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Matadero Creek

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Matadero Creek is a stream originating in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains in Santa Clara County, California, United States. The creek flows in a northeasterly direction for 8 miles (13 km) until it enters the Palo Alto Flood Basin, where it joins Adobe Creek in the Palo Alto Baylands at the north end of the Mayfield Slough, just before its culmination in southwest San Francisco Bay. Matadero Creek begins in the city of Los Altos Hills, then traverses the Stanford University lands and Palo Alto.

History

Matadero Creek was originally called Arroyo del Matadero on maps from the 1830s and 1840s, and matadero means slaughtering place in Spanish.[1] On the 1862 Allardt Map of the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad, Matadero Creek is denoted as Crosby's Creek.[2] In 1853, Elisha Crosby bought a 250-acre parcel of Rancho Santa Rita, really Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito, from the Robles family, and founded Mayfield Farm, but she lost it only 3 years later.[3] On the March 5, 1863 map "Plat of the Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito", it is denoted as Matadero Creek.[4] On the Palo Alto Topo Map of 1899, it was referred to as Madera Creek, a name which suggests its prior value as a source of timber (madera in Spanish).[5][6]

Deer Creek just east of Arastradero Road runs in a concrete trapezoidal channel along I280, preventing the creek's water from replenishing the groundwater table Aug. 29, 2010
Concretization of Matadero Creek's banks (in back of shot) accelerates stream flows, causing severe channel incision which is now threatening Page Mill Road below the Arastradero Road intersection Jan. 2011
1862 George F. Allardt Map of the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad - note that Matadero Creek (then Crosby's Creek) is featured in the upper right portion of the map and appears to end in or near the Baylands marshes. The historical presence of steelhead trout in the creek indicates that it was at least intermittently connected to San Francisco Bay during spawning runs in periods of high winter flows.

In 1875 French financier Jean Baptiste Paulin Caperon, better known as Peter Coutts, purchased land in Mayfield and four other parcels around three sides of today's College Terrace - more than a thousand acres extending from today's Page Mill Road to Serra Street and from El Camino Real to the foothills. Coutts named his property Ayrshire Farm. His fanciful brick 50 foot tall brick tower near Matadero Creek likely marked the south corner of his property. Leland Stanford started buying land in the area in 1876 for a horse farm, called the Palo Alto Stock Farm. Stanford bought Ayrshire Farm in 1882.[7]

Famous author Wallace Stegner lived near Matadero Creek at 13456 South Fork Lane in nearby Los Altos Hills, while a Professor at Stanford University. Stegner became one of the town's most prominent residents. In 1962, he co-founded the Committee for Green Foothills, an environmental organization dedicated to preserving and protecting the hills, forests, creeks, wetlands and coastal lands of the San Francisco Peninsula.[8] Stegner's famous Wilderness Letter (1960), "helped win passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964," per Utah Gov. Huntsman in 2009.[9] Full text of letter at The Wilderness Society Web site. Retrieved 2-24-09. Los Altos Hills named the Stegner Pathway for the author who lived for many years just uphill from that pathway running from Three Forks Lane to Edgerton Road.[10]

Watershed

Matadero Creek's mainstem begins at elevation 640 feet just north of Altamont Road and west of Black Mountain Road in Los Altos Hills. The creek has two significant tributaries, Arastradero Creek and Deer Creek. Arastradero Creek is protected by the Arastradero Preserve.[11] Arastradero Creek begins at elevation 800 feet just south of the terminus of Alexis Drive in Palo Alto, and heads briefly west then north around the Los Altos Hills Country Club where it is dammed to form small two small water bodies (Sobey Pond and Arastradero Lake), then joins Matadero Creek where Arastradero Road intersects Page Mill Road.[12] Deer Creek, also known as Purisima Creek, begins at elevation 680 feet just north of Altamount Road and west of Taafe Road in Los Altos Hills, then flows northerly passing under Interstate 280 at the La Barranca Road underpass, where it turns west and parallels Purissima Road, crosses Arastradero Road and Deer Creek Road, before joining the Matadero Creek mainstem just south of Foothill Expressway and east of Page Mill Road.[3][13]

