (i.e. the idea of communism as a Jewish plot to destroy Western civilisation, citing Jewish heritage of some communists as alleged proof): "Why talk about Marx and Trotski when you have Jesus of Nazareth and Paul of Tarsus to confound us with?"[56]
  9. ^ For example, Ravage lapidarily but unequivocally dismisses The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: "A clumsy Russian forges a set of papers and publishes them in a book called 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion', which shows that we plotted to bring on the late World War."[57]
  10. ^ See the German Wikipedia article: de:Welt-Dienst
  11. ^ The prefaces to the Welt-Dienst editions of Ravage's essays are ideologically distorting, and also factually inaccurate. For instance, they falsely claim he had five children, mistakenly counting his three children's multiple forenames as separate individuals. The error can be backtraced to a 24 October 1935 intelligence circular by the Deutscher Beobachter in New York and became reprinted by Welt-Dienst without verification.[66]
  12. ^ According to a Berne Trial document titled "Die Aufdeckung einer nationalsozialistischen Agitationszentrale in Mitteleuropa", Welt-Dienst was published in eight languages and was reportedly preparing editions in thirteen, including Hungarian, Polish, Serbian, and Arabic.[68]
  13. ^ The most influential Nazi organization in the USA at that time, the 'German American Bund' (est. Mar 1936, dis. Dec 1941),[70] distributed the pamphlet Bombshell against Christianity[67] in the U.S., where it was then sold in specialized antisemitic bookstores such as in Los Angeles, California, until the U.S. entered World War II in December 1941, or shortly thereafter.[71][6]
  14. ^ Based in Chicago, Illinois (USA), the antisemitic organization 'Right Cause' issued a pamphlet that combined different propagandistically manipulated text corpora by Jewish authors: a distorted presentation of Ravage's 1928 essays; and a tendentious translation of a German-language article by Jewish Party of Romania activist Manfred Reifer, originally published in the Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung, 3. September 1933, p. 10. The Chicago pamphlet's umbrella title appears to falsely attribute rabbinic status to Reifer and/or Ravage.[72]
  15. ^ Among the numerous later propagandistic translations that extended beyond the initial German, French, and English editions, documented examples include Czech,[74] Dutch,[75] Hungarian[76] and Polish[77] prints. They circulated in various nationalist and antisemitic milieus during the late 1930s and early 1940s.
  16. ^ a b Archive.org hosts a 2018 re-edition of Ravage's essays, containing a misattributed photograph as well as a newly added editorial note which promotes antisemitic conspiracy claims and incites racial violence; the item is cited here to document the persistent misrepresentation of Ravage and his work.[86]
  17. ^ For documentation purposes, a snapshot of the original rendering showing the misattributed image in August 2025 is preserved: https://archive.today/20250914181612/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Eli_Ravage&oldid=1308858143
  18. ^ Photograph shown in the German Wikipedia article de:Eli Marcus; file metadata lists the source as Literaturkommission für Westfalen and an upload date of 7 September 2007. See: Datei:Eli_Marcus_1905.jpg (accessed 2 Oct 2025).
  19. ^ A misattributed photograph of Marcus Eli Ravage, actually depicting Elias Marcus from Münster, appeared on the website Centro San Giorgio as early as 2015/2016. The site promotes occultist conspiracy myths via anti-Masonic and antisemitic narratives and is mentioned here solely to document origins of this visual misattribution. "Massoneria e satanismo [Freemasonry and Satanism]", Centro San Giorgio (archived 14 January 2016) (in Italian), Italy, June 20, 2015, archived from the original (Web article) on January 14, 2016, retrieved October 19, 2025
  20. ^ Dating of 'Marquardt reprint' is unclear. Editor's address is given as Tannenw. 10 in Lörrach/Baden. Earlier hypotheses about the editor's name possibly being an alias used by Welt-Dienst-affiliated agitator N. E. Markov (1866–1945) – indirectly based on 1934 Berne Trial documents[96] – are challenged by direct sources that confirm J. Marquardt was a real individual publishing pamphlets in Lörrach post-WWII, ideologically adhering to the antisemitic 'Völkisch' movement associated with Mathilde and Erich Ludendorff. See: Johannes Marquardt (c. 1958), Atom. Das ernsteste Problem unserer Zeit. Lebenselement oder Lebenszerstörung. Unsere Welt im Alarmzustand drohender und vorsätzlicher Vernichtung. (Die Gefahren der Atomkernspaltung vom Standpunkt der Gotterkenntnis 'Ludendorff') – Vortrag von Ingenieur Johannes Marquardt, Lörrach/Baden, Self-published by the author.
