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Mary Randolph

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Mary Randolph
1807 engraving of Mary Randolph
Born
Mary Randolph

(1762-08-09)August 9, 1762
Tuckahoe Plantation
DiedJanuary 23, 1828(1828-01-23) (aged 65)
Washington, D. C., U.S.
OccupationWriter
Spouse
David Meade Randolph
​
​
(m. 1780)​
Children4
Parent(s)Thomas Mann Randolph Sr.
Ann Cary Randolph
Relatives

Mary Randolph (August 9, 1762 – January 23, 1828) was an American author, known for writing The Virginia House-Wife; Or, Methodical Cook (1824),[1] one of the most influential housekeeping and cook books of the 19th century. She was the first person known to be buried at what would become known as Arlington National Cemetery.

Early life

Mary Randolph was born on August 9, 1762, at Ampthill Plantation in Chesterfield County, Virginia.[2] Her parents were Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. (1741–1794) and Anne Cary Randolph (1745–1789).[3] The extended Randolph family was one of the richest and most political significant families in 18th century Virginia.

Mary's father was orphaned at a young age and raised by Thomas Jefferson's parents who were distant cousins. Her father also served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, the Revolutionary conventions of 1775 and 1776, and the Virginia state legislature.[3] Anne Cary Randolph was the daughter of Archibald Cary, an important Virginia planter.[3] Anne's grandmother, Jane Bolling Randolph completed a cookbook manuscript in 1743 which was handed down to her daughter Jane Randolph Walke.[4] Anne Cary Randolph was also a descendant of Pocahontas and John Rolfe through her mother Mary (granddaughter of John Bolling, great-granddaughter of Jane Rolfe).[5][4]

Mary Randolph was the oldest of Thomas and Anne's 13 children.[2] Her brother Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. married Martha Jefferson (daughter of Thomas Jefferson) and became a Congressman and Governor of Virginia.[3] One sister, Virginia Randolph Cary, was a noted essayist[6] and another, Harriet, married Richard Shippey Hackley who became US Consul and they lived in Cadiz, Spain. She was probably the source of the Spanish recipes in Randolph's cookbook.[7] Her sister, Ann Cary "Nancy" Randolph, was the wife of Gouverneur Morris and mother of Gouverneur Morris Jr.[8] Ann figured in a scandal involving her brother-in-law and distant cousin, Richard Randolph of Bizarre, in which he was responsible for "feloniously murdering a child said to be borne of Nancy [Ann] Randolph."[9]

Randolph grew up at Tuckahoe Plantation in Goochland County, Virginia. The Randolphs were known to hire professional tutors to teach their children. Mary would likely have learned reading, writing, and arithmetic in addition to domestic skills.[10]

Marriage

1807 engraving of David Meade Randolph

In December 1780, 18-year-old Mary Randolph married her first cousin once removed, David Meade Randolph (1760–1830), a Revolutionary War officer and tobacco planter.[3] The newlyweds lived at Presquile, a 750-acre plantation that was part of the Randolph family's extensive property in Chesterfield County, Virginia.[11] Over the course of their marriage, Mary and David had eight children, four of whom survived to adulthood.[12]

Around 1795 President George Washington appointed David Randolph the U.S. Marshal of Virginia[3] and by 1798, the family had moved to Richmond, where they built a house called "Moldavia" (a combination of Molly, a nickname for Mary, and David).[11] Mary Randolph was a celebrated hostess in Richmond.[3]

David Randolph was a Federalist and an open critic of his second cousin Thomas Jefferson. After Jefferson's election to the presidency, he removed David Randolph from office and the family's fortunes declined.[2][11]

Boarding house

In 1807, Mary Randolph opened a boarding house in Richmond.[2] In March 1808, an advertisement appeared in The Richmond Virginia Gazette: "Mrs. RANDOLPH Has established a Boarding House in Cary Street, for the accommodation of Ladies and Gentlemen. She has comfortable chambers, and a stable well supplied for a few Horses."[11] David was in England during the 1810 census which listed Mary as the head of a Richmond household that included nine slaves.[10][13]

