Mathematical Magick
Mathematical Magick (complete title: Mathematical Magick, or, The wonders that may by performed by mechanichal geometry: in two books, concerning mechanical powers [and] motions. Being one of the most easie, pleasant, useful (and yet most neglected) part of Mathematicks. Not before treated of in this language.) is a treatise by the English clergyman, natural philosopher, polymath and author John Wilkins (1614 – 1672). It was first published in 1648 in London,[1] another edition was printed in 1680[2] and further editions were published in 1691 and 1707.
Abstract
Wilkins dedicated his work to His Highness the Prince Elector Palatine (Charles I Louis). It is divided into two books, one headed Archimedes, because he was the chiefest in discovering of Mechanical powers, the other was called Daedalus because he was one of the first and most famous amongst the Ancients for his skill in making Automata.[3] Wilkins sets out and explains the principles of mechanics in the first book and gives an outlook in the second book on future technical developments like flying which he anticipates as certain if only sufficient exercise, research and development would be directed to these topics. The treatise is an example of his general intention to disseminate scientific knowledge and method and of his attempts to persuade his readers to pursue further scientific studies.[4]
First book
In the 20 chapters of the first book, traditional mechanical devices are discussed such as the balance, the lever, the wheel or pulley and the block and tackle, the wedge, and the screw. The powers acting on them are compared to those acting in the human body. The book deals with the phrase attributed to Archimedes saying that if he did but know where to stand and fasten his instrument, he could move the world and shows the effect of a series of gear transmissions one linked to the other. It shows the importance of various speeds and the theoretical possibility to increase speed beyond the speed of the earth at the equator. Finally, siege engines like catapults are compared with the cost and effect of then modern guns.
Second book
Various devices
In the 15 chapters of the second book, various devices are examined which move independently of human interference like clocks and watches, water mills and wind mills. Wilkins explains devices being driven by the motion of air in a chimney or by pressurized air. A land yacht is proposed driven by two sails on two masts, and a wagon powered by a vertical axis wind turbine. A number of independently moving small artificial figures representing men and animals are described. The possibilities are considered to improve the type of submarine designed and built by Cornelis Drebbel. The tales about various flying devices are related and doubts as to their truth are dissipated. Wilkins explains that it should be possible for a man, too, to fly by himself[5] if a frame were built where the person could sit and if this frame was sufficiently pushed in the air.
The art of flying
In chapter VII, Wilkins discusses various methods how a man could fly, namely by the help of spirits and good or evil angels (as related on various occasions in the Bible), by the help of fowls, by wings fastend immediately to the body or by a flying chariot. The whole of this chapter (and of the following one) concern the possibilities of flying. In a single preliminary phrase, Wilkins refers to previous reports about attempts to fly:
Tis related of a certain English Monk called Elmerus [probably Eilmer of Malmesbury], about the Confessors time, that he did by such wings fly from a Tower above a furlong; and so another from Saint Marks steeple in Venice; another at Norinberge; and Busbequius speaks of a Turk in Constantinople, who attempted something this way. Mt. Burton mentioning this quotation, doth believe that some new-fangled wit ('tis his Cynical phrase) will some time or other find out this art. Though the truth is, most of these Artists did unfortunately miscarry by falling down and breaking their arms or legs, yet that may be imputed to their want of experience ...
— p. 204
Wilkins continues by saying that sufficient practise should enable a man to fly. The most probable way, however, would be by a flying chariot, which may be so contrived as to carry a man within it...[6] and be equipped with some sort of engine, or else be big enough to carry several persons each of them successively labouring to cause the chariot to fly. Wilkins uses the next chapter to dissipate any doubts there may be as to the possibility of such a flying chariot, but of course a number of particular items would have to be developed and tested.
Perpetual motion and perpetual lamps
In Chapters IX to XV, extensive discussions and deliberations are set out why a perpetual motion should be feasible, why the stories about lamps burning for hundreds of years were true and how such lamps could be made and perpetual motions created.
References
- ^ by I.W.M.A., London, printed by M.F. for Sa: Gellibrand at the brasen Serpent in Pauls Church-yard. 1648. Quoted in Asbach-Schnitker, Brigitte: John Wilkins, Mercury ... Bibliography, 7.3 The Works of John Wilkins, n° 24
- ^ By J. Wilkins, late Ld BP of Chester. London: Printed for Edw.Gellibrand at the Golden Ball in St. Pauls Church-yard. 1680, 295 pages. A reproduction of the original in the British Library is made available by EEBO – Early English Books Online (with limited access); further editions were published in 1691 and 1707. There are reprints titled Mathematical Magic Or the Wonders That May Be Performed by Mechanical Geometry (1691); Kessinger Publishing, 2003 and 2010
- ^ Wilkins in his foreword
- ^ J. Shapiro, Barbara (1969).John Wilkins 1614–1672, p.30. University of California Press.
- ^ Mathematical Magick, p. 195
- ^ Mathematical Magick, p. 209