The Santa Rita Creek tributary, which drains the faculty housing area of Stanford, was artificially connected to Matadero Creek by the "Stanford Channel".[14] Historically Santa Rita Creek terminated in the marshlands in historic Mayfield.[5]

The Matadero Creek watershed drains 14 square miles (36 km2), of which 11 square miles (28 km2) are mountainous land, and 3 square miles (7.8 km2) are gently sloping valley floor. Downstream of Foothill Expressway Matadero Creek has been greatly modified for flood protection. From Highway 101 to El Camino Real the creek flows through a concrete trapezoidal channel. In 1990, the concrete trapezoidal channel was extended from the CalTrain tracks to El Camino Real. On the historic 1862 Allardt Map Barron Creek was a tributary of Adobe Creek, but on the 1899 Topo Map Barron Creek was tributary to Matadero Creek,[5] although subsequently Barron Creek was connected to Adobe Creek north of U. S. Highway 101. However, during large storm events flow may be diverted to Matadero Creek from Barron Creek via the Barron Diversion Channel.[15]

On June 27, 2012 the creek suddenly dropped a foot and went dry below Matadero Avenue whereas it usually flows all summer from Bol Park to El Camino Real at the Creekside Inn. This may be related to the removal of toxic groundwater in the watershed, although it is normally cleaned and then returned to the creek.[16] The creek remains perennial in Bol Park.

Ecology

Recently, gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) have been documented near the mouth of Matadero Creek (see photo). Populations of gray fox have increased in the South Bay since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has culled non-native red fox (Vulpes vulpes) because the latter prey on endangered California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus).[17] Genetically, gray fox are the most basal of all canids.[18]

Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were supported by Matadero Creek historically, and at least as recently as the late 1980s. In 1905 John Otterbein Snyder collected O. mykiss (then called Salmo irideus) in "Madera Creek", today's Matadero Creek.[19] A California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) field note from 1945 documents a fisherman's sighting of steelhead adults in Matadero Creek two years prior (1942/43 season). According to CDFG, steelhead were caught by local fishermen during 1985, 1986 and 1987 in Mayfield Slough at the confluence of Matadero and Adobe Creeks. At least six steelhead were noted passing the tidal gates at Mayfield Slough in the Palo Alto Flood Basin in April 1987. Also, 1986 CDFG correspondence identifies Matadero Creek as an anadromous steelhead trout stream with winter spawning runs. However, in February 1997, Leidy electrofished Matadero Creek at three sites between Laguna Street and the third downstream bridge crossing on Old Matadero Creek Road and no O. mykiss were found.[20]

Regarding whether steelhead trout could have accessed Matadero Creek historically, since it appears to have terminated in an alluvial fan prior to reaching Bay marshlands,[5] Snyder wrote in 1905 about a historical connection that formed when some willows deflected San Francisquito Creek to Matadero Creek, allowing Sacramento suckers (Catostomus occidentalis) to ascend the latter creek, where they had not been seen before despite eight years of monitoring.[19] It is also possible that very high flows would have connected the historical Matadero Creek to the Bay's tidal marshes in flood years. At the present, of course, Matadero Creek has been lengthened to connect to Adobe Creek in Mayfield Slough in the Palo Alto Flood Basin.

In June, 1980 local residents spotted a milky substance in the creek that was determined to be wheelchair cleaning solvent dumped into the waters by the Veterans Administration Medical Center. The large population of resident Pacific tree frogs (Pseudacris regilla regilla) near the creek was nearly extirpated. In the 1970s the "nightly tree frog chorus along Matadero Creek was almost deafening in the mating season and loud during all the warmer months", according to Barron Park historian, Douglas Graham. Despite several efforts to re-introduce tree frogs from neighboring Barron Creek and Lake Lagunita, at the present time they have only recovered to 5%-10% of their original numbers.[21]

Acterra currently monitors insects in the creek, which serve as indicator species for the cleanliness and health of the stream.[22]

The Palo Alto Flood Basin

Jim McCarthy, Adobe and Matadero Creek Streamkeeper, was honored by the Santa Clara County Creeks Coalition for his work to restore the creek. Here he measures temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, copper levels, and turbidity 2010.