In May 1815, Harriott Pinckney Horry spent a few days at the Randolph's boardinghouse and described Randolph's refrigerator in her journal.[14] Inside a 4 by 3 1/2 foot box there was another box four inches smaller. The space between the two was packed with powdered charcoal and the refrigerator was filled with ice daily to cool butter, meat and other foods.[15] In the 1825 2nd edition of her cookbook, Randolph included sketches for a refrigerator and bath tub. Years later an author claimed (falsely) that Randolph invented the refrigerator and that her design was stolen and patented by a Yankee who stayed in her boardinghouse.[14]

By 1819, the Randolphs had given up their boardinghouse and moved to Washington to live with their son William Beverly Randolph. While in Washington, Mary Randolph completed her cookbook and in 1824 The Virginia House-Wife was published.[11]

The Virginia House-Wife

Randolph's influential housekeeping book The Virginia House-Wife was first published in 1824 and it was republished at least nineteen times before the outbreak of the Civil War.[3] The book was 225 pages long, included nearly 500 recipes,[16] and resulted from Randolph's "practical experience as keeper of a large establishment, and perhaps in the hope of further augmenting the family income."[17] The Virginia House-Wife is considered the first regional American cookbook.[3]

According to historian Cynthia A. Kierner, "Randolph presented a southern — specifically, a Virginian — model for southern readers. Although her occasional explanations of uniquely southern foods suggests she anticipated an audience beyond her region, [Randolph's work] appealed to the women of the rural South who were the majority of her readers."[18]

Randolph's recipes exhibited a uniquely Virginian style, using Virginia produce for dishes influenced by African, Native American, and European foods.[19] The book included recipes for Southern classics such as okra, sweet potatoes, biscuits, fried chicken, barbecue shote (young pig), and lemonade.[16] European influenced recipes included gazpacho, ropa vieja, polenta, and macaroni.[20] Six curry recipes were included in The Virginia House-Wife, these were the first curry recipes published in the United States and suggest curry was already a popular seasoning in the region.[21] Specialties from other parts of the US included a recipe entitled "Dough Nuts - A Yankee Cake."[22] The Virginia House-Wife also included the first ice cream recipe published by an American author.[21]

Conventional wisdom has claimed that early Americans ate few vegetables and overcooked the few they did eat. The Virginia House-Wife gives recipes for forty some vegetables and seventeen aromatic herbs. This dietary diversity can be confirmed with Thomas Jefferson's notes on the produce for sale in Washington's markets. Randolph specifically recommended short cooking times for asparagus and spinach, Karen Hess points out that overcooking didn't become common until canning became a popular method of preservation in the mid-nineteenth century.[20]

Although Randolph was a knowledgeable cook, the majority of the labor in her kitchen was done by black women.[20] While it is impossible to speculate on Randolph's relationship to these women, Melissa Blank of Colonial Williamsburg sees "evidence that enslaved cooks had a significant influence on how Mary prepared food."[10] Karen Hess's introduction to the 1984 edition of the Virginia housewife notes "The black presence was infinitely more subtle in Virginia cookery than in that of New Orleans or the West Indies, but ... the culture was sufficiently imbued with it to condition the palette of the entire community. Hess cites gumbo, eggplant, field peas, yams and possibly tomatoes as crops black cooks brought with them to the Americas. Hess also notes the West Indies forged a connection between Spanish, French, Creole, and Southern cooking.[20]

The Virginia House-Wife was an overall household guide and in addition to recipes it also explained how to make soap, starch, blacking and cologne.[12][20]

Later years

Marker over the grave of Mary Randolph at Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, at Arlington National Cemetery.