  21. ^ This subheading does not imply thematic proximity or personal affiliation among the listed figures. It highlights a shared pattern of ideological misuse and selective instrumentalization, often involving decontextualized readings that distort original intent.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "GS49, MAX RAVITCH (MARCUS ELI RAVAGE)". The Semi-Centennial Alumni Record of the University of Illinois. University of Illinois. 1918. p. 800. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  2. ^ a b c d "Marcus Eli Ravage, Writer on Politics [Obituary]" (Newspaper article), The New York Times, New York, October 12, 1965, retrieved October 19, 2025
  3. ^ a b c "John Ravage Obituary (2005) – Santa Rosa, CA", Press Democrat, January 23, 2005, archived from the original on October 2, 2025, retrieved October 19, 2025
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Kellman, "Chronology", pp. ix–xi, in: American in the Making (4 ed.). 2009. (Cited in the #Works section of this article.)
  5. ^ a b Sternlicht, Sanford (2004). "Marcus Eli Ravage". The Tenement Saga: The Lower East Side and the Early Jewish American Writers. Terrace Books/The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-029920483-9. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  6. ^ a b c d Thomas Milan Konda (2019). Conspiracies of Conspiracies: How Delusions Have Overrun America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 71, 354. ISBN 9780226585932. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  7. ^ a b c d e Mihăilescu, Dana (December 2021). "Struggles Between Nationalism and Ethnicity in Eastern Europe and the United States, 1890s–1910s: The Life Writings of M. E. Ravage and Michael Gold". Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History (20). doi:10.48248/issn.2037-741X/13087.
  8. ^ a b Kellman, "Introduction", p. xxvi, in: An American in the Making (4 ed.). 2009. Cited in the #Works section of this article.
  9. ^ W. Lichtenstein (1929). "Review of .. 'Five Men of Frankfort: The Story of the Rothschilds', by M. E. Ravage". The Journal of Modern History. 1 (3). University of Chicago Press: 486–488. JSTOR 1871448.
  10. ^ J. Hallett (June 1932). "Review of: 'Empress Innocence', by M. E. Ravage". Fortnightly review, May 1865–June 1934. 21: 799–801. ISSN 2043-2887. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  11. ^ Freda Kirchwey; Joseph Wood Krutch; Max Lerner, eds. (March 18, 1936). "Contributors". The Nation. Vol. 142 (36-1), no. 3689. p. 364. ISSN 0027-8378.
  12. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch. XIII: The Soul of the Ghetto". An American in the Making. [..] I was trying to become a writer myself. The Forward had accepted and published some aphorisms of mine under the penname of "Max the Sleever," [..].
  13. ^ Elizabeth J. Sherwood; Lucie E. Wallace, eds. (1922). International Index To Periodicals, Ninth Annual Compilation. New York: H.W. Wilson Co. p. 242. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Stanciu, Cristina (2015), "Marcus E. Ravage's An American in the Making, Americanization, and New Immigrant Representation", MELUS, 40 (2): 5–29, doi:10.1093/melus/mlv007, ISSN 0163-755X, JSTOR 24569972
  15. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch. XV: The Trials of Scholarship". An American in the Making.
  16. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch.s XII–XVI". An American in the Making. – After working for several years as a "sleever" to save money, he enrolls in the University of Missouri (the least expensive school he can find), where culture shock overwhelms him at first.
  17. ^ a b "Roumanian Excels in English. Max Ravitch Wins Fellowship in University of Illinois". University Missourian. April 22, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  18. ^ "Daily Illini". Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections. University of Illinois. May 15, 1910. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  19. ^ "Illini Everywhere: Romanian Illini, Since 1905". Student Life and Culture Archives – University of Illinois Library. University of Illinois. May 9, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  20. ^ "Department of English and Comparative Literature". Columbia University Quarterly. Vol. 14. 1911–1912. pp. 92–93. hdl:2027/hvd.hwxntq. The following former students have been recently appointed to the positions stated: […] Max Ravitch, graduate student, 1910–11, instructor, Kansas State Agricultural College
  21. ^ "[Kansas Topics.] Cosmopolitan Club". Kansas City journal. March 29, 1912. p. 6. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  22. ^ Frank W. Blackmar, ed. (1912). "Agricultural College". Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History. Standard Publishing Company. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  23. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch. XVIII: The American as He Is". An American in the Making.