The Palo Alto Flood Basin was constructed in 1956 in order to prevent a repeat of the floods of 1955, when a high tide prevented the escape of heavy runoff from Matadero, Adobe, and Barron Creeks into the San Francisco Bay. The trapped runoff waters overflowed upstream creek banks and caused severe flooding in Palo Alto. In order to control the flow of water into the flood basin, a tidegate was placed at the confluence of Adobe Creek, Matadero Creek, and the San Francisco Bay, so that the flood basin could be maintained at approximately 2 feet below sea level, creating room to absorb floodwaters. The tidegate consists of several weirs and one operator-controlled sluice gate that enables tidal flows into the basin in order to improve water quality and for mosquito control. Three agencies oversee the tidegates: Santa Clara Valley Water District, City of Palo Alto, and Santa Clara County Vector Control. Because the trash grate and weirs separate the mouth of the flood basin from the San Francisco Bay estuary, large fish cannot swim freely between the Bay and the basin, unless the sluice gate is open. In addition, the tidegates are set to reduce tidal inflows into the basin, so that the basin is mostly freshwater. After a rainstorm the tidegate is kept closed, however this is precisely when steelhead trout in-migrations should occur.[23]

From November 16 to 20, 2002, approximately 100 striped bass (Morone saxatilis), 5 bat rays (Myliobatis californica) and 2 leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) were found dead in the Flood Control Basin in both Adobe and Matadero Creeks within one mile of the tidegate. The fishkill was attributed to the first large rainstorm washing a large amount of leaf litter into the basin, leading to eutrophication and low dissolved oxygen. This is supported by the fact that the dead fish were all large (requiring more oxygen) at 2 to 4 feet long and the mouths and gills of the bass were fully extended open.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference survey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Map of the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad : as located by the directors (Map). San Francisco: Britton & Company. 1862. {{cite map}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b Douglas Graham. "The Creeks of Barron Park - Part One in the Barron Park Association Newsletter" (PDF). Barron Park Association Newsletter. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  4. ^ E. T. Beale (1863-03-05). Plat of the Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito (Map). Surveyor General. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
  5. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Topo1899 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference gnis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Christy Holloway (Spring–Summer 2011). "A Brief Human and Natural History of Stanford's Dish Open Space". Sandstone and Tile. Stanford Historical Society: 15–20. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  8. ^ "Committee for Green Foothills". Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  9. ^ stegner100.com Stegner Centennial Utah Web site. Retrieved 2-24-09.
  10. ^ Alexander Atkins, ed. (2016). "Los Altos Hills History Anthology 1956 - 2016". Town of Los Altos Hills. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  11. ^ "Arastradero Preserve". City of Palo Alto. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  12. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Arastradero Creek
  13. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Deer Creek
  14. ^ "Matadero Creek Watershed Map". Oakland Museum Watershed Maps. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
  15. ^ "Matadero Watershed, Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program". Retrieved Jan 19, 2010.
  16. ^ Sue Dremann (2012-08-16). "Matadero Creek dry-out puzzles residents". Palo Alto Weekly. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
  17. ^ Brian Popper (Summer 2006). "Not Just for the Birds – Wildlife Refuge Provides Sanctuary for Gray Fox" (PDF). Tideline. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  18. ^ E. Geffen; A. Mercure; D.J. Girman; D.W. Macdonald; R.K. Wayne (Sep 1992). "Phylogenetic relationships of the fox-like canids: mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment, site and cytochrome b sequence analyses". Journal of Zoology, London. 228: 27–39. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04430.x.
  19. ^ a b John Otterbein Snyder, United States Bureau of Fisheries (1905). Notes on the fishes of the streams flowing into San Francisco Bay, California in Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904. Vol. 30. General Printing Office. pp. 330–332, 337. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  20. ^ Leidy, R.A., G.S. Becker, B.N. Harvey (2005). "Historical distribution and current status of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in streams of the San Francisco Estuary, California" (PDF). Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration, Oakland, CA. Retrieved 2011-01-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Douglas Graham (Summer 2008). "The Creeks of Barron Park - Part One" (PDF). Barron Park Association Newsletter. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
  22. ^ Sue Dremann (2014-05-17). "Residents monitor Matadero Creek". Palo Alto Weekly. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
  23. ^ a b Research Results Regarding the Fish Die-Off at Palo Alto Flood Control Basin (Report). City of Palo Alto Public Works Department Environmental Compliance Division. November 2002.
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