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Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature

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A gentleman with a handlebar-style moustache. He is wearing a peaked cap highly decorated with gold braiding. He wears a dark blue, high-collared jacket, with regularly spaced horizontal bands of dark braiding. On his left breast, he wears a medal attached to a red ribbon.
Marshal Foch, in whose honour the professorship was named

The position of Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature at the University of Oxford was founded in 1918 shortly after the end of the First World War. Ferdinand Foch, or "Marshal Foch", was supreme commander of Allied forces from April 1918 onwards. The chair was endowed by an arms trader, Basil Zaharoff, in Foch's honour; he also endowed a post in English literature at the University of Paris in honour of the British general Earl Haig. Zaharoff wanted the University of Paris to have a right of veto over the appointment, but Oxford would not accept this. The compromise reached was that Paris should have a representative on the appointing committee (although this provision was later removed). In advance of the first election, Stéphen Pichon (the French Foreign Minister) unsuccessfully attempted to influence the decision. The first professor, Gustave Rudler, was appointed in 1920. As of 2012, the chair is held by Michael Sheringham, appointed in 2004. The position is held in conjunction with a fellowship of All Souls College.

History

The position of Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature in the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages at the University of Oxford was founded in 1918 shortly after the end of the First World War. It honours the French general Ferdinand Foch, known as "Marshal Foch", who from April 1918 was supreme commander of the Allied forces.[1] Basil Zaharoff, a Greek-born French arms trader and financier, gave £25,000[n 1] to the university to establish the chair and to support French studies in other ways, such as the award of scholarships to students for travel.[3] Oxford marked Zaharoff's generosity by conferring upon him an honorary Doctorate of Civil Law in October 1920.[4]

News of the donation was announced in The Times on 21 November 1918, shortly after Foch was one of the signatories of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November that ended hostilities.[3][5] The Times said that the name of the professorship was "most felicitously chosen", commemorating the "recent great events" and preparing for the "intellectual entente of the coming years."[3] It also noted that French language and literature, for the first time, would be "enthroned in Oxford side by side with Greek and with Latin" – professorships in both subjects having existed at Oxford for many years before Zaharoff's donation.[3] Zaharoff also founded the Field-Marshal Haig Chair of English Literature at the University of Paris, in honour of Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, the commander of the British forces on the Western Front from 1915 until the end of the war.[6][7] The necessary changes to the university's statutes were made at a meeting of Congregation (Oxford's governing body) on 18 February 1919. During the debate, Sir Herbert Warren, the President of Magdalen College, Oxford, stated that the professor was to be paid £500 annually, "making it a first-rate chair."[8][n 2]

Zaharoff initially stipulated that Oxford's choice of Marshal Foch professor should be agreed by the University of Paris. This requirement was unacceptable to the Oxford authorities, who regarded it as giving away control over the appointment. As a compromise, it was agreed that Paris should be represented in the group selecting the professor. According to the historian Elizabeth Greenslade, "the French regarded the appointment to the new chair as an opportunity to improve Franco-British inter-university relations."[9] Stéphen Pichon (the French Minister of Foreign Affairs) had a preferred candidate in mind. He asked the French ambassador in London to reach an agreement with Gustave Lanson, the representative of the University of Paris, that Lanson would support Pichon's choice during the selection process. No agreement was reached. In the end, neither Pichon's choice, nor the candidate supported by both Lanson and Zaharoff, were appointed, as Oxford wanted candidates with British teaching experience. The first professor, Gustave Rudler (formerly of the University of London), took up the position in 1920; he was one of eight French applicants for the post, and also defeated five British candidates.[9] The anonymous London correspondent of The Manchester Guardian wrote in 1919 that London University "sustains an immense loss" through Rudler's appointment and "can ill afford to lose him", since he had "raised the study of French literature to an entirely new plane".[10]

The post is associated with a non-stipendiary fellowship at All Souls College.[11] Changes to the university's internal legislation since 1920 have abolished specific statutes for the duties of, and rules for appointment to, individual chairs such as the Marshal Foch professorship. The University Council is now empowered to make appropriate arrangements for appointments and conditions of service, and the college to which any professorship is allocated (All Souls in this instance) has two representatives on the board of electors.[12][13]