  24. ^ a b Albert Nelson Marquis, ed. (1926). Who's Who in America: 1926–1927. Vol. 14. Chicago: The A. N. Marquis Company. hdl:2027/uc1.31175025329403.
  25. ^ a b c Dana Mihăilescu (2018). Eastern European Jewish American Narratives, 1890–1930. pp. 29–31.
  26. ^ "Short and Simple Annals". The Alumni Quarterly and Fortnightly Notes. Vol. 4, no. 8. University of Illinois. January 15, 1919. p. 162. Retrieved October 19, 2025. M. E. Ravage, '10g (Max Ravitch)
  27. ^ Savitar – The MU Yearbook, 1909, p. 35, retrieved October 19, 2025, [Photograph of M. E. Ravage.] Max Ravitch. New York, N.Y. Cosmopolitan. Asterisk. Can babel in a thousand tongues.
  28. ^ Savitar – The MU Yearbook, 1909, p. 284, retrieved October 19, 2025, The Asterisk Club. Established 1903; reorganized February 22. 1909. Purpose: To stimulate literary production in the University, [Photograph of 11 students incl. M. E. Ravage.]
  29. ^ Portes, Alejandro; Rumbaut, Rubén G. (2001). Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. University of California Press. p. 189.
  30. ^ Moriah Amit (July 17, 2017). "When Herschel Became Harry: How to Find your Ancestors' Original Names". The Word: The CJH Blog. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  31. ^ Sean Daly (April 11, 2025). "Did your European immigrant ancestors change their names?". Geneanet Blog. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  32. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch. VIII". An American in the Making. Mordecai – a name full of romantic association – had been changed to the insipid monosyllable Max.
  33. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Pt. V, 'Postscript: Twenty Years Later'". An American in the Making (2nd ed.).
  34. ^ "N.Y. Author Named To M. U. Fraternity". The Springfield News-Leader. Springfield, Missouri. December 6, 1933. p. 5. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  35. ^ "M.U. Phi Bta Kappa Honors Marcus Eli Ravage, Author". St. Joseph Gazette. St. Joseph, Missouri. December 6, 1933. p. 6. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  36. ^ Albert Nelson Marquis, ed. (1940). Who's Who in America: 1940–1941. Vol. 21. Chicago: The A. N. Marquis.
  37. ^ "Says Plan Would Please Roosevelt". The Sun. March 12, 1919. p. 7. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  38. ^ a b Kellman, "Introduction", in: An American in the Making (4 ed.). 2009. pp. xiii–xxxi. Cited in the #Sources section of this article.
  39. ^ Bernard Iddings Bell (May 4, 1918). "An Immigrant's Biography: Review of 'An American in the Making'". The Public: A Journal of Democracy. 21 (1031): 576–577. hdl:2027/chi.79230421.
  40. ^ a b Robert E. Park (1918). "Review of: 'An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant', by M. E. Ravage". American Journal of Sociology. 23 (6): 839–840. doi:10.1086/212834.
  41. ^ Albert Shaw (May 4, 1917). "Review of: 'An American in the Making'". The American Review of Reviews: An International Magazine. 56 (Jan–Jun): 664. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027769523.
  42. ^ The Making of an American. New York: Macmillan. 1901., Archive.org, LibriVox recording
  43. ^ Roger Daniels (1998). "What Is An American? Ethnicity, Race, the Constitution and the Immigrant in Early American History". In David Jacobson (ed.). The Immigration Reader: America in a Multidisciplinary Perspective. Blackwell. p. 30.
  44. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch. VI: First Impressions". An American in the Making.
  45. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch. XVII: In the Mold". An American in the Making.
  46. ^ Anita Jarczok (2020). "Reminiscing the past, pointing to the future: immigrant memoirs from the early-twentieth-century United States". Świat i słowo (World and word). 34 (1). Bielsko-Biała: Akademia Techniczno-Humanistyczna: 127–146. ISSN 1731-3317.
  47. ^ Anita Jarczok (2021). "Immigrant Memoirs in the Service of Americanization: Between 'the Melting Pot' and Cultural Pluralism". European journal of American studies. 16 (2). doi:10.4000/ejas.17128. ISSN 1991-9336.
  48. ^ See also his collection of essays titled Democratic Americanization (1919), cited in the #Works section of this article.