Randolph spent the last years of her life caring for her son Burwell Starke Randolph, who had been disabled while serving in the Navy.[12] Randolph was the first person known to be buried at what would become Arlington National Cemetery,[23] at the home of her cousin George Washington Parke Custis, stepson of George Washington and father of Mary Custis, wife of Robert E. Lee.[3]

Influence

Southern cookbooks similar to The Virginia House-Wife were published in the years that followed. Two of the most important were The Kentucky Housewife by Lettice Bryan (1839) and The Carolina Housewife by Sarah Rutledge (1847).[16]

In 1982, James Beard praised Mary as "a far-seeing culinary genius" in The Richmond News Leader. He was particularly impressed by her use of tomatoes, writing "At a time when few people thought of tomatoes at all, she provided food recipes for tomato ketchup, tomato marmalade and tomato soy."[2] According to culinary historian Andrew F. Smith, Randolph's wide range of tomato recipes "set the standard for tomato cookery over the next three decades."[24]

In a 2014 essay for National Geographic, restaurant Jose Andres cited Mary Randolph as an influence. Andres serves Randolph's gazpacho at his America Eats Tavern and believes that Randolph's "Gazpacho recipe demonstrates just how far back the notion of this country as a cultural melting pot goes."[25]

Honors

Grave of Mary Randolph at Arlington National Cemetery.

In 2009 Randolph was posthumously honored as one of the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History".[19] In 1999, the state of Virginia erected a historical marker in her honor near the site of her birth in Chesterfield County.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ archive.org
  2. ^ a b c d e Egan, Maureen; Winiecki, Susan (October 30, 2017). Richmond's Culinary History: Seeds of Change. Arcadia Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4396-6314-1.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Mary Randolph at Feeding America".
  4. ^ a b Harbury, Katharine E. (2004). Colonial Virginia's Cooking Dynasty. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-57003-513-5.
  5. ^ "Anne (Cary) Randolph (1745–1789) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree". www.wikitree.com. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  6. ^ "Dictionary of Virginia Biography - Virginia Randolph Cary (30 January 1786-2 May 1852) Biography". www.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  7. ^ "Mary Randolph's family - Bizarre scandal, Pocahontas, Jefferson, eccentrics and Spanish foods". Researching Food History. August 10, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  8. ^ McKenney, Janice E. (November 15, 2012). Women of the Constitution: Wives of the Signers. Scarecrow Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0-8108-8499-1.
  9. ^ "Ann Cary Randolph Morris". Monticello, Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  10. ^ a b c "Mary Randolph and African Culinary Connections". Making History. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e "County of Chesterfield, VA | Historic Chesterfield - Mary Randolph - History". www.chesterfield.gov. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  12. ^ a b c Jr, Harry Kollatz (July 31, 2007). True Richmond Stories: Historic Tales from Virginia's Capital. Arcadia Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-62584-401-9.
  13. ^ "To James Madison from David Meade Randolph, 14 June 1811". Founders Online. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
  14. ^ a b "Mary Randolph's 1825 Refrigerator". Researching Food History. April 24, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  15. ^ Horry, Harriott Pinckney (1984). A Colonial Plantation Cookbook: The Receipt Book of Harriott Pinckney Horry, 1770. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-87249-437-4.
  16. ^ a b c Egerton, John (1987). Southern Food: At Home, on the Road, in History. UNC Press Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8078-4417-5.
  17. ^ Rutledge, Anna Wells (1974). "Randolph, Mary Randolph". Notable American Women (1607–1950). Vol. 3. Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 117–118.
  18. ^ Kierner, Cynthia A. (1998). Beyond the Household: Women's Place in the Early South, 1700–1835. Cornell University Press. p. 282. ISBN 0-8014-8462-6.
  19. ^ a b "Virginia Women in History: Mary Randolph (1762–1828)". Library of Virginia. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  20. ^ a b c d e Randolph, Mary (1824). The Virginia House-wife. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-423-7.
  21. ^ a b Lohman, Sarah (December 6, 2016). Eight Flavors: The Untold Story of American Cuisine. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-5398-0.
  22. ^ "Feeding America". digital.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  23. ^ "Prominent Women Figures". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  24. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (1994). The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-57003-000-0.
  25. ^ "José Andrés: What It Means to "Cook American" Food". The Plate. July 24, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  26. ^ "Mary Randolph, Chesterfield County". Xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
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