Professors

Details about the Marshal Foch Professors
Name Years Education Notes[n 3]
Gustave Rudler 1920–1949 University of Paris Rudler had previously taught at the Sorbonne and at Bedford College, London. He was particularly interested in the life and works of Benjamin Constant, the subject of his doctoral thesis as well as later publications. He also published editions of works by Jean Racine and Molière, and studied the historian Jules Michelet. Rudler was the co-founder and first editor of the French Quarterly, a periodical that ran from 1919 to 1932 which was the first English-language periodical to cover French literary matters. He was regarded at Oxford as a devoted teacher, lecturing entirely in French and asking questions of his audience that had to be answered in French.[20][21]
Jean Seznec 1950–1972 École Normale Supérieure, Paris Seznec taught at the University of Cambridge and the French Institute in Florence before the Second World War, when he moved to America to be a professor at Harvard University.[14]
Jacques Scherer 1973–1979 École Normale Supérieure, Paris, and Sorbonne University, Paris Scherer was previously Professor of French Literature at the University of Nancy and then at the Sorbonne. After leaving Oxford, he was a professor at University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle.[15]
Robert Shackleton 1979–1986 Oriel College, Oxford Shackleton was Librarian of Brasenose College, Oxford from 1948 to 1966 and Bodley's Librarian (head of Oxford's Bodleian Library) from 1966 to 1979.[16]
Jean-Yves Tadié 1988–1991 École Normale Supérieure, Paris Tadié lectured at universities in Caen, Tours and Paris (University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle) before serving as head of the French Department at Cairo University from 1972 to 1976. He was director of the French Institute in London from 1976 to 1981. His publications include a biography of Proust (in French and English versions).[17]
Malcolm Bowie 1992–2002 University of Edinburgh and University of Sussex Bowie taught at the University of Cambridge before becoming Professor of French Literature and Language at the University of London. After leaving Oxford, he was Master of Christ's College, Cambridge (the head of the college) from 2002 to 2006.[18]
Michael Sheringham 2004 onwards University of Kent Sheringham previously taught at the University of Kent (where he was Professor of French Literature from 1992 to 1995) and at Royal Holloway, University of London (where he was Professor of French from 1995 to 2004).[19]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^ Updating for inflation using the Retail Price Index (RPI), £25,000 in 1918 was worth approximately £950,000 in 2010 (the latest year for which data is available as of May 2012). Updating the sum to represent an equivalent share of the United Kingdom's gross domestic product (GDP), £25,000 in 1918 was worth approximately £7,140,000 in 2010.[2]
  2. ^ Updating for inflation using the RPI, £500 in 1919 was worth approximately £17,900 in 2010 (the latest year for which data is available as of May 2012). Updating the sum to represent an equivalent share of the United Kingdom's GDP, £500 in 1919 was worth approximately £133,000 in 2010.[2]
  3. ^ All the professors have been Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford from the start of their professorships,[14][15][16][17][18][19] with the exception of Rudler, whose fellowship began in 1926.[20]
References
  1. ^ Tucker, Spencer; Matysek Wood, Laura (1996). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 256–257. ISBN 9780815303992.
  2. ^ a b "Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present". MeasuringWorth. 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d "Foch Professorship at Oxford". The Times. 21 November 1918. p. 9.
  4. ^ "University intelligence" (subscription required). The Manchester Guardian. 27 October 1920. p. 4. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  5. ^ "The terms of the Armistice". The National Archives. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  6. ^ "Zaharoff, Sir Basil" (subscription required). Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  7. ^ Tucker, Spencer; Matysek Wood, Laura (1996). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 330. ISBN 9780815303992.
  8. ^ "University Intelligence" (subscription required). The Manchester Guardian. 20 February 1919. p. 3. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  9. ^ a b Greenslade, Elizabeth (2011). "Commemorating the Victor: Marshal Ferdinand Foch and the British, 1919–1931" (PDF). Synergies Royaume-Uni et Irelande. 4. Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherches pour le Français Langue Internationale: 26. ISSN 1961-9464.
  10. ^ Our Own Correspondent (2 November 1919). "London" (subscription required). The Manchester Guardian. p. 17. Retrieved 18 May 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ "Marshal Foch Professorship of French Literature". Oxford University Gazette. 2 October 2003. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  12. ^ "Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University". University of Oxford. 16 June 2003. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  13. ^ "Statute XIV: Employment of Academic and Support Staff by the University". University of Oxford. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
  14. ^ a b "Seznec, Prof. Jean Joseph" (subscription required). Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  15. ^ a b "Scherer, Prof. Jacques" (subscription required). Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  16. ^ a b Barber, Giles (October 2009). "Shackleton, Robert (1919–1986)" ((subscription or UK public library membership required)). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 May 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |format= (help)
  17. ^ a b "Tadié, Prof. Jean-Yves" (subscription required). Who's Who 2010. Oxford University Press. November 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  18. ^ a b "Bowie, Prof. Malcolm McNaughtan" (subscription required). Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  19. ^ a b "Sheringham, Prof. Michael Hugh Tempest" (subscription needed). Who's Who 2010. Oxford University Press. November 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  20. ^ a b "Rudler, Dr Gustave" (subscription required). Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  21. ^ Mason, Haydn (September 2004). "Rudler, Gustave (1872–1957)" ((subscription or UK public library membership required)). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 May 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |format= (help)

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