  49. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Part I, The Alien at Home; vs. Ch. XVII: In the Mold". An American in the Making.
  50. ^ M. E. Ravage (1922), "The New Immigration; and: What College Life in the West did for An Immigrant", in Robert E. Stauffer (ed.), The American Spirit in the Writings of Americans of Foreign Birth, The Christopher publishing house, pp. 150–159, retrieved October 19, 2025
  51. ^ M. E. Ravage. "Ch. VII–IX". An American in the Making.
  52. ^ Buelens Gert (September 1993). "'An American in the Making' de Marcus Ravage, ou l'homme en devenir perpétuel". Configuration de l'ethnicité aux États-Unis. Cahiers Charles V n°15 (in French). pp. 107–119, here: 109. doi:10.3406/cchav.1993.1079.
  53. ^ a b c d Kaplan, Alice Y. (1995), Scullion, Rosemarie; Solomon, Philip H.; Spear, Thomas C. (eds.), "Sources and Quotations in Céline's Bagatelles pour un massacre", Céline and the Politics of Difference, translated by Scullion, Rosemarie, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, pp. 29–46, here: 36
  54. ^ a b Wulf D. Hund; Christiane Affeldt (2019–2020). "'Racism' Down Under. The Prehistory of a Concept in Australia". Australian Studies Journal. 33–34: 7–42. doi:10.35515/zfa/asj.3334/201920.02. ISSN 1864-3957. Fn. 92
  55. ^ "The Centurion: Who's Who in This Number – M. E. Ravage". The Century. Vol. 95. November 1917. p. 6. hdl:2027/uiug.30112001586285.
  56. ^ M. E. Ravage (1928). "Commissary to the Gentiles". Century. p. 476.
  57. ^ M. E. Ravage (1928). "A Real Case Against the Jews". Century. p. 347.
  58. ^ Magnus Brechtken (1998). "Ch. III.5.: Ulrich Fleischhauer und der 'Welt-Dienst'". 'Madagaskar für die Juden': Antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis 1885–1945. Studien zur Zeitgeschichte (in German). Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 47–48. doi:10.1524/9783486594416.
  59. ^ Hans Hauptmann (Hannover); Alfred Rosenberg, eds. (September 1935). "Sensationelles jüdisches Geständnis". Der Weltkampf, Monatsschrift f. Weltpolitik, völkische Kulturen, die Judenfrage aller Länder. Vol. 12, no. 141. Bayreuth, München: Deutscher Volksverlag GmbH. pp. 261–266.
  60. ^ Unknown (1935), "Juda bleibt der ewige Verbrecher – Selbstbekenntnisse des Juden Marcus Eli Ravage", Judenspiegel – Ständige Beilage zum 'Sächsischen Sonntage' (archive-material) (in German), Archived by the Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University
  61. ^ Hadassa Ben-Itto (collector), ed. (October 29, 1935), Abschrift. Betr. Marcus Eli Ravage [Report on Marcus Eli Ravage] (Archival material), The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  62. ^ "Item 106 – Ravage, Marcus Eli. A Real Case Against the Jews". Dan Wyman Books Antisemitica. October 1, 2025. Archived from the original on October 1, 2025. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  63. ^ a b Zwei Jüdische Aufsätze vom Juden Marcus Eli Ravage, published in Erfurt by U. Bodung-Verlag c. 1936-1942; listed in the #Works section.
  64. ^ a b c Eckart Schörle (2009). "Internationale der Antisemiten. Ulrich Fleischhauer und der 'Welt-Dienst'". Werkstatt Geschichte. Vol. 51. Verein für kritische Geschichtsschreibung e. V./Klartext-Verlag. pp. 57–72. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  65. ^ a b Hanno Plass and Bill Templer (2013). "Der Welt-Dienst: International Anti-Semitic Propaganda". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 103 (4). University of Pennsylvania Press, Center for Advanced Judaic Studies: 503–522. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 43298762.
  66. ^ "Wer ist der Mann Marcus Eli Ravage (Aus 'Deutscher Beobachter of New York' vom 24. Oktober 1935)", Les Criminals de Guerre, p. 67, JSTOR community.38670233
  67. ^ a b Bombshell against Christianity!. Erfurt: U. Bodung-Verlag, 1936; listed in the #Works section.
  68. ^ "Die Aufdeckung einer nationalsozialistischen Agitationszentrale in Mitteleuropa". Switzerland: The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  69. ^ Australia's Unity League, ed. (c. 1936). The Sensational Confession of Marcus Eli Ravage (a Hebrew) Against Christianity (Pamphlet). Sydney: Printed by F. H. Booth & Son.
  70. ^ "German American Bund". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
  71. ^ Joe Kamp: Peddler of Propaganda and Hero of the Pro-Fascists (a report) (pamphlet), Kansas City, Mo.: Friends of Democracy, Inc, c. 1942, p. 20, retrieved October 19, 2025
  72. ^ Unknown, ed. (c. 1935), A Voice in the Wilderness. Jewish Rabbi [sic!] on Hitler's Anti-Semitism. With: A Disastrous Admission by the Jew Marcus Eli Ravage, [Propagandistic patchwork of texts by Manfred Reifer and M. E. Ravage, 8p.], Chicago: Right Cause.
  73. ^ Hadassa Ben-Itto (collector), ed. (1938), Welt-Dienst propaganda world wide (Archival material) (in German, English, French, and Russian), The Wiener Library for the Study of the Nazi Era and the Holocaust, Sourasky Central Library, Tel Aviv University, retrieved October 19, 2025
  74. ^ Propagandistic Czech translation: Názor talmudistického Žida na původ křesťanství [dva články, jež roku 1928 do americké revue The Century Magazine napsal Markus Eli Ravage] (in Czech). Translated by Emil Šourek. Praha: nákladem vlastním [překladatele]. 1940.
  75. ^ Propagandistic Dutch edition: 2000 jaar bedrog, zendbode aan de niet-Joden. Misthoorn-Serie 7 (2 ed.). Amsterdam: Stichting De Misthoorn. c. 1942.
  76. ^ Propagandistic Hungarian edition: Egy zsidó nyilatkozik. Tájékoztató tűzetek, 32. sz. (in Hungarian). London, Berlin, Páris: Európa-Kiadóvállalat. 1941.
  77. ^ Propagandistic Polish misappropriation: L. Ziemicki (1939). Józef Grzanka (ed.). "Światopoglqd na eksport". Zadruga: pismo nacjonalistów polskich (in Polish). Vol. 3, no. 1 (15). Warszawa. pp. 5–11.
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  79. ^ "Nazi Agents are Rebuked. Anti-Semite Sentenced; Fascist Monthly is Suspended". The Detroit Jewish Chronicle and The Legal Chronicle. Vol. 41, no. 31. Detroit, Michigan. December 22, 1939. p. 1. Retrieved October 19, 2025.
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Sources

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  • Christopher Clausen (1994), "Grandfathers", My Life with President Kennedy, University of Iowa Press
  • Suzanne Ravage Clausen (1995), Growing Up Rootless, Santa Barbara: Fithian, ISBN 978-1-56474-131-8
  • Deborah Hopkinson (2003), Shutting Out the Sky: Life in the Tenements of New York, 1880 to 1924 (Children's nonfiction book), New York: Scholastic
  • Sanford Sternlicht (2004). "Marcus Eli Ravage". The Tenement Saga: The Lower East Side and the Early Jewish American Writers. Madison: Terrace Books/The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-029920483-9.
  • Steven G. Kellman (2009). "Introduction". An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant. Book authored by M. E. Ravage; scholarly reedition edited by Steven G. Kellman (4th ed.). Rutgers University Press. pp. xiii–xxxi. ISBN 978-0-8135-4537-0. JSTOR j.ctt5hhx2m.5.
  • Cristina Stanciu (2015). "Marcus E. Ravage's An American in the Making, Americanization, and New Immigrant Representation". MELUS. 40 (2). Oxford University Press, Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States (MELUS): 5–29. doi:10.1093/melus/mlv007. ISSN 0163-755X. JSTOR 24569972. – A scholarly analysis of Marcus E. Ravage's autobiography as a lens for understanding Americanization narratives and the literary representation of Eastern European immigrants in early 20th-century U.S. culture.
  • Dana Mihăilescu (2018). Eastern European Jewish American Narratives, 1890–1930: Struggles for Recognition. Lexington Studies in Modern Jewish History. Lanham/Boulder/New York/London: Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498563895.
  • Dana Mihăilescu (December 2021). "Struggles Between Nationalism and Ethnicity in Eastern Europe and the United States, 1890s–1910s: The Life Writings of M. E. Ravage and Michael Gold". Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History (20). doi:10.48248/issn.2037-741X/13087.
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